Properties of biochar
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
UC David Biochar Database n.d. http://biochar.ucdavid.edu (accessed September 30, 2015).
Quicker, 2016
Yang, 2007, Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis, Fuel, 86, 1781, 10.1016/j.fuel.2006.12.013
Kobayashi, 1977, Coal devolatilization at high temperatures, Symp Combust, 16, 411, 10.1016/S0082-0784(77)80341-X
Ballantyne, 2005, A new method for determining the conversion of low-ash coals using synthetic ash as a tracer, Fuel, 84, 1980, 10.1016/j.fuel.2005.04.012
Heuer, 2016, Effects of oxy-fuel conditions on the products of pyrolysis in a drop tube reactor, Fuel Process Technol, 150, 41, 10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.04.034
Pereira, 2013, Influence of chemical composition of eucalyptus wood on gravimetric yield and charcoal properties, BioResources, 8, 4574, 10.15376/biores.8.3.4574-4592
Font, 1991, Thermogravimetric kinetic study of the pyrolysis of almond shells and almond shells impregnated with CoCl2, J Anal Appl Pyrolysis, 21, 249, 10.1016/0165-2370(91)80001-O
Sadakata, 1987, Production of fuel gas and char from wood, lignin and holocellulose by carbonization, Fuel, 66, 1667, 10.1016/0016-2361(87)90360-7
Abdullah, 2009, Biochar as a Fuel: 1. Properties and grindability of biochars produced from the pyrolysis of mallee wood under slow-heating conditions, Energy Fuels, 23, 4174, 10.1021/ef900494t
Abdullah, 2010, Biochar as a Fuel: 2. Significant differences in fuel quality and ash properties of biochars from various biomass components of mallee trees, Energy Fuels, 24, 1972, 10.1021/ef901435f
Bourgois, 1988, Characterization and analysis of torrefied wood, Wood Sci Technol, 22, 143, 10.1007/BF00355850
Bridgeman, 2010, An investigation of the grindability of two torrefied energy crops, Fuel, 89, 3911, 10.1016/j.fuel.2010.06.043
Chen, 2012, Hydrothermal carbonization of sugarcane bagasse via wet torrefaction in association with microwave heating, Bioresour Technol, 118, 195, 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.04.101
Scheffknecht, 2012, Torrefied and hydrothermal carbonised Biomass Products: Co-milling, Combust Emission Prop, 2
Fisher, 2012, Combustion and gasification characteristics of chars from raw and torrefied biomass, Bioresour Technol, 119, 157, 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.05.109
Gerdes C. Pyrolyse von Abfall-Biomass: Thermochemische Konversion mit dem Hamburger-Wirbelschichtverfahren 2001.
Keiluweit, 2010, Dynamic molecular structure of plant biomass-derived black carbon (Biochar), Environ Sci Technol, 44, 1247, 10.1021/es9031419
Pach M, Zanzi R, Björnbom E. Torrefied biomass a substitue for wood and charcoal. 6th Asia-Pacific Internatioonal Symp Combust Energy Util 2002.
Park, 2012, Torrefaction and low-temperature carbonization of woody biomass: evaluation of fuel characteristics of the products, Energy, 45, 676, 10.1016/j.energy.2012.07.024
Pimchuai, 2010, Torrefaction of agriculture residue to enhance combustible properties †, Energy Fuels, 24, 4638, 10.1021/ef901168f
Quicker, 2012, Biokohle: Erzeugung und technische Einsatzmöglichkeiten, Müll Und Abfall, 9, 2
Antal, 2000, Attainment of the theoretical yield of carbon from biomass, Ind Eng Chem Res, 39, 4024, 10.1021/ie000511u
Bridgeman, 2008, Torrefaction of reed canary grass, wheat straw and willow to enhance solid fuel qualities and combustion properties, Fuel, 87, 844, 10.1016/j.fuel.2007.05.041
Ramke H, Blöhse D, Lehmann H, Fettig J. Hydrothermal Carbonization of Organic Waste. Twelfth Int Waste Manag Landfill Symp 2009.
Sevilla, 2011, Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass as a route for the sequestration of CO2: Chemical and structural properties of the carbonized products, Biomass Bioenergy, 35, 3152, 10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.04.032
Basu, 2013, Biomass Gasification, Pyrolysis and Torrefaction
Angin, 2013, Effect of pyrolysis temperature and heating rate on biochar obtained from pyrolysis of safflower seed press cake, Bioresour Technol, 128, 593, 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.10.150
Lua, 1998, Preparation and characterization of chars from oil palm waste, Carbon NY, 36, 1663, 10.1016/S0008-6223(98)00161-4
Wang, 2013, Comparisons of biochar properties from wood material and crop residues at different temperatures and residence times, Energy Fuels, 27, 5890, 10.1021/ef400972z
Mukome, 2013, Use of chemical and physical characteristics to investigate trends in biochar feedstocks, J Agric Food Chem, 61, 2196, 10.1021/jf3049142
Quicker, 2011, Biokoks als Energieträger in metallurgischen Prozessen, Chemie Ing Tech, 83, 10.1002/cite.201100094
Antal, 1990, Review of methods for improving the yield of charcoal from biomass, Energy Fuels, 4, 221, 10.1021/ef00021a001
Bergman PC a, Boersma a R, Zwart RWR, Kiel JH a. Torrefaction for biomass co-firing in existing coal-fired power stations. Energy Res Cent Netherlands ECN ECNC05013 2005:71.
Phanphanich, 2011, Impact of torrefaction on the grindability and fuel characteristics of forest biomass, Bioresour Technol, 102, 1246, 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.08.028
van Krevelen, 1950, Graphical-statistical method for the study of structure and reaction processes of coal, Fuel, 29, 269
Abdullah, 2009, Biochar as a fuel: 1. Properties and grindability of biochars produced from the pyrolysis of mallee wood under slow-heating conditions, Energy Fuels, 23, 4174, 10.1021/ef900494t
Chen, 2011, Influence of torrefaction pretreatment on biomass gasification technology, Chin Sci Bull, 56, 1449, 10.1007/s11434-010-4292-z
Prins, 2006, More efficient biomass gasification via torrefaction, Energy, 31, 3458, 10.1016/j.energy.2006.03.008
Chen, 2013, A comparison of gasification phenomena among raw biomass, torrefied biomass and coal in an entrained-flow reactor, Appl Energy, 112, 421, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.01.034
The production of carbon materials by hydrothermal carbonization of cellulose.pdf n.d.
Wiedner, 2013, Chemical evaluation of chars produced by thermochemical conversion (gasification, pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization) of agro-industrial biomass on a commercial scale, Biomass Bioenergy, 59, 264, 10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.08.026
Couhert, 2009, Impact of torrefaction on syngas production from wood, Fuel, 88, 2286, 10.1016/j.fuel.2009.05.003
Vassilev, 2010, An overview of the chemical composition of biomass, Fuel, 89, 913, 10.1016/j.fuel.2009.10.022
Agrafioti, 2013, Biochar production by sewage sludge pyrolysis, J Anal Appl Pyrolysis, 101, 72, 10.1016/j.jaap.2013.02.010
Telmo, 2010, Proximate analysis, backwards stepwise regression between gross calorific value, ultimate and chemical analysis of wood, Bioresour Technol, 101, 3808, 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.01.021
RAG Ibbenbüren. Produkt- und Preisinformationen für den Gartenbau 2008.
Chen, 2012, Torrefied biomasses in a drop tube furnace to evaluate their utility in blast furnaces, Bioresour Technol, 111, 433, 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.163
Lipinsky, 2002, Enhanced wood fuels via torrefaction, ACS Div Fuel Chem Prepr, 47, 408
Conti, 2014, Evaluation of the thermal and environmental stability of switchgrass biochars by Py–GC–MS, J Anal Appl Pyrolysis, 110, 239, 10.1016/j.jaap.2014.09.010
Rutherford, 2004, Changes in Composition and Porosity Occurring During the Thermal Degradation of Wood and Wood Components, Sci Investig Rep, 88
McBeath, 2011, Determination of the aromaticity and the degree of aromatic condensation of a thermosequence of wood charcoal using NMR, Org Geochem, 42, 1194, 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2011.08.008
Wiedemeier, 2015, Aromaticity and degree of aromatic condensation of char, Org Geochem, 78, 135, 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2014.10.002
Fidel, 2017, Characterization and quantification of biochar alkalinity, Chemosphere, 167, 367, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.151
Yuan, 2011, The forms of alkalis in the biochar produced from crop residues at different temperatures, Bioresour Technol, 102, 3488, 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.11.018
Ahmad, 2012, Effects of pyrolysis temperature on soybean stover- and peanut shell-derived biochar properties and TCE adsorption in water, Bioresour Technol, 118, 536, 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.05.042
Ippolito, 2015, Biochar elemental composition and factors influencing nutrient retention
Leeq JW, Kidder M, Evans BR. Characterization of Biochars Produced from Cornstovers for Soil Amendment 2010.
Robertson G, Sollins P, Ellis B, Lajtha K. Exchangeable Ions, pH, and Cation Exchange Capacity. In: Robertson G, editor. Stand. Soil Methods Long-term Ecol. Reserach, Oxford University Press; 1999.
Liang, 2006, Black carbon increases cation exchange capacity in soils, Soil Sci Soc Am J, 70, 1719, 10.2136/sssaj2005.0383
Helling, 1964, Contribution of organic matter and clay to soil cation-exchange capacity as affected by the pH of the saturating solution, Soil Sci Soc Am Proc, 28, 517, 10.2136/sssaj1964.03615995002800040020x
Mukherjee, 2011, Surface chemistry variations among a series of laboratory-produced biochars, Geoderma, 163, 247, 10.1016/j.geoderma.2011.04.021
Long, 2012, Release characteristics of alkali and alkaline earth metallic species during biomass pyrolysis and steam gasification process, Bioresour Technol, 116, 278, 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.03.051
Vassilev, 2013, An overview of the composition and application of biomass ash. Part 1. Phase-mineral and chemical composition and classification, Fuel, 105, 40, 10.1016/j.fuel.2012.09.041
Keown, 2005, Volatilisation of alkali and alkaline earth metallic species during the pyrolysis of biomass: Differences between sugar cane bagasse and cane trash, Bioresour Technol, 96, 1570, 10.1016/j.biortech.2004.12.014
Olsson, 1997, Alkali metal emission during pyrolysis of biomass, Energy Fuels, 11, 779, 10.1021/ef960096b
Davidsson, 2002, The effects of fuel washing techniques on alkali release from biomass, Fuel, 81, 137, 10.1016/S0016-2361(01)00132-6
Okuno, 2005, Primary release of alkali and alkaline earth metallic species during the pyrolysis of pulverized biomass, Energy Fuels, 19, 2164, 10.1021/ef050002a
Johansen, 2011, Release of K, Cl, and S during pyrolysis and combustion of high-chlorine biomass, Energy Fuels, 25, 4961, 10.1021/ef201098n
Bergman P, Boersma A, Kiel J, Prins MJ, Ptasinski K, Janssen FJ. Torrefaction for entrained-flow gasification of biomass. 2nd World Conf Technol Exhib Biomass Energy, Ind Clim Prot 2005:78–82.
Spokas K, Novak J, Masiello C, Johnson M, Colosky E, Ippolito J, et al. Physical Disintegration of Biochar : An Overlooked Process 2014. doi:10.1021/ez500199t.
Tagutchou, 2013, Gasification of wood char in single and mixed atmospheres of H2O and CO2, Energy Sour Part A-Recov Util Environ Eff, 35, 1266, 10.1080/15567036.2010.542438
Grigore, 2006, Influence of mineral matter on coke reactivity with carbon dioxide, ISIJ Int, 46, 503, 10.2355/isijinternational.46.503
Duman, 2014, The effect of char properties on gasification reactivity, Fuel Process Technol, 118, 75, 10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.08.006
Feng, 2002, On the validity of thermogravimetric determination of carbon gasification kinetics, Chem Eng Sci, 57, 2907, 10.1016/S0009-2509(02)00189-6
Guizani, 2013, The gasification reactivity of high-heating-rate chars in single and mixed atmospheres of H2O and CO2, Fuel, 108, 812, 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.02.027
Tangstad M. Ferrosilicon and Silicon Technology. (12th ed.) Elsevier; 2013. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-097753-9.00006-X.
Di Blasi, 2009, Combustion and gasification rates of lignocellulosic chars, Prog Energy Combust Sci, 35, 121, 10.1016/j.pecs.2008.08.001
Diez, 2013, Evaluation of CO2-reactivity patterns in cokes from coal and woody biomass blends, Fuel, 113, 59, 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.05.056
Huo, 2014, Study on CO2 gasification reactivity and physical characteristics of biomass, petroleum coke and coal chars, Bioresour Technol, 159, 143, 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.02.117
Min, 2011, An experimental investigation into the gasification reactivity and structure of agricultural waste chars, J Anal Appl Pyrolysis, 92, 250, 10.1016/j.jaap.2011.06.005
DiBlasi, 2008, Modeling chemical and physical processes of wood and biomass pyrolysis, Prog Energy Combust Sci, 34, 47, 10.1016/j.pecs.2006.12.001
Cetin, 2005, Effect of pyrolysis pressure and heating rate on radiata pine char structure and apparent gasification reactivity, Fuel, 84, 1328, 10.1016/j.fuel.2004.07.016
Chen, 1997, Reactivity of char from pyrolysis of birch wood, J Anal Appl Pyrolysis, 40–41, 491, 10.1016/S0165-2370(97)00014-4
Mermoud, 2006, Influence of the pyrolysis heating rate on the steam gasification rate of large wood char particles, Fuel, 85, 1473, 10.1016/j.fuel.2005.12.004
Mitsuoka, 2011, Gasification of woody biomass char with CO2: the catalytic effects of K and Ca species on char gasification reactivity, Fuel Process Technol, 92, 26, 10.1016/j.fuproc.2010.08.015
Kannan, 1990, Gasification of biomass chars in carbon dioxide: dependence of gasification rate on the indigenous metal content, Fuel, 69, 747, 10.1016/0016-2361(90)90041-N
Wang, 2016, CO2 reactivity assessment of woody biomass biocarbons for metallurgical purposes, Chem Eng Trans, 50, 55
Standish, 1988, Gasification of single wood charcoal particles in CO2, Fuel, 67, 666, 10.1016/0016-2361(88)90296-7
Jalkanen H, Gasik M. Theory of Ferroalloys Processing. (12th ed.) Elsevier; 2013. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-097753-9.00003-4.
Koppejan J, Lönnermark A, Persson H, Larsson I, Blomqvist P, Arshadi M, et al. Health and Safety Aspects of Solid Biomass Storage 2013.
Spontaneous combustion of finely divided charcoal, 1831, Lancet, 15, 640
Davies, 1832, Attempt to assign the cause of the Spontaneous Combustion of Charcoal, J Franklin Inst, 15, 353, 10.1016/S0016-0032(34)90862-0
Coxworthy, 1834, Observations as to the cause of Spontaneous Combustion of Charcoal, in reference to Colonel Aubert’s and Mr Hadfield’s experiments, J Franklin Inst, 17, 285, 10.1016/S0016-0032(34)91181-9
Wolters, 2003, Size constraints on self ignition of charcoal briquets, Fire Saf Sci, 593, 10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.7-593
Dzonzi-undi, 2014, Determination of spontaneous ignition behaviour of biochar accumulations, Int J Sci Res, 3, 656
Zimmerman, 2010, Abiotic and microbial oxidation of laboratory- produced black carbon (Biochar), J Environ Sci, 44, 1295, 10.1021/es903140c
Cruz Ceballos, 2015, Effect of production conditions on self-heating propensity of torrefied sawmill residues, Fuel, 160, 227, 10.1016/j.fuel.2015.07.097
Kaltschmitt, 2009
Van Blijderveen, 2013, Modelling spontaneous ignition of wood, char and RDF in a lab-scale packed bed, Fuel, 108, 190, 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.01.040
Cameron, 1972, The self heating of commercial powdered activated carbons, J Appl Chem Ellipsis, 1007, 10.1002/jctb.5020220908
Zhao, 2014, Short- and long-term flammability of biochars, Biomass Bioenergy, 69, 183, 10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.07.017
United Nations. Classification procedures, test methods and criteria relating to class 4. In: Recommendations on the transportation of dangerous goods manual of tests and criteria 2011.
Wang, 2016, Biomass charcoal properties changes during storage, 1
Tumuluru, 2012, Formulation, pretreatment, and densification options to improve biomass specifications for co-firing high percentages with coal, Ind Biotechnol, 8, 113, 10.1089/ind.2012.0004
Plötze, 2011, Porosity and pore size distribution of different wood types as determined by mercury intrusion porosimetry, Eur J Wood Wood Prod, 69, 649, 10.1007/s00107-010-0504-0
Somerville, 2015, The effect of temperature and compression during pyrolysis on the density of charcoal made from Australian eucalypt wood, Renew Energy, 80, 471, 10.1016/j.renene.2015.02.013
Brewer, 2014, New approaches to measuring biochar density and porosity, Biomass Bioenergy, 66, 176, 10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.03.059
Pulido-Novicio, 2001, Absorption capacities and related characteristics of wood charcoal carbonized using a one-step or two-step process, Japan Wood Res Soc, 47, 48, 10.1007/BF00776645
Assis MR. Mechanical and physical properties of eucalyptus charcoal from pyrolysis under different conditions 2016:153.
Byrne, 1991, Carbonization of wood for advanced materials applications, Carbon NY, 35, 259, 10.1016/S0008-6223(96)00136-4
Brown, 2006, Production and characterization of synthetic wood chars for use as surrogates for natural sorbents, Org Geochem, 37, 321, 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.10.008
Lu, 1995, Surface area development of sewage sludge during pyrolysis, Fuel, 74, 344, 10.1016/0016-2361(95)93465-P
Fu, 2012, Evaluation of the porous structure development of chars from pyrolysis of rice straw: effects of pyrolysis temperature and heating rate, J Anal Appl Pyrolysis, 98, 177, 10.1016/j.jaap.2012.08.005
Bergeron, 2013, Physico-chemical and functional characteristics of soil charcoal produced at five different temperatures, Soil Biol Biochem, 58, 140, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.11.017
Sun, 2012, Multiple controls on the chemical and physical structure of biochars, Ind Eng Chem Res, 51, 3587, 10.1021/ie201309r
Zhang, 2013, Water holding capacity and absorption properties of wood chars, Energy Fuels, 27, 2643, 10.1021/ef4000769
Jaynes WF. Hydrophilicity, Hydrophobicity. Encycl. Soil Sci., Dordrecht: Springer, Netherlands; 2005, pp. 329–30. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-3995-9_279.
Cantrell, 2012, Impact of pyrolysis temperature and manure source on physicochemical characteristics of biochar, Bioresour Technol, 107, 419, 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.084
Chun, 2004, Compositions and sorptive properties of crop residue-derived chars, Environ Sci Technol, 38, 4649, 10.1021/es035034w
Fang, 2014, Aromatic and hydrophobic surfaces of wood-derived biochar enhance perchlorate adsorption via hydrogen bonding to oxygen-containing organic groups, Environ Sci Technol, 48, 279, 10.1021/es403711y
Al-Wabel, 2013, Pyrolysis temperature induced changes in characteristics and chemical composition of biochar produced from conocarpus wastes, Bioresour Technol, 131, 374, 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.12.165
Gray, 2014, Water uptake in biochars: the roles of porosity and hydrophobicity, Biomass Bioenergy, 61, 196, 10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.12.010
Zornoza, 2016, Stability, nutrient availability and hydrophobicity of biochars derived from manure, crop residues, and municipal solid waste for their use as soil amendments, Chemosphere, 144, 122, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.046
Kinney, 2012, Hydrologic properties of biochars produced at different temperatures, Biomass Bioenergy, 41, 34, 10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.01.033
Das, 2015, The love-hate relationship of pyrolysis biochar and water: a perspective, Sci Total Environ, 512–513, 682, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.061
Water holding capacity. Encycl. Soil Sci., Dordrecht: Springer, Netherlands; 2002, pp. 822–822. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-3995-9_627.
Okabe, 1999, Mechanical properties of woodceramics: a porous carbon material, Ind Res, 184, 175
Kumar, 2010, Mechanical properties of acacia and eucalyptus wood chars, Energy Sources, 21, 675
Moore, 1974, Some Physical Properties of Birch Carbonized in a Nitrogen Atmosphere, Wood Fiber, 6
Vieira RDS. Propriedades mecânicas da madeira de clones de Eucalyptus e do Carvão produzido entre 350°C e 900°C 2009:80.
Noumi ES, Blin J, Rousset P. Optimization of Quality of Charcoal for Steelmaking using Statistical Analysis Approach. 5th Int Conf Eng Waste Biomass Valoris 2014: pp. 1–14. doi:10.13140/2.1.4748.9285.
Emmerich, 1994, Reduction of emissions from blast furnaces by using blends of coke and babassu charcoal, Fuel, 73, 1235, 10.1016/0016-2361(94)90266-6
Emmerich, 1996, Babassu charcoal: a sulfurless renewable thermo-reducing feedstock for steelmaking, Biomass Bioenergy, 10, 41, 10.1016/0961-9534(95)00060-7
Shang, 2012, Changes of chemical and mechanical behavior of torrefied wheat straw, Biomass Bioenergy, 40, 63, 10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.01.049
Ohliger, 2013, Torrefaction of beechwood: a parametric study including heat of reaction and grindability, Fuel, 104, 607, 10.1016/j.fuel.2012.06.112
Deng, 2009, Pretreatment of agricultural residues for co-gasification via torrefaction, J Anal Appl Pyrolysis, 86, 331, 10.1016/j.jaap.2009.08.006
Repellin, 2010, Energy requirement for fine grinding of torrefied wood, Biomass Bioenergy, 34, 923, 10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.01.039
Mathieson, 2012, Reducing Net CO2 emissions using charcoal as a blast furnace tuyere injectant, ISIJ Int, 52, 1489, 10.2355/isijinternational.52.1489
Machado, 2010, Reactivity and conversion behaviour of Brazilian and imported coals, charcoal and blends in view of their injection into blast furnaces, Steel Res Int, 81, 9, 10.1002/srin.200900093
Ibrahim, 2013, Physicochemical characterisation of torrefied biomass, J Anal Appl Pyrolysis, 103, 21, 10.1016/j.jaap.2012.10.004
Khalsa, 2016, Torrefied biomass pellets – comparing grindability in different laboratory mills, Energies, 9, 1, 10.3390/en9100794
Preto F. Pyrolysis, Char and Energy. Can Biochar Initiat Inaug Meet 12, 2008, Ste Anne Bellevue 2008: p. 46.
Raask, 1979, Sintering characteristics of coal ashes by simultaneous dilatometry-electrical conductance measurements, J Therm Anal, 16, 91, 10.1007/BF01909636
Hankalin, 2009, On thermal properties of a pyrolysing wood particle, Process Eng, 1
Grønli M. A theoretical and experimental study of the thermal degradation of biomass. Norwegian Universtiy of Science and Technology, 1996.
Gupta, 2003, Specific heat and thermal conductivity of softwood bark and softwood char particles, Fuel, 82, 919, 10.1016/S0016-2361(02)00398-8
Pyle, 1984, Heat transfer and kinetics in the low temperature pyrolysis of solids, Chem Eng Sci, 39, 147, 10.1016/0009-2509(84)80140-2
Dupont, 2014, Heat capacity measurements of various biomass types and pyrolysis residues, Fuel, 115, 644, 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.07.086
Nishiyama, 1995, Mechanism and clarification of electrical conduction through wood charcoal, NII-Electron Libr Serv, 34
Wang, 2003, Electromagnetic shielding efficiency of the electric field of charcoal from six wood species, J Wood Sci, 49, 450, 10.1007/s10086-002-0506-6
Chung, 2000, Materials for electromagnetic interference shielding, J Mater Eng Perform, 9, 350, 10.1361/105994900770346042
1989
Khushnood, 2015, Improvement in electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of cement composites using carbonaceous nano/micro inerts, Constr Build Mater, 85, 208, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.069
Thek G, Obernberger I. The Pellet Handbook. The Production and Thermal Utilization of Biomass Pellets. Earthscan; 2012.
Koppejan J, Sokhansanj S, Melin S, Madrali S. Status overview of torrefaction technologies. 2012.
Föhr, 2017, Manufacturing of torrefied pellets without a binder from different raw wood materials in the pilot plant, Wood Res, 62, 481
Järvinen, 2014, Experimentally determined storage and handling properties of fuel pellets made from torrefied whole-tree pine chips, logging residues and beech stem wood, Fuel, 129, 330, 10.1016/j.fuel.2014.03.057
Stelte, 2012, Recent developments in biomass pelletization – a review, BioResources, 7, 4451, 10.15376/biores.7.3.Stelte