Prospects of low and zero-carbon renewable fuels in 1.5-degree net zero emission actualisation by 2050: A critical review

Ahlgren, 2012, The dual-fuel strategy: an energy transition plan the transition from fossil to renewable and nuclear energy sources is enabled by developing liquid renewable fuels. Electric power and electrochemical energy conversion have central roles, Proc. IEEE Ahlström, 2022, The role of biomass gasification in the future flexible power system – BECCS or CCU?, Renew. Energy, 190, 596, 10.1016/j.renene.2022.03.100 Al-Aboosi, 2021, Renewable ammonia as an alternative fuel for the shipping industry, Curr. Opin. Chem. Eng., 31, 10.1016/j.coche.2021.100670 Apergis, 2020, Carbon dioxide emissions intensity convergence: evidence from central American countries, Front. Energy Res., 7, 10.3389/fenrg.2019.00158 Awan, 2020, Does globalization and financial sector development affect environmental quality? A panel data investigation for the middle east and north African countries, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 27, 45405, 10.1007/s11356-020-10445-4 Aziz, 2020, Ammonia as effective hydrogen storage: a review on production, storage and utilization, Energies, 13, 3062, 10.3390/en13123062 Blanco, 2018, Potential for hydrogen and power-to-liquid in a low-carbon EU energy system using cost optimization, Appl. Energy, 232, 617, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.09.216 Bos, 2020, Wind power to methanol: renewable methanol production using electricity, electrolysis of water and CO2 air capture, Appl. Energy, 264, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114672 Brändle, 2021, Estimating long-term global supply costs for low-carbon hydrogen, Appl. Energy, 302, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117481 Brown, 2017, Bunker Ammonia: carbon-free liquid fuel for ships Brown, 2021, Japan's road map for fuel ammonia Buckingham, 2022, Recent advances in carbon dioxide capture for process intensification, Carbon Capture Sci. Technol., 2, 10.1016/j.ccst.2022.100031 Cardoso, 2021, Ammonia as an energy vector: current and future prospects for low-carbon fuel applications in internal combustion engines, J. Clean. Prod., 296, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126562 Cesaro, 2021, Techno-economic aspects of the use of ammonia as energy vector, 209 Chehade, 2021, Progress in green ammonia production as potential carbon-free fuel, Fuel, 299, 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120845 Chen, 2021, Review of low-temperature plasma nitrogen fixation technology, Waste Dispos. Sustain. Energy, 3, 201, 10.1007/s42768-021-00074-z Cinti, 2017, Coupling solid oxide electrolyser (SOE) and ammonia production plant, Appl. Energy, 192, 466, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.09.026 Daniel, 2022, Techno-economic analysis of direct air carbon capture with CO2 utilisation, Carbon Capture Sci. Technol., 2, 10.1016/j.ccst.2021.100025 Dar, 2021, Biomethanation of agricultural residues: potential, limitations and possible solutions, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 135, 10.1016/j.rser.2020.110217 Delikonstantis, 2021, An assessment of electrified methanol production from an environmental perspective, Green Chem., 23, 7243, 10.1039/D1GC01730F Dillinger, J. (2017) Fossil Fuel Dependency By Country - WorldAtlas, WorldAtlas. Available at: https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/countries-the-most-dependent-on-fossil-fuels.html (Accessed: July 3, 2022). Dutta, 2022, Novel design of single transition metal atoms anchored on C6N6 nanosheet for electrochemical and photochemical N2 reduction to ammonia, Catal. Today, 10.1016/j.cattod.2022.06.019 2018 2021 2022 El-Emam, 2019, Comprehensive review on the techno-economics of sustainable large-scale clean hydrogen production, J. Clean. Prod., 220, 593, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.309 French, 2020, The role of zero and low carbon hydrogen in enabling the energy transition and the path to net zero greenhouse gas emissions with global policies and demonstration projects hydrogen can play a role in a net zero future, Johns. Matthey Technol. Rev., 64, 357 Fuss, 2020, Moving toward net-zero emissions requires new alliances for carbon dioxide removal, One Earth, 3, 145, 10.1016/j.oneear.2020.08.002 Gabbrielli, 2022, Numerical analysis of bio-methane production from biomass-sewage sludge oxy-steam gasification and methanation process, Appl. Energy, 307, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118292 Ghafoori, 2022, Techno-economic and sensitivity analysis of biomethane production via landfill biogas upgrading and power-to-gas technology, Energy, 239, 10.1016/j.energy.2021.122086 Godin, 2021, Advances in recovery and utilization of carbon dioxide: a brief review, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 9, 10.1016/j.jece.2021.105644 Golmakani, 2022, Advances, challenges, and perspectives of biogas cleaning, upgrading, and utilisation, Fuel, 317, 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.123085 González-Arias, 2022, Biogas upgrading to biomethane as a local source of renewable energy to power light marine transport: profitability analysis for the county of cornwall, Waste Manag., 137, 81, 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.10.037 González-Torres, 2022, A review on buildings energy information: trends, end-uses, fuels and drivers, Energy Rep., 8, 626, 10.1016/j.egyr.2021.11.280 Griffiths, 2021, Industrial decarbonization via hydrogen: a critical and systematic review of developments, socio-technical systems and policy options, Energy Res. Social Sci., 80, 10.1016/j.erss.2021.102208 Hanley, 2018, The role of hydrogen in low carbon energy futures–a review of existing perspectives, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 82, 3027, 10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.034 Hansson, 2020, The potential role of ammonia as marine fuel—based on energy systems modeling and multi-criteria decision analysis,”, Sustainability, 12, 3265, 10.3390/su12083265 Hong, 2022, A techno-economic review on carbon capture, utilisation and storage systems for achieving a net-zero CO2 emissions future, Carbon Capture Sci. Technol., 3, 10.1016/j.ccst.2022.100044 Huovila, 2022, Carbon-neutral cities: critical review of theory and practice, J. Clean. Prod., 341, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130912 IEA (2021) Hydrogen Projects Database. IEA Paris, Available at: https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/hydrogen-projects-database (Accessed: January 4, 2022). IEA (2021) Hydrogen projects database. Available at: https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/hydrogen-projects-database (Accessed: June 20, 2022). IEA, 2019, The Future of Hydrogen, IEA, Paris 2021 2021 Indumathy, 2022, Catalyst-free production of ammonia by means of interaction between a gliding arc plasma and water surface, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys., 10.1088/1361-6463/ac7b52 2021 IPCC, 2018: Global Warming of 1.5 C. [V. Masson-Delmotte, P.Zhai, H. O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W.Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J. B. R.Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M. I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock,M. Tignor, T. Waterfield (eds.)]. Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/ 2022 Iyer, 2021, The role of carbon dioxide removal in net-zero emissions pledges, Energy Clim. Chang., 2 Jeerh, 2021, Recent progress in ammonia fuel cells and their potential applications, J. Mater. Chem. A, 9, 727, 10.1039/D0TA08810B Kim, 2020, A preliminary study on an alternative ship propulsion system fueled by ammonia: environmental and economic assessments, J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 8, 183, 10.3390/jmse8030183 Kolb, 2021, Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of renewable gas technologies: a comparative review, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 146, 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111147 Koornneef, 2013, Global potential for biomethane production with carbon capture, transport and storage up to 2050, 6043 Le, 2020, The impacts of globalization, financial development, government expenditures, and institutional quality on CO2 emissions in the presence of environmental Kuznets curve, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 27, 22680, 10.1007/s11356-020-08812-2 Lepitzki, 2018, The role of a low carbon fuel standard in achieving long-term GHG reduction targets, Energy Policy, 119, 423, 10.1016/j.enpol.2018.03.067 Liu, 2018 MacFarlane, 2014, Energy applications of ionic liquids, Energy Environ. Sci., 7, 232, 10.1039/C3EE42099J MacFarlane, D.R. et al. (2020) “A roadmap to the ammonia economy,” Joule, 4(6) 1186–1205. Available at: doi:10.1016/j.joule.2020.04.004. Nayak-Luke, 2021, Techno-economic aspects of production, storage and distribution of ammonia, 191 Nnabuife, 2022, Present and projected developments in hydrogen production: a technological review, Carbon Capture Sci. Technol., 3, 10.1016/j.ccst.2022.100042 Nurdiawati, 2019, Microalgae-based coproduction of ammonia and power employing chemical looping process, Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 146, 311, 10.1016/j.cherd.2019.04.013 Obaideen, 2022, Biogas role in achievement of the sustainable development goals: evaluation, challenges, and guidelines, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng., 131, 10.1016/j.jtice.2022.104207 Obobisa, 2022, Achieving 1.5°C and net-zero emissions target: the role of renewable energy and financial development, Renew. Energy, 188, 967, 10.1016/j.renene.2022.02.056 Osman, 2022, Hydrogen production, storage, utilisation and environmental impacts: a review, Environ. Chem. Lett., 20, 153, 10.1007/s10311-021-01322-8 Ozawa, 2018, Hydrogen in low-carbon energy systems in Japan by 2050: the uncertainties of technology development and implementation, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, 43, 18083, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.08.098 Pollitt, 2021, Modelling net zero and sector coupling: lessons for european policy makers, Econ. Energy Environ. Policy, 10, 25 Prevljak, N.H. (2020) Green maritime methanol partners launch engine testing programme - offshore energy, offshore energy. Available at: https://www.offshore-energy.biz/green-maritime-methanol-partners-launch-engine-testing-programme/ (Accessed: July 3, 2022). Rogelj, J. et al 2018: Mitigation Pathways Compatible with 1.5°C in the Context of Sustainable Development. In: Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. In Press. Rahman, 2021, Renewable-based zero-carbon fuels for the use of power generation: a case study in Malaysia supported by updated developments worldwide, Energy Rep., 7, 1986, 10.1016/j.egyr.2021.04.005 Rajamani, 2018, The legal character and operational relevance of the Paris agreement's temperature goal, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 376 Räuchle, 2016, Methanol for renewable energy storage and utilization, Energy Technol., 4, 193, 10.1002/ente.201500322 Rodrigue, 2020 Rosa, 2022, Potential for hydrogen production from sustainable biomass with carbon capture and storage, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 157, 10.1016/j.rser.2022.112123 Salmon, 2022, A global, spatially granular techno-economic analysis of offshore green ammonia production, J. Clean. Prod., 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133045 Sanchez, 2021, Policy options for deep decarbonization and wood utilization in california's low carbon fuel standard, Front. Clim., 3, 10.3389/fclim.2021.665778 Schulthoff, 2021, Role of hydrogen in a low-carbon electric power system: a case study, Front. Energy Res., 8, 10.3389/fenrg.2020.585461 Service, 2018, Ammonia—a renewable fuel made from sun, air, and water—could power the globe without carbon, Sci. AAAS Simanaitis, 2018, Ammonia from a reverse fuel cell, Sci. AAAS Sinha, N., Pakhira, S. (2022). Hydrogen: A Future Chemical Fuel. In: Kumar, P., Devi, P. (eds) Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Generation. Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials. Springer, Singapore. Available at: 10.1007/978-981-16-7285-9_1. Slorach, 2021, Net zero in the heating sector: technological options and environmental sustainability from now to 2050, Energy Convers. Manag., 230, 10.1016/j.enconman.2021.113838 Sokołowski, 2022, Making the electricity sector emission-free, 73 Sun, 2021, A hybrid plasma electrocatalytic process for sustainable ammonia production, Energy Environ. Sci., 14, 865, 10.1039/D0EE03769A Susmozas, 2016, Life-cycle performance of hydrogen production via indirect biomass gasification with CO2 capture, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, 41, 19484, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.02.053 Tahir, 2021, The impact of financial development and globalization on environmental quality: evidence from South Asian economies, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 28, 8088, 10.1007/s11356-020-11198-w Tashie-Lewis, 2021, Hydrogen production, distribution, storage and power conversion in a hydrogen economy - a technology review, Chem. Eng. J. Adv., 8, 10.1016/j.ceja.2021.100172 The Royal Society (2018) Options for producing low-carbon hydrogen at scale, The Royal Society, ISBN 9781782523185. Available at: https://royalsociety.org/-/media/policy/projects/hydrogen-production/energy-briefing-green-hydrogen.pdf (Accessed: June 26, 2022 Thygesen, H.H. (2021) Maersk secures green e-methanol for the world's first container vessel operating on carbon neutral fuel Maersk, Maersk Press releases. Available at: https://www.maersk.com/news/articles/2021/08/18/maersk-secures-green-e-methanol (Accessed: June 26, 2022). Van Soest, 2021, Net-zero emission targets for major emitting countries consistent with the Paris agreement, Nat. Commun., 12, 10.1038/s41467-021-22294-x Van Tran, 2022, Simultaneous carbon dioxide reduction and methane generation in biogas for rural household use via anaerobic digestion of wetland grass with cow dung, Fuel, 317, 10.1016/j.fuel.2022.123487 Valera-Medina, 2017, Ammonia–methane combustion in tangential swirl burners for gas turbine power generation, Appl. Energy, 185, 1362, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.02.073 Valera-Medina, 2018, Ammonia for power, Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 69, 63, 10.1016/j.pecs.2018.07.001 Valera-Medina, 2018, Ammonia for power, Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 69, 63, 10.1016/j.pecs.2018.07.001 Verhelst, 2019, Methanol as a fuel for internal combustion engines, Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 70, 43, 10.1016/j.pecs.2018.10.001 Wang, 2019, Methanol as an octane booster for gasoline fuels, Fuel, 248, 76, 10.1016/j.fuel.2019.02.128 Witcover, 2020, Comparison of ‘Advanced’ biofuel cost estimates: Trends during rollout of low carbon fuel policies, Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ., 79, 10.1016/j.trd.2019.102211 Wu, 2022, Feasibility assessment of a container ship applying ammonia cracker-integrated solid oxide fuel cell technology, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.06.068 Xing, 2021, Alternative fuel options for low carbon maritime transportation: pathways to 2050, J. Clean. Prod., 297 Ye, 2017, Reaction: ‘green’ ammonia production, Chem, 3, 712, 10.1016/j.chempr.2017.10.016 Zappa, 2019, Is a 100% renewable European power system feasible by 2050?, Appl. Energy, 233–234, 1027, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.08.109 Zhao, 2019, An efficient direct ammonia fuel cell for affordable carbon-neutral transportation, Joule, 3, 2472, 10.1016/j.joule.2019.07.005