Psychosocial Correlates of Interpersonal Sensitivity: A Meta-Analysis

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 33 Số 3 - Trang 149-180 - 2009
Judith A. Hall1, Susan A. Andrzejewski1, Jennelle E. Yopchick1
1northeastern Univ.

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Aamodt, M. G., & Custer, H. (2006). Who can best catch a liar? A meta-analysis of individual differences in detecting deception. Forensic Examiner, 15, 6–11.

Allik, J., Laidra, K., Realo, A., & Pullmann, H. (2002). Personality development from 12 to 18 years of age: Changes in mean levels and structure of traits. European Journal of Personality, 18, 445–462. (P).

Allport, G. W., & Kramer, B. M. (1946). Some roots of prejudice. Journal of Psychology, 22, 9–39.

Allport, G. W., Vernon, P. E., & Lindzey, G. (1960). A study of values (3rd ed.). Boston: Houghton-Mifflin. (P).

Aloni, M., & Bernieri, F. J. (2004). Is love blind? The effects of experience and infatuation on the perception of love. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 28, 287–295. (D).

Ambady, N., Bernieri, F. J., & Richeson, J. A. (2000). Toward a histology of social behavior: Judgmental accuracy from thin slices of the behavioral stream. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 32, 201–271.

Ambady, N., & Gray, H. M. (2002). On being sad and mistaken: Mood effects on the accuracy of thin-slice judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 947–961. (D).

Ambady, N., Hallahan, M., & Rosenthal, R. (1995). On judging and being judged accurately in zero-acquaintance situations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 518–529. (D).

Ames, D. R., & Kammrath, L. K. (2004). Mind-reading and metacognition: Narcissism, not actual competence, predicts self-estimated ability. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 28, 187–209. (D).

Ames, D. R., Rose, P., & Anderson, C. P. (2006). The NPI-16 as a short measure of narcissism. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 440–450.

Andrzejewski, S. A., Hall, J. A., & Salib, E. R. (2009). Anti-Semitism and identification of Jewish group membership from photographs. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 33, 47–58.

Archer, D., & Akert, R. M. (1977). Words and everything else: Verbal and nonverbal cues in social interpretation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 443–449. (T).

Aube, J., & Whiffen, V. E. (1996). Depressive styles and social acuity: Further evidence for distinct interpersonal correlates of dependency and self-criticism. Communication Research, 23, 407–424. (D).

Babchuk, W. A., Hames, R. B., & Thompson, R. A. (1985). Sex differences in the recognition of infant facial expressions of emotion: The primary caretaker hypothesis. Ethology and Sociobiology, 6, 89–101. (D).

Barchard, K. A. (2003). Does emotional intelligence assist in the prediction of academic success? Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63, 840–858. (D).

Barnes, M. L., & Sternberg, R. J. (1989). Social intelligence and decoding of nonverbal cues. Intelligence, 13, 263–287. (D).

Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001a). The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” test revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Applied Disciplines, 42, 241–251. (T).

Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Skinner, R., Martin, J., & Clubley, E. (2001b). The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ): Evidence from Asperger syndrome/high-functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31, 5–17. (P).

Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226–244. (P).

Bastone, L. M., & Wood, H. A. (1997). Individual differences in the ability to decode emotional facial expressions. Psychology: A Journal of Human Behavior, 34, 32–36. (D).

Baum, K. M., & Nowicki, S., Jr. (1998). Perception of emotion: Measuring decoding accuracy of adult prosodic cues varying in intensity. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 22, 89–107. (T).

Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression. New York: Harper & Row.

Beck, L., & Feldman, R. S. (1989). Enhancing children’s decoding of facial expression. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 13, 269–278.

Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1987). Manual for the Revised Beck Depression Inventory. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. (P).

Bem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 155–162. (P).

Berenbaum, H., & Prince, J. D. (1994). Alexithymia and the interpretation of emotion-relevant information. Cognition and Emotion, 8, 231–244. (D).

Bernieri, F. J. (1991). Interpersonal sensitivity in teaching interactions. Personality and Social Psychological Bulletin, 17, 98–103. (D).

Bernieri, F. J. (2001). Toward a taxonomy of interpersonal sensitivity. In J. A. Hall & F. J. Bernieri (Eds.), Interpersonal sensitivity: Theory and measurement (pp. 3–20). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Bernieri, F. J., & Gillis, J. S. (1995). Personality correlates of accuracy in a social perception task. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 81, 168–170. (D).

Bernstein, W. M., & Davis, M. H. (1982). Perspective-taking, self-consciousness, and accuracy in person perception. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 3, 1–19. (D).

Blatt, S. J., D’Affliti, J., & Quinlan, D. (1976). Experiences of depression in young adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 65, 383–389. (P).

Borenstein, M., Hedges, L., Higgins, J., & Rothstein, H. (2005). Comprehensive meta-analysis version 2. Englewood, NJ: Biostat.

Borman, W. C. (1979). Individual differences correlates of accuracy in evaluating others’ performance effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychological Measurement, 3, 103–115. (D).

Bronfenbrenner, U., Harding, J., & Gallwey, M. (1958). The measurement of skill in social perception. In D. C. McClelland (Ed.), Talent and society: New perspectives in the identification of talent (pp. 29–111). Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand. (D).

Buck, R. (1976). A test of nonverbal receiving ability: Preliminary studies. Human Communication Research, 2, 162–171. (T, D).

Buller, D. B., & Burgoon, J. K. (1986). The effects of vocalics and nonverbal sensitivity on compliance: A replication and extension. Human Communication Research, 13, 126–144. (D).

Burgoon, J. K. (1976). The Unwillingness-to-Communicate Scale: Development and validation. Communication Monographs, 43, 60–69. (P).

Busby, D. M., Christensen, C., Crane, D. R., & Larson, J. H. (1995). A revision of the dyadic adjustment scale for use with distressed and nondistressed couples: Construct hierarchy and multidimensional scales. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 21, 289–308. (P).

Byron, K. (2002). Predicting work place success from nonverbal communication skills. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Department of Psychology, Georgia State University. Data reported in Pitterman, H., & Nowicki, S., Jr. (2004). A test of the ability to identify emotion in human standing and sitting postures: The Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy-2 Posture Test (DANVA2-POS). Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 130, 146–162. (D).

Byron, K. (2007). Male and female managers’ ability to ‘read’ emotions: Relationships with supervisor’s performance ratings and subordinates’ satisfaction ratings. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 80, 713–733.

Byron, K., Terranova, S., & Nowicki, S., Jr. (2007). Nonverbal emotion recognition and salespersons: Linking ability to perceived and actual success. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37, 2600–2619.

Campbell, R. J., Kagan, N., & Krathwohl, D. R. (1971). The development and validation of a scale to measure affective sensitivity (empathy). Journal of Counseling Psychology, 18, 407–412. (D).

Carney, D. R., & Harrigan, J. A. (2003). It takes one to know one: Interpersonal sensitivity is related to accurate assessments of others’ interpersonal sensitivity. Emotion, 3, 194–200. (D).

Carter, J. D., & Hall, J. A. (2008). Individual differences in the accuracy of detecting social covariations: Ecological sensitivity. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 439–455.

Carton, J. S., Kessler, E. A., & Pape, C. L. (1999). Nonverbal decoding skills and relationship well-being in adults. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 23, 91–101. (D).

Cheek, J. M., & Buss, A. H. (1981). Shyness and sociability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 330–339. (P).

Christiansen, N. D., Wolcott-Burnam, S., Janovics, J. E., Burns, G. N., & Quirk, S. W. (2005). The good judge revisited: Individual differences in the accuracy of personality judgments. Journal of Human Performance, 18, 123–149. (D).

Christie, R., & Geis, F. L. (1970). Studies in Machiavellianism. New York: Academic Press. (P).

Cline, V. B. (1955). Ability to judge personality assessed with a stress interview and sound-film technique. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 50, 183–187. (D).

Cook, W. W., Leeds, C. H., & Callis, R. (1951). Minnesota Teacher Attitude Inventory. New York: The Psychological Corporation. (P).

Cook, W. W., & Medley, D. M. (1954). Proposed hostility and pharisaic-virtue scales for the MMPI. Journal of Applied Psychology, 38, 414–418. (P).

Cooley, E. L. (2005). Attachment style and decoding of nonverbal cues. North American Journal of Psychology, 7, 25–34. (D).

Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1985). The NEO Personality Inventory manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. (P).

Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PR-R) and NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. (P).

Costanzo, M. (1992). Training students to decode verbal and nonverbal cues: Effects of confidence and performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84, 308–313.

Costanzo, M., & Archer, D. (1989). Interpreting the expressive behavior of others: The Interpersonal Perception Task. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 13, 225–245. (T, D).

Costanzo, M., & Philpott, J. (1986). Predictors of therapeutic talent in aspiring clinicians: A multivariate analysis. Psychotherapy, 23, 363–369. (D).

Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24, 349–354. (P).

Cunningham, M. R. (1977). Personality and the structure of the nonverbal communication of emotion. Journal of Personality, 45, 564–584. (D).

Davis, M. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113–146. (P).

Davis, M. H., & Kraus, L. A. (1997). Personality and empathic accuracy. In W. Ickes (Ed.), Empathic accuracy (pp. 144–168). New York: Guilford.

Davitz, J. R., Beldoch, M., Blau, S., Dimitrovsky, L., Levitt, E., Kempner Levy, P., et al. (1964). Personality, perceptual, and cognitive correlates of emotional sensitivity. In J. R. Davitz (Ed.), The communication of emotional meaning (pp. 57–68). New York: McGraw-Hill. (D).

DePaulo, B. M., Charlton, K., Cooper, H., Lindsay, J. J., & Muhlenbruck, L. (1997). The accuracy-confidence correlation in the detection of deception. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1, 346–357.

DiMatteo, M. R., Friedman, H. S., & Taranta, A. (1979). Sensitivity to bodily nonverbal communication as a factor in practitioner-patient rapport. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 4, 18–26. (D).

DiMatteo, M. R., Hays, R. D., & Prince, L. M. (1986). Relationship of physicians’ nonverbal communication skills to patient satisfaction, appointment noncompliance, and physician workload. Journal of Health Psychology, 5, 581–594. (D).

Downey, G., & Feldman, S. (1996). Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1327–1343. (P).

Dutton, D. G. (1995). A scale for measuring propensity for abusiveness. Journal of Family Violence, 10, 203–221. (P).

Edwards, A. L. (1959). Edwards Personal Preference Schedule manual. New York: The Psychological Corporation. (P).

Edwards, J., Jackson, H. J., & Pattison, P. E. (2002). Emotion recognition via facial expression and affective prosody in schizophrenia: A methodological review. Clinical Psychology Review, 22, 789–832.

Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1974). Nonverbal behavior and psychopathology. In R. J. Friedman & M. Katz (Eds.), The psychology of depression: Contemporary theory and research (pp. 3–31). Washington, DC: Winston & Sons. (T).

Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1976). Pictures of facial affect. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press. (T).

Elfenbein, H. A., & Ambady, N. (2002). Predicting workplace outcomes from the ability to eavesdrop on feelings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 963–971. (D).

Elfenbein, H. A., Foo, M. D., White, J., Tan, H. H., & Aik, V. C. (2007). Reading your counterpart: The benefit of emotion recognition accuracy for effectiveness in negotiation. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 31, 205–223.

Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. C. (1968). Manual for the Eysenck Personality Inventory. San Diego: Educational and Industrial Testing Service. (P).

Fenigstein, A., Scheier, M. F., & Buss, A. H. (1975). Public and private self consciousness: Assessment and theory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43, 522–527. (P).

Firth, E. A., Conger, J. C., Kuhlenschmidt, S., & Dorcey, T. (1986). Social competence and social perceptivity. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 4, 85–100. (D).

Francis, P. L., Lombardo, J. P., & Simon, L. J. (1987). Relation of sex and sex role to adults’ ability to decode infants’ emotions. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 65, 595–600. (D).

Friedman, H. S., Prince, L., Riggio, R., & DiMatteo, M. R. (1980). Understanding and assessing nonverbal expressiveness: The Affective Communication Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 333–351. (P).

Funder, D. C. (1995). On the accuracy of personality judgment: A realistic approach. Psychological Review, 102, 652–670.

Funder, D. C., & Harris, M. J. (1986). On the several facets of personality assessment: The case of social acuity. Journal of Personality, 54, 528–549. (D).

Gillis, J. S., Bernieri, F. J., & Wooten, E. (1995). The effects of stimulus medium and feedback on the judgment of rapport. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 63, 33–45.

Goldberg, L. R. (1999). A broad-bandwidth, public domain, personality inventory measuring the lower-level facets of several five-factor models. In I. Mervielde, I. Deary, F. De Fruyt, & F. Ostendorf (Eds.), Personality psychology in Europe (Vol. 7, pp. 7–28). Tilburg, The Netherlands: Tilburg University Press. (P).

Goldstein, N. E., & Feldman, R. S. (1996). Knowledge of American Sign Language and the ability of hearing individuals to decode facial expressions of emotion. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 20, 111–122. (D).

Gough, H. G. (1957). Manual for the California Psychological Inventory. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press. (P).

Gough, H. G. (1987). California Psychological Inventory: Administrator’s guide. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press.

Gough, H. G., & Heilbrun, A. L. (1965). The Adjective Check List manual. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press. (P).

Griffin, D., & Bartholomew, K. (1992). Testing a two dimensional model of adult attachment: A latent variable approach. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo. (P).

Grinspan, D., Hemphill, A., & Nowicki, S., Jr. (2003). Improving the ability of elementary school-age children to identify emotion in facial expression. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 164, 88–100.

Halberstadt, A. G. (1983). Family expressiveness styles and nonverbal communication skills. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 8, 14–26. (P, D).

Halberstadt, A. G. (1986). Family socialization of emotional expression and nonverbal communication styles and skills. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 827–836. (P, D).

Hall, J. A. (1978). Gender effects in decoding nonverbal cues. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 845–857.

Hall, J. A. (1979). Gender, gender roles, and nonverbal communication skills. In R. Rosenthal (Ed.), Skill in nonverbal communication: Individual differences (pp. 32–67). Cambridge, MA: Oelgeschlager, Gunn & Hain. (D).

Hall, J. A. (1984). Nonverbal sex differences: Communication accuracy and expressive style. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Hall, J. A. (2001). The PONS test and the psychometric approach to measuring interpersonal sensitivity. In J. A. Hall & F. J. Bernieri (Eds.), Interpersonal sensitivity: Theory and measurement (pp. 143–160). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Hall, J. A., & Bernieri, F. J. (2001). Interpersonal sensitivity: Theory and measurement. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Hall, J. A., Bernieri, F. J., & Carney, D. R. (2005). Nonverbal behavior and interpersonal sensitivity. In J. A. Harrigan, R. Rosenthal, & K. R. Scherer (Eds.), The new handbook of methods in nonverbal behavior research (pp. 237–281). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hall, J. A., & Carter, J. D. (1999). Gender-stereotype accuracy as an individual difference. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 350–359. (D).

Hall, J. A., Carter, J. D., & Horgan, T. G. (2001). Status roles and recall of nonverbal cues. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 25, 79–100.

Hall, C. W., Gaul, L., & Kent, M. (1999). College students’ perception of facial expressions. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 89, 763–770. (D).

Hall, J. A., & Halberstadt, A. G. (1981). Sex roles and nonverbal communication skills. Sex Roles, 7, 273–287.

Hall, J. A., & Halberstadt, A. G. (1994). “Subordination” and sensitivity to nonverbal cues: A study of married working women. Sex Roles, 31, 149–165.

Hall, J. A., Halberstadt, A. G., & O’Brien, C. E. (1997). “Subordination” and nonverbal sensitivity: A study and synthesis of findings based on trait measures. Sex Roles, 37, 295–317.

Hall, J. A., Murphy, N. A., & Schmid Mast, M. (2006). Recall of nonverbal cues: Exploring a new definition of interpersonal sensitivity. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 30, 141–155. (D).

Harkness, K. L., Sabbagh, M. A., Jacobson, J. A., Chowdrey, N. K., & Chen, T. (2005). Enhanced accuracy of mental state decoding in dysphoric college students. Cognition and Emotion, 19, 999–1025. (D).

Hendrick, S. S., Dicke, A., & Hendrick, C. (1998). The Relationship Assessment Scale. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15, 137–142. (P).

Hill, C. E., Siegelman, L., Gronsky, B. R., Sturniolo, F., & Fretz, B. R. (1981). Nonverbal communication and counseling outcome. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28, 203–212. (D).

Hodgins, H. S., & Belch, C. (2000). Interparental violence and nonverbal abilities. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 24, 3–24. (D).

Hodgins, H. S., & Koestner, R. (1993). The origins of nonverbal sensitivity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 466–473. (D).

Hodgins, H. S., & Zuckerman, M. (1990). The effect of nonverbal sensitivity on social interaction. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 14, 155–170. (D).

Hogan, R. (1969). Development of an empathy scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 307–316. (P).

Ickes, W., Buysse, A., Pham, H., Rivers, K., Erickson, J. R., Hancock, M., et al. (2000). On the difficulty of distinguishing “good” and “poor” perceivers: A social relations analysis of empathic accuracy data. Personal Relationships, 7, 219–234. (D).

Ickes, W., Stinson, L., Bissonnette, V., & Garcia, S. (1990). Naturalistic social cognition: Empathic accuracy in mixed-sex dyads. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 730–742.

Iizuka, Y., Patterson, M. L., & Matchen, J. C. (2002). Accuracy and confidence on the Interpersonal Perception Task: A Japanese-American comparison. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 26, 159–174. (D).

Izard, C. E. (1971). The face of emotion. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Izard, C. E. (1972). Patterns of emotions: A new analysis of anxiety and depression. New York: Academic Press. (P).

Jackson, D. N. (1974). Personality Research Form manual. Goshen, NY: Research Psychologists Press. (P).

Jackson, D. N. (1976). Jackson Personality Inventory manual. Goshen, NY: Research Psychologists Press. (P).

Janis, I., & Field, P. (1959). Sex differences and personality factors related to persuasibility. In C. Hovland & I. Janis (Eds.), Personality and persuasibility (pp. 55–68). New Haven: Yale University Press. (P).

Jenness, A. (1932). The effects of coaching subjects in the recognition of facial expression. Journal of General Psychology, 7, 163–178.

John, O. P. (1989). The BFI-54. Unpublished test, Institute of Personality and Social Research, Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley. (P).

John, O. P., Donahue, E. M., & Kentle, R. (1991). The Big-Five Inventory. Technical Report, Institute for Personality and Social Research, University of California, Berkeley, CA. (P).

Kanner, L. (1931). Judging emotions from facial expressions. Psychological Monographs, 41, Whole No. 186.

Kleinman, B. (2003). The association between the ability to read emotion in nonverbal cues and relationship success. Unpublished honors thesis, Emory University, Atlanta, GA. Data reported in Pitterman, H., & Nowicki, S., Jr. (2004). A test of the ability to identify emotion in human standing and sitting postures: The Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy-2 Posture Test (DANVA2-POS). Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 130, 146–162. (D).

Larkin, K. T., Martin, R. R., & McClain, S. E. (2002). Cynical hostility and the accuracy of decoding facial expressions of emotions. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 25, 285–292. (D).

Leary, M. R., Kelly, K. M., & Schreindorfer, L. S. (2001). Individual differences in the need to belong. Unpublished manuscript, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC. (P).

Lee, D. Y., & Hallberg, E. T. (1982). Nonverbal behaviors of “good” and “poor” counselors. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 29, 414–417. (D).

Lee, D. Y., Hallberg, E. T., Kocsis, M., & Haase, R. F. (1980). Decoding skills in nonverbal communication and perceived interviewer effectiveness. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 27, 89–92. (D).

Lembke, A., & Ketter, T. A. (2002). Impaired recognition of facial emotion in mania. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 302–304.

Lennox, R. D., & Wolfe, R. N. (1984). Revision of the self-monitoring scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 1349–1364. (P).

Levine, D., Marziali, E., & Hood, J. (1997). Emotion processing in borderline personality disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185, 240–246.

Lippa, R. A., & Dietz, J. K. (2000). The relation of gender, personality, and intelligence to judges’ accuracy in judging strangers’ personality from brief video segments. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 24, 25–43. (D).

Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. (2001). Practical meta-analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Livingston, S. A. (1981). Nonverbal communication tests as predictors of success in psychology and counseling. Applied Psychological Measurement, 5, 325–331. (D).

Locke, H., & Wallace, K. (1959). Short marital adjustment and prediction tests: Their reliability and validity. Marriage and Family Living, 21, 251–255. (P).

Lykken, D. T. (1957). A study of anxiety in the sociopathic personality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 6–10. (P).

Marangoni, C., Garcia, S., Ickes, W., & Teng, G. (1995). Empathic accuracy in a clinically relevant setting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 854–869. (T, D).

Marsh, A. A., Kozak, M. N., & Ambady, N. (2007). Accurate identification of fear facial expressions predicts prosocial behavior. Emotion, 7, 239–251.

Matsumoto, D., & Ekman, P. (1988). Japanese and Caucasian Facial Expressions of Emotion (JACFEE) [slides]. San Francisco: Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University. (T).

Matsumoto, D., LeRoux, J., Wilson-Cohn, C., Raroque, J., Kooken, K., Ekman, P., et al. (2000). A new test to measure emotion recognition ability: Matsumoto and Ekman’s Japanese and Caucasian Brief Affect Recognition Test (JACBART). Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 24, 179–209. (T, D).

Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (1999). Instruction manual for the MSCEIT Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test, Research Version 1.1. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems. (T).

Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., Caruso, D. R., & Sitarenios, G. (2003). Measuring emotional intelligence with the MSCEIT V2.0. Emotion, 3(9), 7–105.

McClure, E. B., & Nowicki, S., Jr. (2001). Associations between social anxiety and nonverbal processing skill in preadolescent boys and girls. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 25, 3–19.

McCroskey, J. C. (1978). Validity of the PRCA as an index of oral communication apprehension. Communication Monographs, 45, 192–203. (P).

McIntire, K. A., Danforth, M. M., & Schneider, H. G. (1999). Measuring cue perception: Assessment of reliability and validity. North American Journal of Psychology, 1, 261–266. (D).

Mehrabian, A. (1970). The development and validation of measures of affiliative tendency and sensitivity to rejection. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 417–428. (P).

Mehrabian, A. (1972). Nonverbal communication. New York: Aldine-Atherton. (P).

Mehrabian, A., & Epstein, N. (1972). A measure of emotional empathy. Journal of Personality, 40, 525–543. (P).

Mehrabian, A., & Ksionsky, S. (1974). A theory of affiliation. Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath. (P).

Miczo, N., Segrin, C., & Allspach, L. E. (2001). Relationship between nonverbal sensitivity, encoding, and relational satisfaction. Communication Reports, 14, 39–48. (D).

Mill, J. (1984). High and low self-monitoring individuals: Their decoding skills and empathic expression. Journal of Personality, 52, 372–388. (D).

Molinsky, A. L., Krabbenhoft, M. A., Ambady, N., & Choi, Y. S. (2005). Cracking the nonverbal code: Intercultural competence and gesture recognition across cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 380–395. (D, T).

Morand, D. A. (2001). The emotional intelligence of managers: Assessing the construct validity of a nonverbal measure of “people skills”. Journal of Business and Psychology, 16, 21–33. (D).

Mumford, D. B. (1998). The measurement of culture shock. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 33, 149–154. (P).

Myers, I. B. (1962). The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Princeton: Educational Testing Service. (P).

Newman, L. E. (1977). Counselor characteristics and training as related to the process of empathy and its manifestations. Dissertation Abstracts International, 27, 4138A–4139A. (University Microfilms No. 77-114). (T).

Nideffer, R. M. (1976). Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 394–405. (P).

Noller, P. (1981). Gender and marital adjustment level differences in decoding messages from spouses and strangers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 272–278. (D).

Nowicki, S., Jr. (1995). A study of the DANVA-AV in college students. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychology, Emory University. Data reported in Baum, K. M., & Nowicki, S. Jr. (1998). Perception of emotion: Measuring decoding accuracy of adult prosodic cues varying in intensity. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 22, 89–107. (D).

Nowicki, S., Jr., & Duke, M. P. (1974). A locus of control scale for college as well as non-college adults. Journal of Personality Assessment, 38, 136–137. (P).

Nowicki, S., & Duke, M. P. (1994). Individual differences in the nonverbal communication of affect: The Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy Scale. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 18, 9–34. (T).

Nowicki, S., Jr., & Hartigan, M. (2001). Accuracy of facial affect recognition as a function of locus of control orientation and anticipated interpersonal interaction. Journal of Social Psychology, 128, 363–372. (D).

Nowicki, S., Jr., & Mitchell, J. (1998). Accuracy in identifying affect in child and adult faces and voices and social competence in preschool children. Genetic, Social, and Psychological Monographs, 124, 39–59.

Nowicki, S., Jr., & Richman, D. (1985). The effect of standard, motivation, and strategy instructions on the facial processing accuracy of internal and external subjects. Journal of Research in Personality, 19, 354–364. (D).

Ozer, D. J., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2006). Personality and the prediction of consequential outcomes. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 401–421.

Patterson, M. L., Foster, J. L., & Bellmer, C. D. (2001). Another look at accuracy and confidence in social judgments. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 25, 207–219. (D).

Pickett, C. L., Gardner, W. L., & Knowles, M. (2004). Getting a cue: The need to belong and enhanced sensitivity to social cues. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1095–1107. (D).

Pitterman, H., & Nowicki, S., Jr. (2004). A test of the ability to identify emotion in human standing and sitting postures: The Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy-2 posture test (DANVA2-POS). Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 130, 146–162. (T, D).

Plutchik, R., & Kellerman, H. (1974). Emotions Profile Index manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services. (P).

Prentice, D. A., & Miller, D. T. (1992). When small effects are impressive. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 160–164.

Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401. (P).

Realo, A., Allik, J., Nõlvak, A., Valk, R., Ruus, T., Schmidt, M., et al. (2003). Mind-reading ability: Beliefs and performance. Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 420–445. (P, D).

Richard, F. D., Bond, C. F., Jr., & Stokes-Zoota, J. J. (2003). One hundred yeas of social psychology quantitatively described. Review of General Psychology, 7, 331–363.

Riggio, R. E. (1989). Social Skills Inventory manual. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press. (P).

Riggio, R. E., & Carney, D. R. (2003). Social Skills Inventory manual (2nd ed.). Redwood City, CA: Mind Garden, Inc. (P, D).

Riggio, R. E., & Riggio, H. R. (2001). Self-report measurement of interpersonal sensitivity. In J. A. Hall & F. J. Bernieri (Eds.), Interpersonal sensitivity: Theory and measurement (pp. 127–142). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Riggio, R. E., Tucker, J., & Coffaro, D. (1989). Social skills and empathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 10, 93–99. (D).

Robbins, J. M., Kirmayer, L. J., Cathébras, P., Yaffe, M. J., & Dworkind, M. (1994). Physician characteristics and the recognition of depression and anxiety in primary care. Medical Care, 32, 795–812. (D).

Robins, R. W., Hendin, H. M., & Trzesniewski, K. H. (2001). Measuring global self-esteem: Construct validation of a single-item measure and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 151–161. (P).

Rokeach, M. (1956). Political and religious dogmatism: An alternative to the authoritarian personality. Psychological Monographs, 70, 425. (P).

Rokeach, M. (1960). The open and closed mind. New York: Basic Books. (P).

Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton: Princeton University Press. (P).

Rosenthal, R. (1991). Meta-analytic procedures for social research (revised ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Rosenthal, R., Hall, J. A., DiMatteo, M. R., Rogers, P. L., & Archer, D. (1979). Sensitivity to nonverbal communication: The PONS test. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. (T, D).

Rosenthal, R., & Rubin, D. B. (1982). A simple, general purpose display of magnitude of experimental effect. Journal of Educational Psychology, 74, 166–169.

Rosip, J. C., & Hall, J. A. (2004). Knowledge of nonverbal cues, gender, and nonverbal decoding accuracy. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 28, 267–286.

Rothman, A. D., & Nowicki, S., Jr. (2004). A measure of the ability to identify emotion in children’s tone of voice. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 28, 67–92.

Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80, No. 1 (Whole No. 609). (P).

Rotter, J. B. (1967). A new scale for the measurement of interpersonal trust. Journal of Personality, 35, 651–665. (P).

Rubin, Z. (1973). Liking and loving: An invitation to social psychology. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston. (P).

Rubin, R. S., Munz, D. C., & Bommer, W. H. (2005). Leading from within: The effects of emotion recognition and personality on transformational leadership behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 48, 845–858. (D).

Russell, D. W., & Cutrona, C. E. (1988). Development and evolution of the UCLA Loneliness Scale. Unpublished manuscript, Center for Health Services Research, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Ames. (P).

Russell, R. L., Stokes, J., Jones, M. E., Czogalik, D., & Rohleder, L. (1993). The role of nonverbal sensitivity in childhood psychopathology. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 17, 69–83.

Ryder, R. G. (1973). Longitudinal data relating marriage satisfaction to having a child. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 35, 604–606. (P).

Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069–1081. (P).

Sabatelli, R. M., Buck, R., & Dreyer, A. (1980). Communication via facial cues in intimate dyads. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 6, 242–247. (D).

Sabatelli, R. M., Buck, R., & Dreyer, A. (1983). Locus of control, interpersonal trust, and nonverbal communication accuracy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 399–409. (D).

Sabetelli, R. M., Buck, R., & Dreyer, A. (1982). Nonverbal communication accuracy in married couples: Relationship with marital complaints. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 1088–1097. (D).

Schag, D., Loo, C., & Levin, M. M. (1978). The Group Assessment of Interpersonal Traits (GAIT): Differentiation of measures and their relationship to behavioral response modes. American Journal of Community Psychology, 6, 47–62. (D).

Schneider, J., & Schneider-Duker, M. (1984). Sex roles and nonverbal sensitivity. Journal of Social Psychology, 122, 281–282. (D).

Schroeder, J. E. (1995). Self-concept, social anxiety, and interpersonal skills. Personality and Individual Differences, 19, 955–958. (D).

Schroeder, J. E., & Ketrow, S. M. (1997). Social anxiety and performance in an interpersonal perception task. Psychological Reports, 81, 991–996. (D).

Schweinle, W. E., Ickes, W., & Bernstein, I. H. (2002). Empathic inaccuracy in husband to wife aggression: The overattribution bias. Personal Relationships, 9, 141–158. (D).

Shah, N. (2001). The association between nonverbal communication skill and depression and anxiety. Unpublished master’s thesis, Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA. Data reported in Pitterman, H., & Nowicki, S., Jr. (2004). A test of the ability to identify emotion in human standing and sitting postures: The Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy-2 Posture Test (DANVA2-POS). Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 130, 146–162. (D).

Shin, H., & Abell, N. (1999). The Homesickness and Contentment scale: Developing a culturally sensitive measure of adjustment for Asians. Research on Social Work Practice, 9, 45–60.

Simon, L. J., Francis, P. L., & Lombardo, J. P. (1990). Sex, sex-role, and Machiavellianism as correlates of decoding ability. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 71, 243–247. (D).

Smith, H. J., Archer, D., & Costanzo, M. (1991). “Just a hunch”: Accuracy and awareness in person perception. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 15, 3–18. (D).

Snyder, M. (1974). Self-monitoring of expressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 526–537. (P, D).

Snyder, M. (1987). Public appearances, private realities: The psychology of self-monitoring. New York: Freeman. (P).

Spence, J. T., & Helmreich, R. L. (1978). Masculinity & femininity: Their psychological dimensions, correlates, & antecedents. Austin: University of Texas Press.

Spielberger, C. (1985). Assessment of state and trait anxiety: Conceptual and methodological issues. The Southern Psychologist, 2(4), 6–16. (P).

Spitzberg, B. H. (1995). The Conversation Skills Rating Scale. Annandale, VA: Speech Communication Association. (P).

Sternberg, R. J., Conway, B. E., Ketron, J. L., & Bernstein, M. (1981). People’s conceptions of intelligence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 37–55. (P).

Straus, M. A. (1979). Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: The conflict tactics (CT) scales. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 41, 75–88. (P).

Stricker, L. J., & Rock, D. A. (1990). Interpersonal competence, social intelligence, and general ability. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 833–839. (D).

Sundberg, N. D. (1952). The relationship of psychotherapeutic skill and experience to knowledge of other people. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota. (T).

Surguladze, S. A., Young, A. W., Senior, C., Brébion, G., Travis, M. J., & Phillips, M. L. (2004). Recognition accuracy and response bias to happy and sad facial expressions in patients with major depression. Neuropsychology, 18, 212–218.

Swenson, J., & Casmir, F. L. (1998). The impact of culture-sameness, gender, foreign travel, and academic background on the ability to interpret facial expression of emotion in others. Communication Quarterly, 46, 214–230. (D).

Taft, R. (1955). The ability to judge people. Psychological Bulletin, 52, 1–23.

Terranova, S. (2002). Predicting success of salespeople. Unpublished master’s thesis, Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA. Data reported in Pitterman, H., & Nowicki, S., Jr. (2004). A test of the ability to identify emotion in human standing and sitting postures: The Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy-2 Posture Test (DANVA2-POS). Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 130, 146–162. (D).

Thompson, W. F., Schellenberg, E. G., & Husain, G. (2004). Decoding speech prosody: Do music lessons help? Emotion, 4, 46–64. (D).

Tickle-Degnen, L. (1998). Working well with others: The prediction of students’ clinical performance. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 52, 133–142. (D).

Toner, H. L., & Gates, G. R. (1985). Emotional traits and recognition of facial expression of emotion. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 9, 48–66. (D).

Trimboli, A., & Walker, M. (1993). The CAST test of nonverbal sensitivity. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 12, 49–65. (D).

Vernon, P. E. (1933). Some characteristics of the good judge of personality. Journal of Social Psychology, 4, 42–58. (D).

Vogt, D. S., & Colvin, R. C. (2003). Interpersonal orientation and the accuracy of personality judgments. Journal of Personality, 71, 267–295. (D).

Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1991). The Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire. Unpublished manuscript, University of Iowa, Department of Psychology, Iowa City. (P).

Watson, D., & Friend, R. (1969). Measurement of the social-evaluative anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 448–457. (P).

Wheeler, L., Reis, H., & Nezlek, J. (1983). Loneliness, social interaction, and sex roles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 943–953. (P).

Whitehorn, J. C., & Betz, B. (1954). A study of psychotherapeutic relationships between physicians and schizophrenic patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 111, 321–331. (P).

Wickline, V. B. (2002, August). Predicting cultural adjustment outcomes from nonverbal and verbal communication skills. Paper presented for the Psi Chi Research Award at the American Psychological Association conference, Chicago, IL. Data reported in Pitterman, H., & Nowicki, S., Jr. (2004). A test of the ability to identify emotion in human standing and sitting postures: The Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy-2 Posture Test (DANVA2-POS). Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 130, 146–162. (D).

Wyner, D. R. (2000). The ability to decode nonverbal cues of emotion: A potential characteristic of NCAA Division III athletes who contribute to team cohesion, and demonstrate skills in coordinating sports play. Unpublished master’s thesis, Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA. Data reported in Pitterman, H., & Nowicki, S., Jr. (2004). A test of the ability to identify emotion in human standing and sitting postures: The Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy-2 Posture Test (DANVA2-POS). Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 130, 146–162. (D).

Costanzo, M., & Archer, D. (no date). The Interpersonal Perception Task-15 (IPT-15): A guide for researchers and teachers. Berkeley, CA: University of California Extension. (T).

Yoo, S. H., Matsumoto, J. A., & LeRoux, J. A. (2005). The influence of emotion recognition and emotion regulation on intercultural adjustment. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30, 345–363. (D).

Zaidel, S. F., & Mehrabian, A. (1969). The ability to communicate and infer positive and negative attitudes facially and vocally. Journal of Experimental Research in Personality, 3, 233–241. (D).

Zebrowitz, L. A. (2001). Groping for the elephant of interpersonal sensitivity. In J. A. Hall & F. J. Bernieri (Eds.), Interpersonal sensitivity: Theory and measurement (pp. 333–350). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Zuckerman, M., & Larrance, D. T. (1979). Individual differences in perceived encoding and decoding abilities. In R. Rosenthal (Ed.), Skill in nonverbal communication (pp. 171–203). Cambridge, MA: Oelgeschlager, Gunn, & Hain. (P, D).

Zuckerman, M., Larrance, D. T., Hall, J. A., DeFrank, R. S., & Rosenthal, R. (1979). Posed and spontaneous communication of emotion via facial and vocal cues. Journal of Personality, 47, 712–733. (D).