Projecting population-level response of purple sea urchins to lead contamination for an estuarine ecological risk assessment
Tóm tắt
As part of an ecological risk assessment casestudy at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard (PNS), Kittery,Maine, USA, the population level effects of leadexposure to purple sea urchin, Arbaciapunctulata, were investigated using a stage-classifiedmatrix population model. The model divided the lifehistory of A. punctulata into five classes,incorporating both, the developmental stages of thisspecies and the endpoints from a laboratory bioassay. Finite population growth rate (λ) was themetric relating population level impact to leadexposure. An inverse relationship was observed betweenlead tissue residues in A. punctulata andλ. Bioassay treatments which resulted insignificant impacts on fertilization success and zygoteviability did not translate into significant effects onλ, unless those treatments also negativelyimpacted adult survival. These results paralleled theelasticity (relative sensitivity) analysis of themodel, which indicated that λ was mostsensitive to adult and subadult survival and wasrelatively insensitive to fecundity, fertilizationsuccess, or zygote survival. Model results indicatedthat the environmental lead levels observed at PNSshould not pose significant ecological risk to seaurchin populations. Additionally, the model resultsindicated that impacts to the early life stagesroutinely used in toxicity testing do not necessarilytranslate directly into impacts at the populationlevel.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Bruce, R.D. & D.J. Versteeg, 1992. A statistical procedure for modeling continuous toxicity data. Env. Tox. Chem. 11: 1485–1494.
Calow, P., 1994. Ecotoxicology: What are we trying to protect. Env. Tox. Chem. 13(10): 1549.
Calow. P., R.M. Sibly & V. Forbes, 1997. Risk assessment on the basis of simplified life-history scenarios. Env. Tox. Chem. 16(9): 1983–1989.
Clements, W.H. & P.M. Kiffney, 1994. Assessing contaminant effects at higher levels of biological organization. Env. Tox. Chem. 13(3): 357–359.
Caswell, H. 1989. Matrix Population Models. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
Crouse, D.T., L.B. Crowder & H. Caswell, 1987. A stage-based population model for loggerhead sea turtles and implications for conservation. Ecology 68: 1412–1423.
Ebert, T.A., 1975. Growth and mortality of post-larval echinoids. Amer. Zool. 15: 755–775.
Ferson, S., 1991. RAMAS/stage – Generalized stage-based modeling for population dynamics. Exeter Software, Sekauket, NY.
Gentile, J.H., S.M. Gentile, N.G. Hairston, Jr. & B.K. Sullivan, 1982. The use of life-tables for evaluating the chronic toxicity of pollutants to Mysidopsis bahia. Hydrobiologia 93: 179–187.
Gentile, J.H., S.M. Gentile, G Hoffman, J.F. Heltshe & N.G. Hairston, Jr., 1983. The effects of a chronic mercury exposure on survival, reproduction and population dynamics of Mysidopsis bahia. Env. Tox. Chem. 2: 61–68.
Johnston, R.K., W.R. Munns, Jr., L. Mills, F.T. Short & H.A. Walker (eds), 1994. An estuarine ecological risk assessment for Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, Kittery, ME: Phase I Final Report. NCCOSC Technical Report 1627, Naval Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance Center, San Diego, CA, 242 pp + Appendices.
Kammenga, J.E., M. Busschers, N.M. Van Straalen, P.C. Jepson & J. Bakker, 1996. Stress induced fitness reduction is not determined by the most sensitive life-cycle trait. Funct. Ecol. 10: 106–111.
Kroon, H. de, A Plaisier, J. von Groenendael & H. Caswell, 1986. Elasticity: the relative contribution of demographic parameters to population growth rate. Ecology 67: 1427–1431.
Lefkovitch, L.P., 1965. The study of population growth in organisms grouped by stages. Biometrika 21: 1–18.
MESO, 1998. Estuarine ecological risk assessment for Portsmouth Naval Shipyard Kittery, Maine. Revised Draft Final. Marine Environmental Support Office, Naval Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance Centre, San Diego, CA, 462 pp + appendices.
Munns, W.M., Jr, D.E. Black, T.R. Gleason, K. Salomon, D.A. Bengtson & R. Gutjahr-Gobell, 1997. Evaluation of the effects of dioxin and PCBs on Fundulus heteroclitus populations using a modeling approach. Env. Tox. Chem. 16(5): 1074–1081.
Nacci, D., J. Serbst, T.R. Gleason, S. Cayula, G. Thursby, W.R. Munns, Jr. & R.K. Johnston, 2000. Biological responses of the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata, to lead contamination for an estuarine ecological risk assessment. J. Aquat. Ecosyst. Stress & Recov. 7: 187–199.
Power, M, D.G. Dixon & G. Power, 1994. Modelling population exposure-response functions for use in environmental risk assessment. J. Aquat. Ecosyst. Health 3: 45–58.
Rowley, R.J., 1990. newly settled sea urchins in a kelp bed and urchin barren ground: A comparison of growth and mortality. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 62: 229–240.
Russell, M.P., 1987. Life history traits and resource allocation in the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 108: 199–216.
SAS Institute, 1989. SAS ® /STAT User's Guide, Version 6 Edition. SAS Institute, Cary, NC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 1992. Framework of Ecological Risk Assessment. Risk Assessment Forum, EPA/630/R-92/001, Washington, DC, 41 pp.
Weber, C.I., W.B. Horning, II, D.J. Klemm, T.W. Neiheisel, P.A. Lewis, E.L. Robinson, J. Menkedick & F. Kessler (eds), 1988. Short-term methods for estimating the chronic toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to marine and estuarine organisms. EPA-600/4-87/028 edition. US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC, p. 417.