Properties of biochar and its potential role in climate change mitigation and bioenergy generation: a review

African Energy Outlook (2014) A focus on energy prospects in Sub-Saharan Africa. International Energy Agency IEA. https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WEO2014_AfricaEnergyOutlook.pdf Ahmed MB, Zhou JL, Ngo HH, Guo W (2016) Insight into biochar properties and its cost analysis. Biomass Bioenergy 84:76–86 Ahmed A, Bakar MSA, Hamdani R, Park YK, Lam SS, Sukri RS, Aslam M (2020) Valorization of underutilized waste biomass from invasive species to produce biochar for energy and other value-added applications. Environ Res 186:109596 Alhashimi HA, Aktas CB (2017) Life cycle environmental and economic performance of biochar compared with activated carbon: a meta-analysis. Resour Conserv Recycl 118:13–26 Alkurdia SSA, Heratha I, Bundschuha J, Al-Jubooria RA, Vithanagee M, Mohan D (2019) Biochar versus bone char for a sustainable inorganic arsenic mitigation in water: what needs to be done in future research? Environ Int 127:52–69 Al-Wabel MI, Al-Omran A, El-Naggar AH, Nadeem M, Usman ARA (2013) Pyrolysis temperature induced changes in characteristics and chemical composition of biochar produced from conocarpus wastes. Biores Technol 131:374–379 Angın D (2013) Effect of pyrolysis temperature and heating rate on biochar obtained from pyrolysis of safflower seed press cake. Biores Technol 128:593–597 Apaydın-Varol E, Pütün AE (2012) Preparation and characterization of pyrolytic chars from different biomass samples. Anal Appl Pyrolysis 98:29–36 Bakar MSA, Titiloye JO (2012) Catalytic pyrolysis of rice husk for biooil production. Anal Appl Pyrolysis 103:362–368 Boden TA, Marland G, Andres RJ (2010) Global, regional, and national fossil-fuel CO2 emissions. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., USA. 10.3334/CDIAC/00001_V2010. Bolan NS, Thangarajan R, Seshadri B, Jena U, Das KC, Wang H, Naidu R (2013) Landfills as a biorefinery to produce biomass and capture biogas. Biores Technol 135:578–587 Brassard P, Godbout S, Raghavan V (2016) Soil biochar amendment as a climate change mitigation tool: key parameters and mechanisms involved. J Environ Manag 181:484–497 Brewer CE, Schmidt-Rohr K, Satrio JA, Brown RC (2009) Characterization of biochar from fast pyrolysis and gasification systems. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 28(3):386–396 British Biochar Foundation (2017) Introduction to biochar. Retrieved from http://www.britishbiocharfoundation.org/?page_id=43. Bruun E, Müller-Stöver DS, Ambus P, Hauggaard-Nielsen H (2011) Application of biochar to soil and N2O emissions: potential effects of blending fast-pyrolysis biochar with anaerobically digested slurry. Eur J Soil Sci 62(4):581–589 Budai A, Zimmerman AR, Cowie AL, Webber JBW, Singh BP, Glaser B, Masiello CA, Andersson D, Shields F, Lehmann J (2013) Biochar carbon stability test method: An assessment of methods to determine biochar carbon stability. http://www.biocharinternational.org/sites/default/files/IBI_Report_Biochar_Stability_Test_Method_Final.pdf. Busch D, Stark A, Kammann CI, Glaser B (2013) Genotoxic and phytotoxic risk assessment of fresh and treated hydrochar from hydrothermal carbonization compared to biochar from pyrolysis. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 97:59–66 Cayuela ML, Zwieten LV, Singh BP, Jeffery S, Roig A, Monedero MAS (2013) Biochar’s role in mitigating soil nitrous oxide emissions: a review and meta-analysis. Agr Ecosyst Environ 191:5–16 Chalker-Scott L (2014) Biochar: a home gardener’s primer. Washington State University Puyallup Research and Extension Center. Washington State University Extension and the U.S. Department of Agriculture Chen J, Wang P, Ding L, Yu T, Leng S, Chen J, Zhou W (2021) The comparison study of multiple biochar stability assessment methods. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 105070 Cherubini F, Stromman AH (2011) Life cycle assessment of bioenergy systems: state of the art and future challenges. Biores Technol 102(2):437–451 Choudhury ND, Chutia RS, Bhaskar T, Kataki R (2014) Pyrolysis of jute dust: effect of reaction parameters and analysis of products. Mater Cycles Waste Manag 16:449–459 Chutia RS, Kataki R, Bhaskar T (2014) Characterization of liquid and solid product from pyrolysis of Pongamia glabra deoiled cake. Biores Technol 165:336–342 Cowie A, Van Zwieten L, Singh BP, de la Rosa RA (2017) Biochar as a strategy for sustainable land management and climate change mitigation. In: Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon, Rome, Italy, 21–23 March 2017 Dai Y, Zhang N, Xing C, Cui Q, Sun Q (2019) The adsorption, regeneration and engineering applications of biochar for removal organic pollutants: a review. Chemosphere 223:12–27 Deng S, Chen J, Chang J (2021) Application of biochar as an innovative substrate in constructed wetlands/biofilters for wastewater treatment: Performance and ecological benefits. J Clean Prod 126156 Digman B, Joo HS, Kim DS (2009) Recent progress in gasification/pyrolysis technologies for biomass conversion to energy. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 28(1):47–51 Draper K (2016) The biochar displacement strategy, the Biochar Journal 2016, Arbaz, Switzerland. ISSN 2297–1114, www.biochar-journal.org/en/ct/85. Accessed 31 Jan 2021 Duku MH, Gu S, Hagan EB (2011) Biochar production potential in Ghana—a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15(8):3539–3551 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2018) Criteria for the Definition of Solid Waste and Solid and Hazardous Waste Exclusions, United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, DC, USA Enweremadu CC, Mbarawa MM (2009) Technical aspects of production and analysis of biodiesel from used cooking oil—a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 13(9):2205–2224 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2008) FAOSTAT Available: http://faostat.fao.org/ Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) (2010) Global forest resource assessment 2010 Galloway JN, Aber JD, Erisman JW, Seitzinger SP, Howarth RW, Cowling EB, Cosby BJ (2003) The nitrogen cascade. Bioscience 53:341 Gelardi DL, Li C, Parikh SJ (2019) An emerging environmental concern: Biochar-induced dust emissions and their potentially toxic properties. Sci Total Environ 678:813–820 Glaser B, Parr M, Braun C, Kopolo G (2009) Biochar is carbon negative. Nat Geosci 2:2–2 Gurwick NP, Moore LA, Kelly C, Elias P (2013) A systematic review of biochar research, with a focus on its stability in situ and its promise as a climate mitigation strategy. PLoS ONE 8:e75932. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075932 Hammond J, Shackley S, Sohi S, Brownsort P (2011) Prospective life cycle carbon abatement for pyrolysis biochar systems in the UK. Energy Policy 39(5):2646–2655 Hussain M, Farooq M, Nawaz A, Al-Sadi AM, Solaiman ZM, Alghamdi SS, Ammara U, Ok YS, Siddique KH (2017) Biochar for crop production: potential benefits and risks. J Soils Sediments 17(3):685–716 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2014) Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part a: global and sectoral aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field CB, Barros VR, Dokken DJ, Mach KJ, Mastrandrea MD, Bilir TE, Chatterjee M, Ebi KL, Estrada YO, Genova RC, Girma B, Kissel ES, Levy AN, MacCracken S, Mastrandrea PR, White LL (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, p. 1132 International Biochar Initiative (2016) Biochar research and educational resources. http://www.biocharinternational.org/research/education. Accessed 10 Dec 2020 International Energy Agency (IEA) (2012) World energy outlook 2012: executive summary. International Energy Agency (IEA), Paris, France Jia J, Li B, Chen Z, Xie Z, Xiong Z (2012) Effects of biochar application on vegetable production and emissions of N2O and CH4. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 58(4):503–509 Joseph S, Peacocke C, Lehmann J, Munroe P (2009) Developing a biochar classification and test methods. In: Lehmann J, Joseph S (eds) Biochar for environmental management: Science and technology. Earthscan Publications Ltd, London, pp 107–112 Kim KH, Kim JY, Cho TS, Choi JW (2012) Influence of pyrolysis temperature on physicochemical properties of biochar obtained from the fast pyrolysis of pitch pine (Pinus rigida). Biores Technol 118:158–162 Kleiner K (2009) The bright prospect of biochar. Nat Rep Clim Change 3(6):72–74 Klinar D (2016) Universal model of slow pyrolysis technology producing biochar and heat from standard biomass needed for the techno-economic assessment. Biores Technol 206:112–120 Komang R, Orr C (2016) Biochar application: essential soil microbial ecology. Elsevier Science & Technology Books Le Quéré C, Andres RJ, Boden T, Conway T, Houghton RA, House JI, Marland G, Peters GP, van der Werf GR, Ahlström A, Andrew RM, Bopp L, Canadell JG, Ciais P, Doney SC, Enright C, Friedlingstein P, Huntingford C, Jain AK, Jourdain C, Kato E, Keeling RF, Goldewijk K, Levis S, Levy P, Lomas M, Poulter B, Raupach MR, Schwinger J, Sitch S, Stocker BD, Viovy N, Zaehle S, Zeng N (2013) The global carbon budget 1959–2011. Earth Syst Sci Data 5:165–185 Lee Y, Jung J, Park J, Hyun S, Ryu C, Gang KS (2013) Comparison of biochar properties from biomass residues produced by slow pyrolysis at 500 °C. Biores Technol 148:196–201 Lehmann J (2007) Bio-energy in the black. Front Ecol Environ 5(7):381–387 Lehmann J (2009) Biological carbon sequestration must and can be a win-win approach. Clim Change 97(3):459–463 Lehmann J, Gaunt J, Rondon M (2006) Biochar sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems—a review. Mitig Adapt Strategy Global Change 11(2):395–419 Lehmann J, Joseph S (2009) Biochar for environmental management: An introduction. In: Biochar for Environmental Management, Science and Technology; Lehman, J, Josep, ., Eds.; Earthscan: London, UK; p 1–12 Leng L, Huang H, Li H, Li J, Zhou W (2019) Biochar stability assessment methods: a review. Sci Total Environ 647:210–222 Li M, Liu Q, Guo L, Zhang Y, Lou Z, Wang Y, Qian G (2013) Cu (II) removal from aqueous solution by Spartina alterniflora derived biochar. Biores Technol 141:83–88 Liang F, Li GT, Lin QM, Zhao XR (2014) Crop yield and soil properties in the first 3 years after biochar application to a calcareous soil. J Integr Agric 13(3):525–532 Liesch AM, Weyers SL, Gaskin JW, Das KC (2010) Impact of two different biochars on earthworm growth and survival. Annals Env Sci 4:1–9 Luo Y, Durenkamp M, De Nobili M, Lin Q, Brookes PC (2011) Short term soil priming effects and the mineralisation of biochar following its incorporation to soils of different pH. Soil Biol Biochem 43(11):2304–2314 Mandal S, Sarkar B, Bolan N, Novak J, Ok Y, Van Zwieten L, Singh BP, Kirkham MB, Choppala G, Spokas K, Naidu R (2016a) Designing advanced biochar products for maximizing greenhouse gas mitigation potential. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 46:1367–1401 Mandal S, Thangarajan R, Bolan NS, Sarkar B, Khan N, Ok YS, Naidu R (2016b) Biochar-induced concomitant decrease in ammonia volatilization and increase in nitrogen use efficiency by wheat. Chemosphere 142:120–127 Mukherjee A, Zimmerman A (2013) Organic carbon and nutrient release from a range of laboratory-produced biochars and biochar soil mixtures. Geoderma 193:122–130 Ndirangu SM, Liu Y, Xu K, Song S (2019) Risk evaluation of pyrolyzed biochar from multiple wastes. J Chem 2019:4506314. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4506314 Nelissen V, Saha BK, Ruysschaert G, Boeckx P (2014) Effect of different biochar and fertilizer types on N2O and NO emissions. Soil Biol Biochem 70:244–255 Nie A, Kung SS, Li H, Zhang L, He X, Kung CC (2021) An environmental and economic assessment from bioenergy production and biochar application. J Saudi Chem Soc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2020.11.006 Panwar NL, Pawar A, Salvi BL (2019) Comprehensive review on production and utilization of biochar. SN Appl Sci 1:168 Parvez AM, Lewis JD, Afzal MT (2021) Potential of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) for bioenergy production in Canada: Status, challenges and outlook. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.110784 Paustian K, Lehmann J, Ogle S, Reay D, Robertson GP, Smith P (2016) Climate-smart soils. Nature 532:49–57 Pujol-Pereira EI, Suddick EC, Six J (2016) Carbon abatement and emissions associated with the gasification of walnut shells for bioenergy and biochar production. PLoS ONE 11(3):1–15 Qadeer S, Anjum M, Khalid A, Waqas M, Batool A, Mahmood T (2017) A dialogue on perspectives of biochar applications and its environmental risks. Water Air Soil Pollut 228(8):1–26 Qian C, Li Q, Zhang Z, Wang X, Hu J, Cao W (2020) Prediction of higher heating values of biochar from proximate and ultimate analysis. Fuel 265:116925 Qin L, Wu Y, Hou Z, Jiang E (2020) Influence of biomass components, temperature and pressure on the pyrolysis behavior and biochar properties of pine nut shells. Bioresour Technol 313:123682 Rajagopal V, Malarvizhi P, Choudhary RL, Krishnani KK, Ramesh K, Gopalakrishnan B, Singh NP (2018) Prospects of biochar in climate change mitigation in Indian agriculture—an analysis. Int J Agric Sci 10(9):5905–5910 Rasul F, Gull U, Rahman MH, Hussain Q, Chaudhary HJ, Matloob A, Shahzad S, Iqbal S, Shelia V, Masood S, Bajwa HM (2016) Biochar an emerging technology for climate change mitigation. J Environ Agric Sci 9:37–43 Roberts KG, Gloy BA, Joseph S, Scott NR, Lehmann J (2009) Life cycle assessment of biochar systems: estimating the energetic, economic, and climate change potential. Environ Sci Technol 44(2):827–833 Rockstrom J, Steffen W, Noone K, Persson A, Chapin FS, Lambin EF, Lenton TM, Scheffer M, Folke C, Schellnhuber HJ, Nykvist B, de Wit CA, Hughes T, van der Leeuw S, Rodhe H, Sorlin S, Snyder PK, Costanza R, Svedin U, Falkenmark M, Karlberg L, Corell RW, Fabry VJ, Hansen J, Walker B, Liverman D, Richardson K, Crutzen P, Foley JA (2009) A safe operating space for humanity. Nature 461(7263):472–475 Saarnio S, Heimonen K, Kettunen R (2013) Biochar addition indirectly effects N2O emissions via soil moisture and plant N uptake. Soil Biol Biochem 58:99–106 Saeed AAH, Harun NY, Sufian S, Afolabi HK, Al-Qadami EHH, Roslan FAS, Ghaleb AAS (2021) Production and characterization of rice husk biochar and kenaf biochar for value-added biochar replacement for potential materials adsorption. Ecol Eng Environ Technol 22 Salo E (2018) Current state and future perspectives of biochar applications in Finland. Submitted to Jyväskylä University School of Business and Economics for Master’s degree, pp 1–57 Schmidt P, Wilson K (2014) The 55 uses of biochar, the Biochar Journal, Arbaz, Switzerland. ISSN 2297–1114. https://www.biochar-journal.org/en/ct/2 Shen H, Zhang Q, Zhang X, Jiang X, Zhu S, Chen A, Xiong Z (2021) In situ effects of biochar field-aged for six years on net N mineralization in paddy soil. Soil Tillage Res 205:104766 Shenbagavalli S, Mahimairaja S (2012) Production and characterization of biochar from different biological wastes. Plant Anim Environ Sci 2:197–201 Singh BP, Cowie AL (2014) Long-term influence of biochar on native organic C mineralisation in a low-C clayey soil. Sci Rep 4 Spokas KA, Cantrell KB, Novak JM, Archer DW, Ippolito JA, Collins HP, Boateng AA, Lima IM, Lamb MC, McAloon AJ, Lentz RD, Nichols KA (2012) Biochar: a synthesis of its agronomic impact beyond carbon sequestration. J Environ Qual 41:973. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0069 Tavoni M, Kriegler E, Riahi K, van Vuuren D, Aboumahboub T, Bowen A, Calvin K, Campiglio E, Kober T, Jewell J, Luderer G, Marangoni G, McCollum D, van Sluisveld M, Zimmer A, van der Zwaan B (2015) Post-2020 climate agreements in the major economies assessed in the light of global models. Nat Clim Change 5:119–126 Tisserant A, Cherubini F (2019) Potentials, limitations, co-benefits, and trade-offs of biochar applications to soils for climate change mitigation. Land 8:179. https://doi.org/10.3390/land8120179 Uchimiya M, Lima IM, Klasson KT, Wartelle LH (2010) Contaminant immobilization and nutrient release by biochar soil amendment: roles of natural organic matter. Chemosphere 80:935–940 Uchimiya M, Wartelle LH, Klasson KT, Fortier CA, Lima IM (2011) Influence of pyrolysis temperature on biochar property and function as a heavy metal sorbent in soil. Agric Food Chem 59:2501–2510 Uzun BB, Apaydin-Varo E (2018) Potentials to mitigate climate change using biochar: Turkey’s perspective, Forebiom Country case report Turkey. IUFRO Occas Pap 27:1–8 Volli V, Singh RK (2012) Production of bio-oils from de-oiled cakes by thermal pyrolysis. Fuel 96:579–585 Wang J, Xiong Z, Kuzyakov Y (2016) Biochar stability in soil: meta analysis of decomposition and priming effects. GCB Bioenergy 8:512–523 Wang H, Yi H, Zhang X, Su W, Li X, Zhang Y, Gao X (2020) Biochar mitigates greenhouse gas emissions from an acidic tea soil. Pol J Environ Stud 29(1):323–330 Weng Z, Van Zwieten L, Singh BP, Kimber S, Morris S, Cowie A, Macdonalde LM (2015) Plant-biochar interactions drive the negative priming of soil organic carbon in an annual ryegrass field system. Soil Biol Biochem 90:111–121 Woolf D (2008) Biochar as a soil amendment: a review of the environmental implications. http://www.orgprints.org/13268/1/Biochar_as_a_soil_amendment_-_a_review.pdf> Woolf D, Amonette JE, Street-Perrott FA, Lehmann J, Joseph S (2010) Sustainable biochar to mitigate global climate change. Nat Commun 1:56 World Health Statistic (2014) Part III global health indicators, WHO 5 Xie R, Zhu Y, Zhang H, Zhang P, Han L (2021) Effects and mechanism of pyrolysis temperature on physicochemical properties of corn stalk pellet biochar based on combined characterization approach of microcomputed tomography and chemical analysis. Bioresour Technol 329:124907 Yadav RK, Yadav MR, Kumar R, Parihar CM, Yadav N, Bajiya R, Ram H, Meena RK, Yadav DK, Yadav B (2017) Role of biochar in mitigation of climate change through carbon sequestration. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 6(4):859–866 Yuan S, Zhou Z, Li J, Chen X, Wang F (2010) HCN and NH3 released from biomass and soybean cake under rapid pyrolysis. Energy Fuels 24:6166–6171 Zhang A, Cui L, Pan G, Li L, Hussain Q, Zhang X, Zheng J, Crowley D (2010) Effect of biochar amendment on yield and methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a rice paddy from Tai Lake plain, China. Agr Ecosyst Environ 139:469–475 Zhang Z, Zhu Z, Shen B, Liu L (2019) Insights into biochar and hydrochar production and applications: a review. Energy 171:581–589