Properties and behaviour of radon and thoron and their decay products in the air

Ahmed, 1979, Untersuchungen zur Aerosoldeposition an Oberflächen, Dissertation an der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gieβen

Arendt, 1926, Über den Mechanismus der Aufladung von Nebeltröpfchen, Z. Phys., 35, 421, 10.1007/BF01385419

Aurand, 1955, Zur biologischen Strahlenwirkung des Radons und seiner Folgeprodukte, Sonderband zur Strahlentherapie, 35, 237

Bale, 1956, Radiation dosage to lungs from radon and its daughter products, Vol. 13, 233

Baretto, 1973, Radon-222 emanation characteristics of rocks and minerals

Baust, 1967, Die Anlagerung von radioaktiven Atomen und lonen an Aerosolteilchen, Z. Phys., 199, 187, 10.1007/BF01326430

Becker, 1984, Radon daughter activity size distributions, Radiat. Prot. Dosim., 7, 147, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a082980

Blifford, 1956, Geographical and time distribution of radioactivity in the air, J. Atoms. Terr. Phys., 9, 1, 10.1016/0021-9169(56)90117-9

Bogen, 1972, Measurements of atmospheric radon-220 using delayed alpha-particle coincidences, Arch. Met. Geophys. Biol., Ser. A, 21, 171, 10.1007/BF02247970

Bondietti, 1987, Aerodynamic size associations of natural radioactivity with ambient aerosols, 377

Bricard, 1962, La fixation des petits ions atmosphériques sur les aérosols ultrafins, Geofisica Pura e Appl., 51, 237, 10.1007/BF01992666

Bundesminister des Innern, 1985

Bundesminister für Umwelt, 1984

Busigin, 1981, Nature of unattached RaA (Po-218) particles, Hlth Phys., 40, 333, 10.1097/00004032-198103000-00007

Butterweck, 1991, Natürliche Radionuklide als Tracer zur Messung des turbulenten Austausches und der trockenen Deposition in der Umwelt

Chamberlain, 1955, Aspects of travel and deposition of aerosols and vapour clouds, A.E.R.E. HP/R 1261

Chamberlain, 1966, Transport of gases to and from grass and grass-like surfaces, 290, 236

Chamberlain, 1956, The dose to the trachea and bronchi from the decay products of radon and thoron, Br. J. Radiol., 29, 317, 10.1259/0007-1285-29-342-317

Chu, 1987, The kinetics of neutralization of Po-218

Clough, 1973, Transport of particles to surfaces, J. Aerosol Sci., 4, 227, 10.1016/0021-8502(73)90005-0

Cohen, 1972, Steadystate vertical turbulent diffusion of radon, J. geophys. Res., 77, 2654, 10.1029/JC077i015p02654

Crozier, 1969, Direct measurement of radon-220 (thoron) exhalation from the ground, J. geophys. Res., 74, 4199, 10.1029/JB074i017p04199

Crozier, 1966, Measurement of radon 220 (thoron) in the atmosphere below 50 centimeters, J. geophys. Res., 71, 4735, 10.1029/JZ071i020p04735

Culot, 1976, Effective diffusion coefficient of radon in concrete, theory and method for field measurements, Hlth Phys., 30, 263, 10.1097/00004032-197603000-00002

Druilhet, 1972, Study of radon-220 emanation deduced from measurement of vertical profile in the atmosphere, J. geophys. Res., 77, 6508, 10.1029/JC077i033p06508

Druilhet, 1978, Use of natural radioactive tracers for the determination of vertical exchanges in the planetary boundary layer, Nat. Rad. Env., III, 226

Folkerts, 1983, Theoretische und experimentelle Untersuchungen über Diffusion und Exhalation der natürlich radioktiven Edelgase 222Rn (Radon) und 220Rn (Thoron) aus Baustoffen und deren praktische Bedeutung für die Strahlenexposition in Wohnräumen

Frey, 1981, Effects of trace gases and water vapour on the diffusion coefficient of polonium-218, Science, 211, 480, 10.1126/science.211.4481.480

Friedlander, 1957, Deposition of suspended particles from turbulent gas streams, Ind. Engng Chem., 49, 1151, 10.1021/ie50571a039

Fuchs, 1963, On the stationary charge distribution on aerosol particles in a bipolar ionic atmosphere, Geofis. Pura e Appl., 56, 185, 10.1007/BF01993343

Fuchs, 1964

Furrer, 1991, Dynamics of Rn, transport from the cellar to the living area in an unheated house, Hlth Phys., 60, 393, 10.1097/00004032-199103000-00009

Gesell, 1983, Background atmospheric 222Rn concentrations outdoors and indoors: a review, Hlth Phys., 45, 289, 10.1097/00004032-198308000-00002

Gemesi, 1975, Radon-222 content of the internal atmosphere of Hungarian residental buildings, 751

George, 1969, Deposition of radon daughters in humans exposed to uranium mine atmospheres, Hlth Phys., 17, 115, 10.1097/00004032-196907000-00012

George, 1980, The distribution of ambient radon and radon daughters in residential buildings in the New Jersey/New York Area, Vol. 2, 1272

Gogolak, 1976, Radon daughter measurements in air at a height of 1 to 25 meters, 463

Gogolak, 1980, Diurnal variation of radon daughter concentrations in the lower atmosphere, Vol. 1, 259

Goldstein, 1985, Environmental neutralization of polonium-218, Envir. Sci. Technol., 19, 146, 10.1021/es00132a006

Guedalia, 1970, A study of radon-220 emanation from soils, J. geophys. Res., 75, 357, 10.1029/JB075i002p00357

Guedalia, 1980, Monitoring of the atmospheric stability above an urban and suburban site using sodar and radon measurements, J. appl. Met., 19, 839, 10.1175/1520-0450(1980)019<0839:MOTASA>2.0.CO;2

Härting, 1879, Der Lungenkrebs, die Bergkrankheit in den Schneeberger Gruben, Vierteljahresschrift für gerichtliche Medizin und öffentliches Sanitätswesen, 30, 296

Härting, 1879, Der Lungenkrebs, die Bergkrankheit in den Schneeberger Gruben, Vierteljahresschrift für gerichtliche Medizin und öffentliches Sanitätswesen, 31, 102

Härting, 1879, Der Lungenkrebs, die Bergkrankheit in den Schneeberger Gruben, Vierteljahresschrift für gerichtliche Medizin und öffentliches Sanitätswesen, 31, 313

Harley, 1978, Radon-222 measurement, 30

Heyder, 1986, Deposition of particles in the human respiratory tract in the size range 0.005–15 μm, J. Aerosol Sci., 17, 811, 10.1016/0021-8502(86)90035-2

Hopke, 1990, Measurement of the size distributions of radon progeny in indoor air, Vol. II, 842

Horbert, 1972, Austausch- und Exhalationsmessungen in einem Waldgebiet mittels Radon-220 als Tracer, Arch. Met. Geophys. Biokl., Ser. A, 21, 211, 10.1007/BF02247973

Horbert, 1976, Untersuchungen zur Ablagerung von Aerosolen auf Vegetation und anderen Grenzflächen, Berichte der Kernforschungsanlage Jülich

Hubbard, 1992, Temperature effect on radon dynamics in two Swedish dwellings, Vol. 45, 381

ICRP-Publication 2, 1959

ICRP-Publication 50, 1987

Ikebe, 1970, Measurements of the effective attachment coefficient between RaA ions and condensation nuclei, Pure Appl. Geophys., 83, 131, 10.1007/BF00875106

Ikebe, 1972, Estimation of the vertical turbulent diffusivity from thoron profiles, Tellus, 24, 29, 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1972.tb01530.x

Ingersall, 1983, A survey of radionuclide constants and radon emanation rates in building materials used in the U.S., Hlth Phys., 45, 363, 10.1097/00004032-198308000-00008

Israel, 1966, Meteorological influences on the thoron (220Rn) content of the atmosphere, Tellus, 18, 633, 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1966.tb00279.x

Israel, 1966, Results of continuous measurements of radon in the lower atmosphere, Tellus, 18, 638, 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1966.tb00280.x

Jacobi, 1962, Die natürliche Radioaktivität der Atmosphäre und ihre Bedeutung für die Strahlenbelastung des Menschen

Jacobi, 1972, Activity and potential alpha-energy of Rn-222 and Rn-220 daughters in different air atmospheres, Hlth phys., 22, 441, 10.1097/00004032-197205000-00002

Jacobi, 1963, The vertical distribution of radon 222 and radon 220 and their decay products in the atmosphere, J. geophys. Res., 68, 3799, 10.1029/JZ068i013p03799

Jacobi, 1980, Dose to tissues and effective dose equivalent by inhalation of radon-222, radon-220 and their short-lived daughters, GSF-Report S-625

James, 1988, Lung dosimetry, 259

James, 1980, A dosimetric model for tissues of the human respiratory tract at risk from inhaled radon and thoron daughters, Vol. 2, 1045

Kawano, 1970, The interaction between radioactive ions and condensation nuciei, J. Met. Soc. Jpn, 48, 69, 10.2151/jmsj1965.48.1_69

Kawasaki, 1959, Size distribution of radioactivity of the natural radioactive dust, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn, 14, 234, 10.1143/JPSJ.14.234

Keller, 1984, Radon-222 concentrations and decay-products equilibrium in dwellings and in the open air, Hlth Phys., 47, 385, 10.1097/00004032-198409000-00004

Knutson, 1988, Modeling indoor concentrations of radon's decay products, 161

Knutson, 1983, Radon daughter plateout, part II. Predictional model, Hlth Phys., 45, 445, 10.1097/00004032-198308000-00020

Knutson, 1990, Size distribution of outdoor radon progeny aerosols

Knutson, 1984, Measurements of radon daughter particle size, Radiat. Prot. Dosim., 7, 121, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a082975

Kojima, 1988, Measurements of the total and unattached radon daughters in a house, Radiat. Prot. Dosim., 24, 241, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a080278

Kotrappa, 1976, Diffusion coefficients for unattached decay products of thoron-dependence on ventilation and relative humidity, Hlth Phys., 31, 378

Krisiuk, 1972

Kunz, 1987, Indoor radon: the diurnal cycle, Vol. 2, 415

Lassen, 1960, Die Anlagerung radioaktiver Atome an Aerosole (Schwebstoffe), Z. Physik, 160, 504, 10.1007/BF01327856

Lege, 1981, Eine Bestimmung des Stromes fühlbarer Wärme und der Schubspannungsgeschwindigkeit aus Temperatur und Windgeschwindigkeitsdifferenzen, Meteorol. Rundschau, 34, 1

Lindeken, 1966, Seasonal variations in the concentration of airborne radon and thoron daughters, UCRL-50007, 41

Little, 1977, Emission and deposition of petrol engine exhaust Pb-1. Deposition of exhaust Pb to plant and soil surfaces, Atmos. Envir., 11, 437, 10.1016/0004-6981(77)90006-3

Lopez, 1974, Advantages of the use of radioactive tracers 222Rn and 212Pb for the study of Aitken nuclei within the lower troposphere, J. geophys. Res., 79, 1243, 10.1029/JC079i009p01243

Ludewig, 1924, Untersuchungen in der Grubenluft in den Schneeberger Gruben auf den Gehalt an Radium-Emanation, Z. Phys., 22, 178, 10.1007/BF01328120

Malakhow, 1966, Diurnal variation of radon and thoron decay product concentrations in the surface layer of the atmosphere and their washout by precipitation, Tellus, 18, 643, 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1966.tb00281.x

Martz, 1990, Timeaveraged exposures to 220Rn and 220Rn progeny in Colorado homes, Hlth Phys., 58, 705, 10.1097/00004032-199006000-00002

McGregor, 1980, Background concentrations of radon and radon daughters in Canadian houses, Hlth Phys., 39, 285, 10.1097/00004032-198008000-00015

Megumi, 1974, Emanation and exhalation of radon and thoron gases from soil particles, J. geophys. Res., 79, 3357, 10.1029/JB079i023p03357

Mercer, 1976, The effect of particle size on the escape of recoiling RaB atoms from particulate surfaces, Hlth Phys., 31, 173

Mercer, 1971, Radioactive aerosol produced by radon in room air

Mishra, 1980, Natural radioactivity of the atmosphere over the Indian land mass, inside deep mines, and over adjoining oceans, 327

Mohnen, 1969, Die radioaktive Markierung von Aerosolen, Z. Phys., 229, 109, 10.1007/BF02112270

Mohnen, 1963, Die Verteilung der natürlichen Radioaktivität auf das Gröβenspektrum des natürlichen Aerosols; Messungen bei Beladung mit Thoron-Folgeprodukten, Z. Phys., 173, 276, 10.1007/BF01377829

Möller, 1970, Mechanism of transport from the atmosphere to the earth's surface, J. geophys. Res., 75, 3013, 10.1029/JC075i015p03013

NEA/OECD, 1983, Dosimetry aspects of exposure to radon and thoron daughters products, NEA-OECD Report

Papastefanou, 1987, Aerodynamic size associations of 212Pb and 214Pb in ambient aerosols, Hlth Phys., 53, 461, 10.1097/00004032-198711000-00003

Petrausch, 1968, Size spectroscopy of radioactive aerosols by means of electrostatic precipitation, Staub-Reinh. Luft, 28, 303

Porstendörfer, 1968, Die Diffusionskoeffizienten und mittleren freien Weglängen der geladenen und neutralen Radon-Folgeprodukte in Luft, Z. Phys., 213, 384, 10.1007/BF01385484

Porstendörfer, 1968, Die experimentelle Bestimmung der Koeffizienten der Anlagerung der neutralen und elektrisch geladenen Radon-Folgeprodukte an Aerosole, Z. Phys., 217, 136, 10.1007/BF01390502

Porstendörfer, 1969, Die Anlagerungsgeschwindigkeit der elektrisch geladenen und neutralen Emanationsfolgeprodukte an das atmosphärische Aerosol, Pure Appl. Geophys., 77, 175, 10.1007/BF00876012

Porstendörfer, 1984, Behaviour of radon daughter products in indoor air, Rad. Prot. Dosim., 7, 107, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a082973

Porstendörfer, 1987, Indoor radon exposure in the Federal Republic of Germany, 57

Porstendörfer, J. and Butterweck, G. (1991) Unpublished results.

Porstendörfer, 1991, Diurnal variation of the concentrations of radon and its short-lived daughters in the atmosphere near the ground, Atmos. Envir., 25A, 709, 10.1016/0960-1686(91)90069-J

Porstendörfer, 1994, Influence of meteorological parameters on the transport of radon from soil air into indoor air

Porstendörfer, 1994, Daily variation of the radon concentration indoors and outdoors and the influence of meteorological parameters, Hlth Phys., 10.1097/00004032-199409000-00011

Porstendörfer, 1978, Adsorption probability of atoms and ions on particle surfaces in submicrometer size, J. Aerosol Sci., 9, 469, 10.1016/0021-8502(78)90010-1

Porstendörfer, 1978, Influence of nuclei concentration and humidity upon the attachment rate of atoms in the atmosphere, Atmos. Envir., 12, 2223, 10.1016/0004-6981(78)90178-6

Porstendörfer, 1979, Influence of electric charge and humidity upon the diffusion coefficient of radon decay products, Hlth Phys., 37, 191, 10.1097/00004032-197908000-00001

Porstendörfer, 1987, Free fractions, attachment rates and plate-out rates of radon daughters in houses, 285

Porstendörfer, 1990, Radioactive aerosols in the lower atmosphere, Volume II, 1217

Porstendörfer, 1978, Die Ausscheidungen teilchenförmiger Spurenstoffe aus der Atmosphäre durch Auswasch- und Depositionsvorgänge, 12, 351

Porstendörfer, 1979, Experimental determination of the attachment coefficients of atoms and ions on monodisperse aeosols, J. Aerosol Sci., 10, 21, 10.1016/0021-8502(79)90132-0

Porstendörfer, 1978, The influence of exhalation, ventilation and deposition processes upon the concentration of radon and thoron and their decay products in room air, Hlth Phys., 34, 465, 10.1097/00004032-197805000-00007

Raabe, 1968, Measurement of the diffusion coefficients of RaA, Nature, 217, 1143, 10.1038/2171143a0

Raes, 1985, Description of the properties of the unattached 218Po and 212Pb particles by means of the classical theory of cluster formation, Hlth Phys., 49, 1177, 10.1097/00004032-198512000-00013

Raes, 1984, Investigation of the indoor aerosol and its effect on the attachment of radon daughters, Radiat. Prot. Dosim., 7, 127, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a082976

Rangarjan, 1974, The diurnal and seasonal changes in short-lived radon-thoron daughters' concentrations in the coastal and inland regions of India and their possible relation to regional climatology, Paheoph, 112, 941

Reineking, 1988, Measurements of the short-lived radon daughters in the indoor and outdoor environment, Rad. Prot. Dosim., 24, 245, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a080279

Reineking, 1992, Thoron gas concentration aerosol characteristics of thoron decay products, Radiat. Prot. Dosim., Vol. 45, 353, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a081559

Reineking, 1988, Activity size distributions of the short-lived radon decay products and their influence on the deposition probability in the human lung, J. Aerosol Sci., 19, 1331, 10.1016/0021-8502(88)90167-X

Reineking, 1990, The unattached fraction of the short-lived radon decay products in indoor and outdoor environment, Hlth Phys., 58, 715, 10.1097/00004032-199006000-00003

Schiager, 1974, Analysis of radiation exposures on or near uranium milltailing piles, Radiat. Data Rep., 15, 411

Schery, 1985, Measurements of airborne 212Pb and 220Rn at varied indoor locations within the United States, Hlth Phys., 49, 1061, 10.1097/00004032-198512000-00002

Schumann, 1963, Investigation of radon daughters, J. geophys. Res., 68, 3867, 10.1029/JZ068i013p03867

Schumann, 1963, Size spectra of radioactive aerosols, Staub-Reinh Luft, 23, 412

Schumann, 1971, Measurements on aerosols in the size range below 0.1 μm, J. Aerosol Sci., 2, 151, 10.1016/0021-8502(71)90022-X

Sehmel, 1971, Particle diffusivities and deposition velocities over a horizontal smooth surface, J. Colloid. Inter. Sci., 37, 891, 10.1016/0021-9797(71)90370-5

Sehmel, 1973, Particle eddy diffusivities and deposition velocities for isothermal flow and smooth surfaces, J. Aerosol Sci., 4, 125, 10.1016/0021-8502(73)90064-5

Sehmel, 1976, Predicted dry deposition velocities, 399

Sehmel, 1974, Dry deposition of particles, 157174

Shapiro, 1954, An evaluation of the pulmonary radiation dosage from radon and its daughter products, Univ. of Rochester Rep. UR-298

Shaskhin, 1970, On the mechanisms of emanation of radioactive minerals and ores, Atomnaya Energiya, 29, 41

Shimo, 1979, 222Rn and their short-lived daughter product concentrations in the atmosphere, Hoken-Butsuri, 14, 251, 10.5453/jhps.14.251

Siksna, 1963, On the charging of condensation nuclei by air ions, J. Recherches Atmosphériques, 1, 135

Sinclair, 1978, Application of diffusion batteries to measurement of submicron radioactive aerosols

Slinn, 1976, Dry deposition and resuspension of aerosol particles—A new look at some old problems, 1

Slinn, 1977, Some approximations for the wet and dry removal of particles and gas from the atmosphere, Water, Air. Soil Pollut., 7, 513, 10.1007/BF00285550

Spitz, 1980, Diurnal variation of radon measured indoors and outdoors in Grand Junction, Colorado, and Teaneck, New Jersey, and the influence that ventilation has on the build-up of radon indoors, Vol. 2, 1308

Steinhäusler, 1975, Longterm measurements of 222Rn, 220Rn, 214Pb and 21Pb concentrations in the air of private and public buildings and their dependency on meteorological parameters, Hlth Phys., 29, 705, 10.1097/00004032-197511000-00010

Stoute, 1984, Characterization of indoor atmospheres, Rad. Prot. Dosim., 7, 159, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a082983

Stranden, 1979, A study on radon in dwellings, Hlth Phys., 36, 413, 10.1097/00004032-197903000-00018

Stranden, 1984, The influence of moisture and temperature on radon exhalation, Radiat. Prot. Dosim., 7, 55, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a082962

Strong, 1988, The size of attached and unattached radon daughters in room air, J. Aerosol Sci., 19, 1327, 10.1016/0021-8502(88)90166-8

Strong, 1982, Effect of moisture content on radon emanation from uranium ore and tailings, Hlth Phys., 42, 27, 10.1097/00004032-198201000-00003

Styra, 1970, New methods of measuring thoron (radon-220) exhalation, J. geophys. Res., 75, 3635, 10.1029/JC075i018p03635

Swedjemark, 1983, The equilibrium factor F, Hlth Phys., 45, 453, 10.1097/00004032-198308000-00021

Tanner, 1964, Radon migration in the ground: a review, 161

Tanner, 1980, Radon migration in the ground: a supplementary review

Thomas, 1970, A study of the two-filter method for radon-222, Hlth Phys., 18, 113, 10.1097/00004032-197002000-00002

Tu, 1988, Indoor radon progeny particle size distribution measurements made with two different methods, Rad. Prot. Dosim., 24, 251, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a080280

United Nations, 1982, Sources and biological effects of ionizing radiation

United Nations, 1988, Sources and biological effects of ionizing radiation

Vanmarcke, 1985, The equilibrium of attached and unattached radon daughters in the domestic environment, Sci. of Tot. Envir., 45, 251, 10.1016/0048-9697(85)90226-8

Hendge, 1982, Measurements of the deposition rates of radon daughters on indoor surfaces

Wicke, 1979, Untersuchungen zur Frage der natürlichen Radioaktivität der Luft in Wohn- und Aufenthaltsräumen

Wicke, 1982, Radon daughter equilibrium in dwellings, 481

Wicke, 1978, Der Einfluβ unterschiedlicher Baumaterialien auf die Radonkonzentration in Wohnräumen, 12, S. 912

Wilkening, 1952, Natural radioactivity as a tracer in the sorting of aerosols according to mobility, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 23, 1, 10.1063/1.1746056

Wilkening, 1959, Daily and annual courses of natural atmospheric radioactivity, J. geophys. Res., 64, 521, 10.1029/JZ064i005p00521

Wilkening, 1972, Radon-222 flux measurements in widely separated regions, II, 2

Zarcone, 1986, A comparison of measurements of thoron, radon and their daughters in a test house with model predictions, Atmos. Envir., 20, 1273, 10.1016/0004-6981(86)90162-9