Prosocial Motivation: Is it ever Truly Altruistic?
Tài liệu tham khảo
Ainsworth, 1978
Archer, 1981, The role of dispositional empathy and social evaluation in the empathic mediation of helping, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 786, 10.1037/0022-3514.40.4.786
Aronfreed, 1970, The socialization of altruistic and sympathetic behavior: Some theoretical and experimental analyses, 103
Bandura, 1977
Bar-Tal, 1976
Bar-Tal, 1982, Cognitive basis for the development of altruistic behavior, 377
Batson, 1983, Sociobiology and the role of religion in promoting prosocial behavior: An alternative view, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 1380, 10.1037/0022-3514.45.6.1380
Batson, 1981, Empathy: A source of altruistic motivation for helping, 167
Batson, 1983, Empathic motivation of helping behavior, 417
Batson, 1986, Where is the altruism in the altruistic personality?, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 212, 10.1037/0022-3514.50.1.212
Batson, 1979
Batson, 1978, Altruism and human kindness: Internal and external determinants of helping behavior, 111
Batson, 1981, Is empathic emotion a source of altruistic motivation, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 290, 10.1037/0022-3514.40.2.290
Batson, 1983, Self-reported distress and empathy and egoistic versus altruistic motivation for helping, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 706, 10.1037/0022-3514.45.3.706
Baumann, 1981, Altruism as hedonism: Helping and self-gratification as equivalent responses, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 1039, 10.1037/0022-3514.40.6.1039
Bentham, 1879
Berkowitz, 1972, Social norms, feelings, and other factors affecting helping and altruism, 6, 63
Bowlby, 1969
Bryan, 1967, Models and helping, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 6, 400, 10.1037/h0024826
Campbell, 1975, On the conflicts between biological and social evolution and between psychology and moral tradition, American Psychologist, 30, 1103, 10.1037/0003-066X.30.12.1103
Campbell, 1978, On the genetics of altruism and the counterhedonic components in human culture, 39
Cialdini, 1981, Insights from sadness: A three-step model of the development of altruism as hedonism, Developmental Review, 1, 207, 10.1016/0273-2297(81)90018-6
Cialdini, 1973, Transgression and altruism: A case for hedonism, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 9, 502, 10.1016/0022-1031(73)90031-0
Cialdini, 1976, Altruism as hedonism: A social development perspective on the relationship of negative mood state and helping, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 907, 10.1037/0022-3514.34.5.907
Cialdini, 1982, Effects of mood on prosocial behavior in children and adults, 339
Cialdini, 1987, Empathy-based helping: Is it selflessly or selfishly motivated?, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 749, 10.1037/0022-3514.52.4.749
Clark, 1972, Why don't bystanders help? Because of ambiguity?, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24, 392, 10.1037/h0033717
Clark, 1974, Where is the apathetic bystander? Situational characteristics of the emergency, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29, 279, 10.1037/h0036000
Coke, 1980, Empathic mediation of helping: Egoistic or altruistic? (Doctoral dissertation, University of Kansas, 1979), Dissertation Abstracts International, 41B, 405
Coke, 1978, Empathic mediation of helping: A two-stage model, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 752, 10.1037/0022-3514.36.7.752
Comte, 1875, 1
Darley, 1970, Norms and normative behavior: Field studies of social interdependence, 83
Davis, 1983, The effects of dispositional empathy on emotional reactions and helping: A multidimensional approach, Journal of Personality, 51, 167, 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1983.tb00860.x
Dawkins, 1976
Derlega, 1982
Dovidio, 1984, Helping behavior and altruism: An empirical and conceptual overview, 17, 361
Duval, 1972
Eisenberg, 1982
Fischer, 1963, Sharing in preschool children as a function of amount and type of reinforcement, Genetic Psychology Monographs, 68, 215
Freud, 1937
Freud, 1918, From the history of an infantile neurosis, Sammlung kleiner Schriften zur Neurosenlehre, 4, 578
Freud, 1930
Fultz, 1982
Gaertner, 1977, The subtlety of white racism, arousal, and helping behavior, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 691, 10.1037/0022-3514.35.10.691
Gelfand, 1975, The effects of instructional prompts and praise on children's donation rates, Child Development, 46, 980, 10.2307/1128408
Gibbons, 1982, Self-focused attention and helping behavior, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 462, 10.1037/0022-3514.43.3.462
Gouldner, 1960, The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement, American Sociological Review, 25, 161, 10.2307/2092623
Grusec, 1981, Socialization processes in the development of altruism, 65
Hamilton, 1964, The genetic evolution of social behavior, Journal of Theoretical Biology, 7, 1, 10.1016/0022-5193(64)90038-4
Hamilton, 1971, Selection of selfish and altruistic behavior in some extreme models
Hatfield, 1978, Equity theory and helping relationships, 115
Heider, 1958
Hobbes, 1651
Hoffman, 1975, Developmental synthesis of affect and cognition and its implications for altruistic motivation, Developmental Psychology, 11, 607, 10.1037/0012-1649.11.5.607
Hoffman, 1976, Empathy, role-taking, guilt, and development of altruistic motives, 124
Hoffman, 1977, Empathy, its development and prosocial implications, 25, 169
Hoffman, 1977, Moral internalization: Current theory and research, 10, 86
Hoffman, 1981, Is altruism part of human nature?, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 121, 10.1037/0022-3514.40.1.121
Hoffman, 1981, The development of empathy, 41
Hoffman, 1982, Development of prosocial motivation: Empathy and guilt, 281
Hornstein, 1976
Hornstein, 1978, Promotive tension and prosocial behavior: A Lewinian analysis, 177
Hormstein, 1982, Promotive tension: Theory and research, 229
Hornstein, 1968, Influence of a model's feeling about his behavior and his relevance as a comparison other on observer's helping behavior, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10, 222, 10.1037/h0026568
Hull, 1979, The organizational functions of the self: An alternative to the Duval and Wicklund model of self-awareness, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 756, 10.1037/0022-3514.37.5.756
Hume, 1896
Hume, 1902
Hygge, 1976, Information about the model's unconditioned stimulus and response in vicarious classical conditioning, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, 764, 10.1037/0022-3514.33.6.764
Isen, 1972, Effect of feeling good on helping: Cookies and kindness, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21, 344, 10.1037/h0032317
Isen, 1978, Affect, accessibility of material in memory and behavior: A cognitive loop?, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 1, 10.1037/0022-3514.36.1.1
Karinol, 1982, Settings, scripts, and self-schemata: A cognitive analysis of the development of prosocial behavior, 251
Karylowski, 1979, Self-focused attention, prosocial norms and prosocial behavior, Polish Psychological Bulletin, 10, 57
Karylowski, 1982, Two types of altruistic behavior: Doing good to feel good or to make the other feel good, 397
Kenrick, 1979, A step in the socialization of altruism as hedonism: Effects of negative mood on children's generosity under public and private conditions, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 747, 10.1037/0022-3514.37.5.747
Krebs, 1970, Altruism—an examination of the concept and a review of the literature, Psychological Bulletin, 73, 258, 10.1037/h0028987
Krebs, 1975, Empathy and altruism, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 1134, 10.1037/0022-3514.32.6.1134
Krebs, 1978, A cognitive-developmental approach to altruism, 141
Krebs, 1982, Altruism—a rational approach, 53
Krebs, 1985, Altruism and aggression, 1
Krebs, 1981, Role-taking and altruism: When you put yourself in the shoes of another, will they take you to their owner's aid, 137
Kropotkin, 1902
Latané, 1970
Lawley, 1971
Leeds, 1963, Altruism and the norm of giving, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 9, 229
Lerner, 1970, The desire for justice and reactions to victims, 205
Lerner, 1982, The justice motive in human relations and the economic model of man: A radical analysis of facts and fictions, 249
Lerner, 1981, Justice and altruism, 213
Macaulay, 1970
N. Machiavelli (1513). The prince
MacIntyre, 1967, Egoism and altruism, 2, 462
Mathews, 1975, Environmental noise level as a determinant of helping behavior, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 571, 10.1037/0022-3514.32.4.571
McDougall, 1908
Meindl, 1983, The heroic motive: Some experimental demonstrations, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 1, 10.1016/0022-1031(83)90002-1
Midlarsky, 1968, Aiding responses: An analysis and review, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 14, 229
Midlarsky, 1973, Some determinants of aiding under experimentally induced stress, Journal of Personality, 41, 305, 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1973.tb00096.x
Mill, 1863
Moss, 1972, Reinforcement and helping behavior, Journal of Applied Psychology, 2, 360, 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1972.tb01287.x
Nagel, 1970
Nietzsche, 1910
Piliavin, 1975, Costs, diffusion and the stigmatized victim, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 429, 10.1037/h0077092
Piliavin, 1981
Piliavin, 1982, Responsive bystanders: The process of intervention, 279
Piliavin, 1973
Rand, 1961
Reis, 1976, On mediating equity, equality, and self-interest: The role of self-presentation in social exchange, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 12, 487, 10.1016/0022-1031(76)90079-2
Reykowski, 1982, Motivation of prosocial behavior, 352
Ridley, 1981, The natural selection of altruism, 19
Rosenhan, 1970, The natural socialization of altruistic autonomy, 251
Rosenhan, 1978, Toward resolving the altruism paradox: Affect, self-reinforcement, and cognition, 101
Rosenhan, 1981, The joys of helping: Focus of attention mediates the impact of positive affect on altruism, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 899, 10.1037/0022-3514.40.5.899
Rosenhan, 1981, Emotion and altruism, 233
Rushton, 1980
Rushton, 1981
Sagi, 1976, Empathic distress in newborns, Developmental Psychology, 12, 175, 10.1037/0012-1649.12.2.175
Schadler, 1981, The development of automatic word recognition and reading skill, Memory and Cognition, 9, 132, 10.3758/BF03202327
Schaps, 1972, Cost, dependency, and helping, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21, 74, 10.1037/h0031941
Schoenrade, 1986, Attachment, accountability, and motivation to benefit another not in distress, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 557, 10.1037/0022-3514.51.3.557
Schwartz, 1975, The justice of need and the activation of humanitarian norms, Journal of Social Issues, 31, 111, 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1975.tb00999.x
Schwartz, 1977, Normative influences on altruism, 10, 221
Schwartz, 1982, Helping and cooperation: A self-based motivational model, 327
Shelton, 1981, Fear-arousing and empathy-arousing appeals to help: The pathos of persuasion, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 11, 366, 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1981.tb00829.x
Simner, 1971, Newborn's response to the cry of another infant, Developmental Psychology, 5, 136, 10.1037/h0031066
Skinner, 1978, The ethics of helping people, 249
Smith, 1759
Smith, 1983, Social anxiety, anxious self-preoccupation, and recall of self-relevant information, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 1276, 10.1037/0022-3514.44.6.1276
Spencer, 1872, 2
Staub, 1971, Helping a person in distress: The influence of implicit and explicit “rules” of conduct on children and adults, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17, 137, 10.1037/h0030357
Staub, 1978, 1
Saub, 1979, 2
Staub, 1974, Stimulus characteristics of a sufferer and difficulty of escape as determinants of helping, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 279, 10.1037/h0036645
Steele, 1975, Name-calling and compliance, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 361, 10.1037/h0076291
Stotland, 1969, Exploratory studies of empathy, 4, 271
Stroop, 1938, Factors affecting speed in serial verbal reactions, Psychological Monographs, 50, 38, 10.1037/h0093516
Thomas, 1981, Effect of helping under normative pressure on self-perceived altruism, Social Psychology Quarterly, 44, 127, 10.2307/3033708
Thomas, 1981, Do Good Samaritans discourage helpfulness?: Self-perceived altruism after exposure to highly helpful others, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 194, 10.1037/0022-3514.40.1.194
Thompson, 1980, Focus of attention mediates the impact of negative affect on altruism, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 291, 10.1037/0022-3514.38.2.291
Toi, 1982, More evidence that empathy is a source of altruistic motivation, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 281, 10.1037/0022-3514.43.2.281
Trivers, 1971, The evolution of reciprocal altruism, The Quarterly Review of Biology, 46, 35, 10.1086/406755
Wagner, 1969, Model, need and cost effects in helping behavior, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 12, 111, 10.1037/h0027569
Wallach, 1983
Weiner, 1976, Altruism, ambiance, and action: The effect of rural and urban rearing on helping behavior, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 112, 10.1037/0022-3514.34.1.112
Weyant, 1978, Effects of mood states, costs, and benefits on helping, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 1169, 10.1037/0022-3514.36.10.1169
Wicklund, 1975, Objective self awareness, 8, 233
Wilson, 1975
Wilson, 1976, Motivation, modeling and altruism: A person X situation analysis, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 1078, 10.1037/0022-3514.34.6.1078
Wispé, 1968, Sympathy and empathy, 15, 441
Wispé, 1972, Positive forms of social behavior, Journal of Social Issues, 28, 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1972.tb00029.x
Wispé, 1978
Wispé, 1986, The distinction between sympathy and empathy: To call forth a concept a word is needed, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 314, 10.1037/0022-3514.50.2.314
Zuckerman, 1975, Belief in a just world and altruistic behavior, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 972, 10.1037/h0076793