Van den Bergh, B. R., et al. (2005). Antenatal maternal anxiety and stress and the neurobehavioural development of the fetus and child: Links and possible mechanisms. A review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 29(2), 237–258.
Beydoun, H., & Saftlas, A. F. (2008). Physical and mental health outcomes of prenatal maternal stress in human and animal studies: A review of recent evidence. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 22(5), 438–466.
Talge, N. M., et al. (2007). Antenatal maternal stress and long-term effects on child neurodevelopment: How and why? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(3–4), 245–261.
Kinsella, M. T., & Monk, C. (2009). Impact of maternal stress, depression and anxiety on fetal neurobehavioral development. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 52(3), 425–440.
Class, Q. A., et al. (2011). Timing of prenatal maternal exposure to severe life events and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A population study of 2.6 million pregnancies. Psychosomatic Medicine, 73(3), 234–241.
Wadhwa, P. D., et al. (1993). The association between prenatal stress and infant birth weight and gestational age at birth: A prospective investigation. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 169(4), 858–865.
Shapiro, G. D., et al. (2013). Psychosocial stress in pregnancy and preterm birth: Associations and mechanisms. Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 41(6), 631–645.
Brunton, P. J. (2013). Effects of maternal exposure to social stress during pregnancy: Consequences for mother and offspring. Reproduction, 146(5), R175–R189.
Wainstock, T., et al. (2013). Prenatal stress and risk of spontaneous abortion. Psychosomatic Medicine, 75(3), 228–235.
Zagron, G., & Weinstock, M. (2006). Maternal adrenal hormone secretion mediates behavioural alterations induced by prenatal stress in male and female rats. Behavioural Brain Research, 175(2), 323–328.
Khashan, A. S., et al. (2008). Reduced infant birthweight consequent upon maternal exposure to severe life events. Psychosomatic Medicine, 70(6), 688–694.
Van den Bergh, B. R., & Marcoen, A. (2004). High antenatal maternal anxiety is related to ADHD symptoms, externalizing problems, and anxiety in 8- and 9-year-olds. Child Development, 75(4), 1085–1097.
Rodriguez, A., & Bohlin, G. (2005). Are maternal smoking and stress during pregnancy related to ADHD symptoms in children? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(3), 246–254.
Khashan, A. S., et al. (2008). Higher risk of offspring schizophrenia following antenatal maternal exposure to severe adverse life events. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65(2), 146–152.
Malaspina, D., et al. (2008). Acute maternal stress in pregnancy and schizophrenia in offspring: A cohort prospective study. BMC Psychiatry, 8, 71.
Li, J., et al. (2009). Prenatal stress and cerebral palsy: A nationwide cohort study in Denmark. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71(6), 615–618.
Mulder, E. J., et al. (2002). Prenatal maternal stress: Effects on pregnancy and the (unborn) child. Early Human Development, 70(1–2), 3–14.
Austin, M. P., et al. (2005). Maternal trait anxiety, depression and life event stress in pregnancy: Relationships with infant temperament. Early Human Development, 81(2), 183–190.
O’Connor, T. G., et al. (2003). Maternal antenatal anxiety and behavioural/emotional problems in children: A test of a programming hypothesis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44(7), 1025–1036.
Huizink, A. C., et al. (2002). Psychological measures of prenatal stress as predictors of infant temperament. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(9), 1078–1085.
Gutteling, B. M., et al. (2005). The effects of prenatal stress on temperament and problem behavior of 27-month-old toddlers. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 14(1), 41–51.
Gutteling, B. M., et al. (2006). Does maternal prenatal stress adversely affect the child’s learning and memory at age six? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34(6), 789–798.
Moisiadis, V. G., & Matthews, S. G. (2014). Glucocorticoids and fetal programming part 1: Outcomes. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 10(7), 391–402.
Kozyrskyj, A. L., et al. (2008). Continued exposure to maternal distress in early life is associated with an increased risk of childhood asthma. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 177(2), 142–147.
Cookson, H., et al. (2009). Mothers’ anxiety during pregnancy is associated with asthma in their children. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 123(4), 847.e11–853.e11.
Essex, M. J., et al. (2002). Maternal stress beginning in infancy may sensitize children to later stress exposure: Effects on cortisol and behavior. Biological Psychiatry, 52(8), 776–784.
Sausenthaler, S., et al. (2009). Stress-related maternal factors during pregnancy in relation to childhood eczema: Results from the LISA Study. Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical Immunology, 19(6), 481–487.
Entringer, S. (2013). Impact of stress and stress physiology during pregnancy on child metabolic function and obesity risk. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 16(3), 320–327.
Li, J., et al. (2010). Prenatal stress exposure related to maternal bereavement and risk of childhood overweight. PLoS One, 5(7), e11896.
Da Costa, D., et al. (1999). Variations in stress levels over the course of pregnancy: Factors associated with elevated hassles, state anxiety and pregnancy-specific stress. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 47(6), 609–621.
Li, J., et al. (2012). Antenatal maternal bereavement and childhood cancer in the offspring: A population-based cohort study in 6 million children. British Journal of Cancer, 107(3), 544–548.
Carmichael, S. L., et al. (2007). Maternal stressful life events and risks of birth defects. Epidemiology, 18(3), 356–361.
Carmichael, S. L., et al. (2014). Maternal stressors and social support as risks for delivering babies with structural birth defects. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 28(4), 338–344.
Fendrick, A. M., et al. (2003). The economic burden of non-influenza-related viral respiratory tract infection in the United States. Archives of Internal Medicine, 163(4), 487–494.
Nielsen, N. M., et al. (2011). Prenatal stress and risk of infectious diseases in offspring. American Journal of Epidemiology, 173(9), 990–997.
Beijers, R., et al. (2010). Maternal prenatal anxiety and stress predict infant illnesses and health complaints. Pediatrics, 126(2), e401–e409.
Kjerulff, K. H., et al. (2013). Mode of first delivery and women’s intentions for subsequent childbearing: Findings from the First Baby Study. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 27(1), 62–71.
Kraschnewski, J. L., et al. (2013). Association of prenatal physical activity and gestational weight gain: Results from the first baby study. Womens Health Issues, 23(4), e233–e238.
Misra, D. P., O’Campo, P., & Strobino, D. (2001). Testing a sociomedical model for preterm delivery. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 15(2), 110–122.
Rautava, P., Helenius, H., & Lehtonen, L. (1993). Psychosocial predisposing factors for infantile colic. BMJ, 307(6904), 600–604.
Kennedy, P. J., et al. (2014). A sustained hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis response to acute psychosocial stress in irritable bowel syndrome. Psychological Medicine, 44(14), 3123–3134.
Beijers, R., Buitelaar, J., & de Weerth, C. (2014). Mechanisms underlying the effects of prenatal psychosocial stress on child outcomes: Beyond the HPA axis. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 23(10), 943–956.
Weinstock, M. (2005). The potential influence of maternal stress hormones on development and mental health of the offspring. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 19(4), 296–308.
Moisiadis, V. G., & Matthews, S. G. (2014). Glucocorticoids and fetal programming part 2: Mechanisms. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 10(7), 403–411.
Hennessy, E., & Alberman, E. (1998). Intergenerational influences affecting birth outcome. I. Birthweight for gestational age in the children of the 1958 British birth cohort. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 12(Suppl 1), 45–60.
Lumey, L. H. (1998). Reproductive outcomes in women prenatally exposed to undernutrition: A review of findings from the Dutch famine birth cohort. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 57(1), 129–135.
Lobel, M., et al. (2008). Pregnancy-specific stress, prenatal health behaviors, and birth outcomes. Health Psychology, 27(5), 604–615.
Cohen, S., Kessler, R. C., & Gordon, L. U. (1995). Measuring stress: A guide for health and social scientists. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Samra, H. A., McGrath, J. M., & Wey, H. (2010). Are former late-preterm children at risk for child vulnerability and overprotection? Early Human Development, 86(9), 557–562.
Ward, A., & Pratt, C. (1996). Psychosocial influences on the use of health care by children. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 20(3), 309–316.
Abidin, R. R., & Wilfong, E. (1989). Parenting stress and its relationship to child health care. Child Health Care, 18(2), 114–116.
Bickerstaff, M., et al. (2012). Recent cessation of smoking and its effect on pregnancy outcomes. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 52(1), 54–58.
United States Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health. (2004). The health consequences of smoking: A report of the surgeon general. Atlanta, GA: Author.
Chehab, G., et al. (2012). Parental smoking during early pregnancy and congenital heart defects. Journal Medical Libanais. Lebanese Medical Journal, 60(1), 14–18.
Prescott, S. L., & Clifton, V. (2009). Asthma and pregnancy: Emerging evidence of epigenetic interactions in utero. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 9(5), 417–426.
Sondergaard, C., et al. (2001). Smoking during pregnancy and infantile colic. Pediatrics, 108(2), 342–346.
Metzger, M. J., et al. (2013). Association of maternal smoking during pregnancy with infant hospitalization and mortality due to infectious diseases. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 32(1), e1–e7.
Suter, M., et al. (2011). Maternal tobacco use modestly alters correlated epigenome-wide placental DNA methylation and gene expression. Epigenetics, 6(11), 1284–1294.
Maccani, M. A., et al. (2010). Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy is associated with downregulation of miR-16, miR-21, and miR-146a in the placenta. Epigenetics, 5(7), 583–589.
Wadhwa, P. D., et al. (2011). The contribution of maternal stress to preterm birth: Issues and considerations. Clinics in Perinatology, 38(3), 351–384.
Straub, H., et al. (2014). Stress and stress reduction. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 57(3), 579–606.
Ickovics, J. R., et al. (2007). Group prenatal care and perinatal outcomes: A randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 110(2 Pt 1), 330–339.