Profile of referrals to an intensive care unit from a regional hospital emergency centre in KwaZulu-Natal

Simpson, 2005, Admissions to intensive care units from emergency departments: a descriptive study, Emerg Med J, 22, 423, 10.1136/emj.2003.005124 O' Connor, 2009, Critical care in the emergency deaprtment, Eur J Emerg Med, 16, 296, 10.1097/MEJ.0b013e32831090bd Fu, 2017, Emergency department critical care unit for critically ill cardiovascular patients: an observational study, J Chin Med Assoc, 80, 233, 10.1016/j.jcma.2016.09.008 Herring, 2013, Increasing critical care admissions from U.S. Emergency Departments, 2001–2009, Crit Care Med, 41, 1197, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31827c086f Adhikari, 2010, Critical care and the global burden of critical illness in adults, Lancet, 376, 1339, 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60446-1 Diaz, 2019, Global critical care: moving forward in resource-limited settings, Ann Glob Health, 85, 1 Emerson, 2017, Factors influencing intensive care admission: a mixed methods study of EM and ICU, Eur J Emerg Med, 24, 29, 10.1097/MEJ.0000000000000300 Joynt, 2019, The critical Care Society of Southern Africa Consensus Statement on ICU triage and rationing (ConICTri), SAMJ/SAJCC., 109, 613 Joynt, 2001, Prospective evaluation of patients refused admission to an intensive care unit: triage, futility and outcome, Intensive Care Med, 27, 1459, 10.1007/s001340101041 Bouch, 2008, Severity scoring systems in the critically ill, Br J Anaesth, 8, 181 Rapsang, 2014, Scoring systems in the intensive care unit: a compendium, Indian J Crit Care Med, 18, 220, 10.4103/0972-5229.130573 Spencer, 2019, Determination of the best early warning scores to predict clinical outcomes of patients in emergency department, Emerg Med J, 36, 1 Bulut, 2014, The comparison of modified early warning score with rapid emergency medicine score: a prospective multicentre observational cohort study on medical and surgical patients presenting to emergency department, Emerg Med J, 31, 476, 10.1136/emermed-2013-202444 Subbe, 2001, Validation of a modified early warning score in medical admissions, Q J Med, 10, 521, 10.1093/qjmed/94.10.521 Gordon, 2015, Analysis of referrals and triage patterns in a south african metropolitan adult intensive care service, SAMJ., 105, 491, 10.7196/SAMJ.9007 1999, 27(3), 633 Wise, 2015, Development and evaluation of an integrated electronic data management system in a south African metropolitan critical care service, S Afr J Anaesth Analg, 21, 173, 10.1080/22201181.2015.1115607 2013 Bapoje, 2011, Unplanned transfers to a medical intensive care unit: causes and relationship to preventable errors in care, J Hosp Med, 6, 68, 10.1002/jhm.812 Iapichino, 2010, Reasons for refusal of admission to intensive care and impact on mortality, Intensive Care Med, 36, 1772, 10.1007/s00134-010-1933-2 Poluyi, 2016, Profile of intensive care unit admissions and outcomes in a tertiary Care Centre of a Developing Country in West Africa: a 5 year analysis, J Intensive Crit Care, 2, 1 Robert, 2015, Influence of ICU-bed availability on ICU admission decisions, Ann Intensive Care, 5, 1 Wunsch, 2011, Comparison of medical admissions to intensive care units in the United States and United Kingdom, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 183, 1666, 10.1164/rccm.201012-1961OC Murthy, 2012, Clinical review: international comparisons in critical care - lessons learned, Crit Care, 16, 218, 10.1186/cc11140 Rudo, 2002, ICUs worldwide: an overview of critical care medicine in South Africa, Crit Care, 6, 22, 10.1186/cc1449 Gopalan, 2019, Factors influencing decisions to admit or refuse patients entry to a south african tertiary intensive care unit, S Afr Med J, 109, 645, 10.7196/SAMJ.2019.v109i9.13678 Gummin, 2017, Annual report of the american Association of Poison Control Centres' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 34th annual report, Clin Toxicol, 55, 1072, 10.1080/15563650.2017.1388087 Cecconi, 2018, Sepsis and septic shock, Lancet, 392, 75, 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30696-2 Bhagwanjee, 2007, National audit of critical care resources in South Africa - unit and bed distribution, S Afr Med J, 97, 1311 Osinaike, 2017, Factors associated with intensive care unit admission refusal, Ann Afr Surg, 14, 92 Weingart, 2013, ED intensivists and ED intensive care units, Am J Emerg Med, 31, 617, 10.1016/j.ajem.2012.10.015 Nates, 2016, ICU admission, discharge, and triage guidelines: a framework to enhance clinical operations, development of institutional policies, and further research, Crit Care Med, 44, 1553, 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001856 Flabouris, 2013, Association between emergency department length of stay and outcome of patients admitted either to a ward, intensive care or high dependency unit, Emerg Med Australas, 25, 46, 10.1111/1742-6723.12021 Crilly, 2018, Patients admitted via the emergency department to the intensive care unit: an observational cohort study, Emerg Med Australas, 31, 225, 10.1111/1742-6723.13123 Mehmet, 2015, Admissions of critically ill patients to the ED intensive care unit, Am J Emerg Med, 33, 501, 10.1016/j.ajem.2014.12.006 Jo, 2015, ED crowding is associated with inpatient mortality among critically ill patients admitted via the ED: post hoc analysis from a retrospective study, Am J Emerg Med, 33, 1725, 10.1016/j.ajem.2015.08.004 Chalfin, 2007, Impact of delayed transfer of critically ill patients from the emergency department to the intensive care unit, Crit Care Med, 35, 1477, 10.1097/01.CCM.0000266585.74905.5A Garcia-Gigorro, 2017, Impact on patient outcome of emergency department length of stay prior to ICU admission, Med Intensiva, 41, 201, 10.1016/j.medin.2016.05.008 Cardoso, 2011, Impact of delayed admission to intensive care units on mortality of critically ill patients: a cohort study, Crit Care, 15, 1, 10.1186/cc9975