Psychosocial Risks, Work Engagement, and Job Satisfaction of Nurses During COVID-19 Pandemic

María del Carmen Giménez‐Espert1, Vicente Prado‐Gascó2, Ana Soto‐Rubio3
1Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Chiropody, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
2Social Psychology Department, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
3Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatments Department, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain

Tóm tắt

Context:COVID-19 pandemic is a serious health emergency that has affected countries all over the world. Health emergencies are a critical psychosocial risk factor for nurses. In general, psychosocial risks constitute serious problems as they impact workers' health, productivity, and efficiency. Despite their importance, few studies analyze nurses' psychosocial risks during a health emergency caused by a pandemic or analyze their perception of the emergency and its relation to such risks.Objectives:To analyze the perception of COVID-19 by nurses, especially about measures, resources, and impact on their daily work. Also, to analyze these professionals' psychosocial risks and the relationship between perception of COVID-19 and these risks.Methods:A descriptive correlational study was performed in a convenience sample of 92 nurses from two public hospitals in the Valencian Community (Spain), (74 women, 79.1%), aged 24–63 (M = 43.37, SD = 11.58). Data were collected via an online self-completed questionnaire during the rise of the pandemic from March 29 to April 8, when the number of infections went from 78,797 to 146,690.Results:The measures and resources available about COVID-19 are relatively low, and the impact on their work is high. Similarly, the most prominent psychosocial risks appear to be emotional work and workload. In contrast, nurses' work engagement is medium, and their satisfaction is high. Finally, there seems to be a negative and significant relationship between the information available to nurses, the measures implemented, and resources with some of their psychosocial risks, and a positive one with job satisfaction and work engagement. There is also a positive and significant relationship only between the impact of COVID-19 and their work inequality, but not for other risks.Conclusions:The resources, measures, and information can be a protective factor facing nurses' psychosocial risks, especially during a pandemic. Studying the relationships between psychosocial risk and perception of a health emergency would be relevant and fundamental to protecting and caring for nurses, health professionals, and society.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Cox, 2005, The nature measurement of work- related stress: theory practice, Evaluation of Human Work, 553, 10.1201/9781420055948.ch19

Bailey, 2015, A national standard for psychosocial safety climate (PSC): PSC 41 as the benchmark for low risk of job strain and depressive symptoms, J Occup Health Psychol, 20, 15, 10.1037/a0038166

Bergh, 2018, Tailoring psychosocial risk assessment in the oil and gas industry by exploring specific and common psychosocial risks, Safe Health Work., 9, 63, 10.1016/j.shaw.2017.05.001

Guadix, 2015, Strategies for psychosocial risk management in manufacturing, J Bus Res., 68, 1475, 10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.01.037

Fornell, 2018, Influence of changes in the Spanish labor market during the economic crisis (2007–2011) on perceived health, Qual Life Res., 27, 2095, 10.1007/s11136-018-1824-5

Junne, 2018, The role of work-related factors in the development of psychological distress and associated mental disorders: differential views of human resource managers, occupational physicians, primary care physicians and psychotherapists in Germany, Int J Environ Res Public Health, 15, 559, 10.3390/ijerph15030559

Elshaer, 2018, Job stress and burnout syndrome among critical care healthcare workers, Alexandria J Med., 54, 273, 10.1016/j.ajme.2017.06.004

Maslach, 2001, Job burnout, Ann Rev Psychol., 52, 397, 10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397

NielsenK JorgensenMB MilczarekM MunarL EU-OSHA Publications. Kasutamise kuupäev: 172019

Wu, 2018, The effects of emotional labor and competency on job satisfaction in nurses of China: a nationwide cross-sectional survey, Int J Nurs Sci., 5, 383, 10.1016/j.ijnss.2018.08.001

Watanabe, 2019, Subtypes of overtime work and nurses' fatigue, mental status, and work engagement: a latent class analysis of Japanese hospital nurses, J Adv Nurs, 75, 2122, 10.1111/jan.13991

Maslach, 2017, Finding solutions to the problem of burnout, Consult Psychol J Pract Res., 69, 143, 10.1037/cpb0000090

Bakker, 2017, Job demands–resources theory: taking stock and looking forward, J Occup Health Psychol., 22, 273, 10.1037/ocp0000056

Bakker, 2019, Self-undermining behavior at work: evidence of construct and predictive validity, Int J Stress Manag., 27, 241, 10.1037/str0000150

Hammer, 2019, Exploration of the impact of Organizational context on a workplace safety and health intervention, Work Stress., 33, 192, 10.1080/02678373.2018.1496159

Ilić, 2017, Relationships of work-related psychosocial risks, stress, individual factors and burnout–Questionnaire survey among emergency physicians and nurses, Med Pr., 68, 167, 10.13075/mp.5893.00516

State of the World's Nursing 2020: Investing in Education, Jobs Leadership2020

Antwi, 2018, The impact of nurse turnover on quality of care and mortality in nursing homes: evidence from the great recession, Am J Health Econ, 4, 131, 10.1162/ajhe_a_00096

Buchan, 2015, ‘Solving’ nursing shortages: do we need a new agenda?, J Nurs Manag, 23, 543, 10.1111/jonm.12315

Everhart, 2013, The effects of nurse staffing on hospital financial performance: competitive versus less competitive markets, Health Care Manag Rev., 38, 146, 10.1097/HMR.0b013e318257292b

Karasek, 1979, Job demands job decision latitude, and mental strain: implications for job redesign, Adm Sci Q., 24, 285, 10.2307/2392498

Hatch, 2018, Age, burnout and physical and psychological work ability among nurses, Occup Med., 68, 246, 10.1093/occmed/kqy033

Johannessen, 2013, Effects of occupational role conflict and emotional demands on subsequent psychological distress, J Occup Environ Med., 55, 605, 10.1097/JOM.0b013e3182917899

Kobayashi, 2019, Organizational justice, psychological distress, and stress-related behaviors by occupational class in female Japanese employees, PLoS ONE, 14, e0214393, 10.1371/journal.pone.0214393

Gil-Monte, 2016, La Batería UNIPSICO: propiedades psicométricas de las escalas que evalúan los factores psicosociales de demanda, Arch Prev Riesgos Labor, 19, 86, 10.12961/aprl.2016.19.02.2

Pace, 2019, The relation between workload and personal well-being among University professors, Curr Psychol., 8, 1, 10.1007/s12144-019-00294-x

Kubik, 2018, Nurses' health in the context of depressive symptoms, Med Stud., 34, 147, 10.5114/ms.2018.76876

Ortiz, 2012, Validación de la versión española de la escala de trabajo emocional de Frankfurt [Validation of the Spanish version of the Frankfurt Emotion Work Scales], Psicothema, 24, 337

Heaney, 1994, Chronic job insecurity among automobile workers: effects on job satisfaction and health, Soc Sci Med., 38, 1431, 10.1016/0277-9536(94)90281-X

Vander Elst, 2016, Perceived control and psychological contract breach as explanations of the relationships between job insecurity, job strain and coping reactions: towards a theoretical integration, Stress Health, 32, 100, 10.1002/smi.2584

De Witte, 1999, Job insecurity and psychological well-being: review of the literature and exploration of some unresolved issues, Eur J Work Organ Psychol, 8, 155, 10.1080/135943299398302

De Witte, 2016, Review of 30 years of longitudinal studies on the association between job insecurity and health and well-being: Is there causal evidence?, Austr Psychol., 51, 18, 10.1111/ap.12176

Witte, 2015, Job insecurity, health and well-being, Sustainable Working Lives, 109, 10.1007/978-94-017-9798-6_7

Selenko, 2017, Does job insecurity threaten who you are? introducing a social identity perspective to explain well-being and performance consequences of job insecurity, J Organ Behav., 38, 856, 10.1002/job.2172

Montiel, 2016, Contribuciones de la medicina psicosomática a la medicina clínica y preventiva, Ann Psychol., 32, 828, 10.6018/analesps.32.3.219801

Jaradat, 2016, Psychosomatic symptoms and stressful working conditions among Palestinian nurses: a cross-sectional study, Contemp Nurse, 52, 381, 10.1080/10376178.2016.1188018

Spector, 1997, Job Satisfaction: Application, Assessment, Causes, and Consequences, 10.4135/9781452231549

Evans, 1997, Understanding teacher morale and job satisfaction, Teach Teach Educ., 13, 831, 10.1016/S0742-051X(97)00027-9

Klassen, 2010, Effects on teachers' self-efficacy and job satisfaction: teacher gender, years of experience, job stress, J Educ Psychol., 102, 741, 10.1037/a0019237

Schaufeli, 2002, The measurement of work engagement and burnout: a comparative analytic approach, J Happiness Stud., 3, 71, 10.1023/A:1015630930326

Loukidou, 2009, Boredom in the workplace: more than monotonous tasks, Int J Manag Rev., 11, 381, 10.1111/j.1468-2370.2009.00267.x

Schaufeli, 2008, It takes two to tango: workaholism is working excessively and working compulsively, Long Work Hours Cult., 22, 20, 10.1016/B978-1-84855-038-4.00009-9

Christian, 2011, Work engagement: a quantitative review and test of its relations with task and contextual performance, Pers Psychol., 64, 89, 10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01203.x

Schaufeli, 2019, An ultra-short measure for work engagement: the UWES-3 validation across five countries, Eur J Psychol Assess., 35, 577, 10.1027/1015-5759/a000430

Galbany-Estragués, 2018, Factors in the drop in the migration of Spanish-trained nurses: 1999–2007, J Nurs Manag., 26, 477, 10.1111/jonm.12573

WHO Director-General's Opening 7remarks at the Media Briefing on COVID-19.2020

Johns Hopkins University.2020

Pfefferbaum, 2020, Mental health and the Covid-19 pandemic, N Engl J Med., 383, 510, 10.1056/NEJMp2008017

Legido-Quigley, 2020, The resilience of the Spanish health system against the COVID-19 pandemic, Lancet Public Health., 5, e251, 10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30060-8

LindeP Sanidad Confirma en La Gomera el Primer caso de Coronavirus en España2020

CaparrósA Valencia Confirma la Primera Muerte de un Paciente con Coronavirus en España2020

25390400Boletín672020

Real Decreto 537/2020, de 22 de mayo, por el que se prorroga el estado de alarma declarado por el Real Decreto 463/2020, de, 14 de marzo, por, el que se declara el estado de alarma para la gestión de la situación de crisis sanitaria ocasionada por el COVID-19. Boletín2020

Plan de Desescalada [Consejo de Ministros].2020

Zapf, 1999, Emotion work as a source of stress: the concept and development of an instrument, Eur J Work Organ Psychol., 8, 371, 10.1080/135943299398230

Morris, 1996, The dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of emotional labor, Acad Manag Rev., 21, 986, 10.5465/amr.1996.9704071861

Vander Elst, 2014, The job insecurity scale: a psychometric evaluation across five European countries, Eur J Work Organ Psychol., 23, 364, 10.1080/1359432X.2012.745989

Farndale, 2014, Work and Organization engagement: aligning research and practice, J Organ Effect People Perform, 1, 157, 10.1108/JOEPP-03-2014-0015

Brooks, 2020, The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence, Lancet., 395, 912, 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8

Witter, 2017, How do health workers experience and cope with shocks? learning from four fragile and conflict-affected health systems in Uganda, Sierra Leone, Zimbabwe and Cambodia, Health Policy Plann., 32, iii3, 10.1093/heapol/czx112

Delgado, 2017, Nurses' resilience and the emotional labour of nursing work: an integrative review of empirical literature, Int J Nurs Stud, 70, 71, 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.02.008

Baumann, 2013, Global health nursing: toward a human science-based approach, Nurs Sci Q., 26, 365, 10.1177/0894318413500404

Upvall, 2014, Introduction and perspectives of global health, Global Health Nursing: Building and Sustaining Partnerships., 1, 10.1891/9780826118691

Benadé, 2017, Exploring resilience in nurses caring for older persons, Healthsagesondheid., 2, 138, 10.1016/j.hsag.2017.01.003

Turner, 2014, The resilient nurse: an emerging concept, Nurse Leader., 12, 71, 10.1016/j.mnl.2014.03.013

Mason, 2020, Protecting health care workers against COVID-19—and being prepared for future pandemics, JAMA Health Forum., 1, e200353, 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2020.0353

Almost, 2016, Managing and mitigating conflict in healthcareteams: an integrative review, J Adv Nurs, 72, 1490, 10.1111/jan.12903

Surawera, 2013, Physical and psychosocial factors associated with wrist or hand pain among Australian hospital-based nurses, Injury Prevent., 19, 13, 10.1136/injuryprev-2011-040267

Shih, 2009, Surviving a life-threatening crisis: Taiwan's nurse leaders' reflections and difficulties fighting the SARS epidemic, J Clin Nurs., 18, 3391, 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02521.x

Choi, 2016, Crisis prevention and management by infection control nurses during the Middle East respiratory coronavirus outbreak in Korea, Am J Infect Control., 44, 480, 10.1016/j.ajic.2015.10.032

Dran, 2018, A unique institutional response to the Zika virus epidemic, Obstetr Gynecol., 131, 666, 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002532

Wilson, 2017, The Zika virus epidemic: public health roles for nurses, Online J Issues Nurs., 22, 4, 10.3912/OJIN.Vol22No01Man04

Kollie, 2017, Deciding to work during the Ebola outbreak: the voices and experiences of nurses and midwives in Liberia, Int J Afr Nurs Sci., 7, 75, 10.1016/j.ijans.2017.09.002

Sagar, 2015, Nurses leading the fight against Ebola virus disease, J Transcult Nurs., 26, 322, 10.1177/1043659615574326

GenevaWorld Health OrganizationEmergency Medical Teams

Martineau, 2017, Leaving no one behind: lessons on rebuilding health systems in conflict-and crisis-affected states, BMJ Glob Health., 2, e000327, 10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000327