Production and harvesting of microalgae for wastewater treatment, biofuels, and bioproducts
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abu-Rezq, 1999, Optimum production conditions for different high-quality marine algae, Hydrobiologia, 403, 97, 10.1023/A:1003725626504
Acreman, 1994, Algae and cyanobacteria: isolation, culture and long-term maintenance, J Ind Microbiol, 13, 193, 10.1007/BF01584008
Adey WH. Algal turf scrubber. United States patent US 4333263. 1982.
Adey WH. Algal turf water purification method. United States patent US 5851398. 1998.
Adey, 1993, Phosphorus removal from natural waters using controlled algal production, Restor Ecol, 1, 29, 10.1111/j.1526-100X.1993.tb00006.x
Azov, 1982, Effect of pH on inorganic carbon uptake in algal cultures, Appl Environ Microbiol, 43, 1300, 10.1128/AEM.43.6.1300-1306.1982
Bailliez, 1985, Growth and hydrocarbon production of Botryococcus braunii immobilized in calcium alginate gel, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 23, 99, 10.1007/BF01982724
Basu, 1975, Characteristics of distillery wastewater, J Water Pollut Control Fed, 47, 2184
Bayless DJ, Vis-Chiasson ML, Kremer GG. Enhanced practical photosynthetic CO2 mitigation. United States patent US 6667171. 2003.
Benemann
Bernhardt, 1991, Flocculation of micro-organisms, Aqua- J Water Supply: Res Technol, 40, 76
Berzin I, Wu X. Photobioreactor and process for biomass production and mitigation of pollutants in flue gases. Patent cooperation treaty application WO 2007011343. 2007.
Berzin I, de Luis J, Fair D, Parrish J, Richtman K, Chen F, et al. Photobioreactor systems positioned on bodies of water. United States patent application US 20090130706. 2009.
Bhaskar, 2005, Microbial extracellular polymeric substances in marine biogeochemical processes, Curr Sci, 88, 45
Boele HA. Separating device. European Patent EP 2014346. 2010.
Borowitzka, 1999, Commercial production of microalgae: ponds, tanks, and fermenters, Prog Ind Microbiol, 35, 313, 10.1016/S0079-6352(99)80123-4
Bothwell, 1983, All-weather troughs for periphyton studies, Water Res, 17, 1735, 10.1016/0043-1354(83)90194-X
Bradford, 2008, Reuse of animal feeding operation wastewater on agricultural lands, J Environ Qual, 37, S-97, 10.2134/jeq2007.0393
Brennan, 2010, Biofuels from microalgae—a review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products, Renew Sustain Rev, 14, 557, 10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.009
Brune DE, Collier JA, Schwedler TE, Eversole AG. Controlled eutrophication system and process. United States patent US 7258790. 2007.
Bugbee, 1985
Cabirol, 2003, Effect of aluminium and sulphate on anaerobic digestion of sludge from wastewater enhanced primary treatment, Water Sci Technol, 48, 235, 10.2166/wst.2003.0407
Cao, 2009, A preliminary study of the effect of surface texture on algae cell attachment for a mechanical–biological energy manufacturing system, J Manuf Sci Eng, 131, 1, 10.1115/1.4000562
Carvalho, 2006, Microalgal reactors: a review of enclosed system designs and performances, Biotechnol Prog, 22, 1490, 10.1002/bp060065r
Chevalier, 2000, Nitrogen and phosphorus removal by high latitude mat-forming cyanobacteria for potential use in tertiary wastewater treatment, J Appl Phycol, 12, 105, 10.1023/A:1008168128654
Chiellini, 2008, Biodegradable thermoplastic composites based on polyvinyl alcohol and algae, Biomacromolecules, 9, 1007, 10.1021/bm701041e
Chisti, 2008, Biodiesel from microalgae beats bioethanol, Trends Biotechnol, 26, 126, 10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.12.002
Chiu, 2009, Lipid accumulation and CO2 utilization of Nannochloropsis oculata in response to CO2 aeration, Bioresour Technol, 100, 833, 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.06.061
Chorus, 1999
Correll, 1998, Role of phosphorus in the eutrophication of receiving waters: a review, J Environ Qual, 27, 261, 10.2134/jeq1998.00472425002700020004x
Danquah, 2009, Dewatering of microalgal culture for biodiesel production: exploring polymer flocculation and tangential flow filtration, J Chem Technol Biotechnol, 84, 1078, 10.1002/jctb.2137
de-Bashan, 2002, Increased pigment and lipid content, lipid variety, and cell and population size of the microalgae Chlorella spp. when co-immobilized in alginate beads with the microalgae-growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense, Can J Microbiol, 48, 514, 10.1139/w02-051
Degen, 2001, A novel airlift photobioreactor with baffles for improved light utilization through the flashing light effect, J Biotechnol, 92, 89, 10.1016/S0168-1656(01)00350-9
Demaris PB, Ravikumar R, Vandevivere P. Algal culture production, harvesting, and processing. Patent cooperation treaty application WO 2009094440. 2009.
Devroe EJ, Berry DA, Afeyan NB, Robertson DE, Skraly FA, Ridley CP. Engineered light-harvesting organisms. United States patent application US 20090191599. 2009.
Devroe EJ, Kosuri S, Berry DA, Afeyan NB, Skraly FA, Robertson DE, et al. Hyperphotosynthetic organisms. United States patent US 7785861. 2010.
Dillon H. Light utilization alteration of photosynthetic microorganisms. United States patent application US 20080124756. 2008.
Divakaran, 2002, Flocculation of algae using chitosan, J Appl Phycol, 14, 419, 10.1023/A:1022137023257
Dunlop EH, Hazlebeck DA. High photoefficiency microalgae bioreactors. United States patent US 7763457. 2010.
Durai, 2011, Biological treatment of tannery wastewater—a review, J Environ Sci Technol, 4, 1, 10.3923/jest.2011.1.17
Eckelberry N, Eckelberry TR. Algae growth system for oil production. United States patent application US 20090029445. 2009.
Fang S, Poon Y, Mendez M. Genetically engineered herbicide resistant algae. Patent cooperation treaty application WO 2010078156. 2010.
Fongsatitkul, 2004, Use of sequencing batch reactors and Fenton's reagent to treat a wastewater from a textile industry, Biochem Eng J, 21, 213, 10.1016/j.bej.2004.06.009
Friedman, 1977, Algae separation from oxidation pond effluents, J Water Pollut Control Fed, 49, 111
Gal JL. Micro-organism production system and method. United States patent application US 20090023199. 2009.
González, 2008, Efficient nutrient removal from swine manure in a tubular biofilm photo-bioreactor using algae–bacteria consortia, Water Sci Technol, 58, 95, 10.2166/wst.2008.655
Graham, 2009
Greenwell, 2010, Placing microalgae on the biofuels priority list: a review of the technological challenges, J R Soc Interface, 7, 703, 10.1098/rsif.2009.0322
Griffiths E. Removal and utilization of wastewater nutrients for algae biomass and biofuels. All Graduate Theses and Dissertations 2009; Paper 631. Available from: http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/631.
Gunaseelan, 1997, Anaerobic digestion of biomass for methane production: a review, Biomass Bioeng, 13, 83, 10.1016/S0961-9534(97)00020-2
Guzzon, 2008, Cultured phototrophic biofilms for phosphorus removal in wastewater treatment, Water Res, 42, 4357, 10.1016/j.watres.2008.07.029
Hameed, 2007, Biotechnological potential uses of immobilized algae, J Agric Biol, 9, 183
Hazlebeck DA, Dunlop EH. Photosynthetic carbon dioxide sequestration and pollution abatement. United States patent application US 20080086938. 2008.
Hazlebeck DA, Dunlop EH. Photosynthetic oil production with high carbon dioxide utilization. United States patent US 7662616. 2010.
Hodoki, 2005, Bacteria biofilm encourages algal immigration onto substrata in lotic systems, Hydrobiologia, 539, 27, 10.1007/s10750-004-3082-5
Hoffmann, 1998, Wastewater treatment with suspended and nonsuspended algae, J Phycol, 34, 757, 10.1046/j.1529-8817.1998.340757.x
Holmes, 1986, Bacterial enhancement of vinyl fouling by algae, Appl Environ Microbiol, 52, 1391, 10.1128/AEM.52.6.1391-1393.1986
Howard EE, Alianell GA, Riding TJ, Barile PJ, Foster TR. Systems and methods for large-scale production and harvesting or oil-rich algae. United States patent application US 20080096267. 2008.
Hu, 1996, Productivity and photosynthetic efficiency of Spirulina platensis as affected by light intensity, algal density and rate of mixing in a flat plate photobioreactor, J Appl Phycol, 8, 139, 10.1007/BF02186317
Hu, 1996, A flat inclined modular photobioreactor for outdoor mass cultivation of photoautotrophs, Biotechnol Bioeng, 51, 51, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19960705)51:1<51::AID-BIT6>3.0.CO;2-#
Hu, 2008, Microalgal triacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel production: perspectives and advances, Plant J, 54, 621, 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03492.x
Huntley ME, Redalje DG. Continuous-batch hybrid process for production of oil and other useful products from photosynthetic microbes. United States patent US 7770322. 2010.
Javan A, Grieco W, Cumba HJ, Weaver H, Lovas B. Cultivation, harvesting, and processing of floating aquatic species with high growth rates. Patent cooperation treaty application WO 2010123943. 2010.
Jensen KR. Apparatus for water purification by culturing and harvesting attached algal communities. United States patent US 5527456. 1996.
Jensen G, Reichl EH. Integrated microalgae production and electricity cogeneration. United States patent US 5659977. 1997.
Jiang, 2004, Estimation of costs of phosphorus removal in wastewater treatment facilities: construction de novo
Johnson MB. Microalgal biodiesel production through a novel attached culture system and conversion parameters [thesis]. Blacksburg (VA): Virginia Polytechnic University; 2009.
Johnson, 2010, Development of an attached microalgal growth system for biofuel production, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 85, 525, 10.1007/s00253-009-2133-2
Keeler CC, Stephenson JD, Schenk SW, Cloud GB, Naradikian S, Irwin SW. Algae production systems and associated methods. United States patent application US 20100170149. 2010.
Keplinger, 2004, Cost and affordability of phosphorus removal at small wastewater treatment plants, Small Flows Q, 5, 36
Klausmeier, 2004, Optimal nitrogen-to-phosphorus stoichiometry of phytoplankton, Nature, 429, 171, 10.1038/nature02454
Knud-Hansen, 1998
Kumar, 1981, Electrical flocculation of the unicellular green alga Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck, Aquat Bot, 11, 187, 10.1016/0304-3770(81)90059-0
Lane CD, Swanson AK, Brister AB, Allnutt FCT. Biofuel production from algae. Patent cooperation treaty application WO 2010132414. 2010.
Larach M. Continuous cultivation, harvesting, and oil extraction of photosynthetic cultures. Patent cooperation treaty application WO 2010017243. 2010.
Lavoie, 1987, Harvesting of Scenedesmus obliquus in wastewaters: auto or bioflocculation?, Biotechnol Bioeng, 30, 852, 10.1002/bit.260300707
Lee, 2008, Microbial flocculation, a potentially low-cost harvesting technique for marine microalgae for the production of biodiesel, J Appl Phycol, 21, 559, 10.1007/s10811-008-9391-8
Li, 2010, Chlamydomonas starchless mutant defective in ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase hyper-accumulates triacylglycerol, Metab Eng, 12, 387, 10.1016/j.ymben.2010.02.002
Limcaco CA. System and method for biological wastewater treatment and for using the byproduct thereof. United States patent US 7736508. 2010.
Lundquist, 2010
Marker TL, Ellis GD, Gosling CD, Rispoli GF, D'Addario EN. Integrated process of algae cultivation and production of diesel fuel from biorenewable feedstocks. United States patent application US 20090077864. 2009.
Mata, 2010, Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: a review, Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 14, 217, 10.1016/j.rser.2009.07.020
Mendez M, Behnke C, Poon Y, Lee P. Induction of flocculation in photosynthetic organisms. Patent cooperation treaty application WO 2009158658. 2009a.
Mendez M, O'Neill B, Mikkelson K. System for capturing and modifying large pieces of genomic DNA and constructing organisms with synthetic chloroplasts. United States patent application US 20090123977. 2009b.
Mendez M, O'Neill B, Burkart M, Behnke C, Lieberman S, Bielinski V, et al. Production of fatty acids by genetically modified photosynthetic microorganisms. Patent cooperation treaty application WO 2010019813. 2010a.
Mendez M, Fang S, Richard S. Engineering salt tolerance in photosynthetic microorganisms. Patent cooperation treaty application WO 2010105095. 2010b.
Middlebrooks, 1974, Techniques for algae removal from wastewater stabilization ponds, J Water Pollut Control Fed, 46, 2676
Molina Grima, 1999, Photobioreactors: light regime, mass transfer, and scaleup, J Biotechnol, 70, 231, 10.1016/S0168-1656(99)00078-4
Molina Grima, 2003, Recovery of microalgal biomass and metabolites: process options and economics, Biotechnol Adv, 20, 491, 10.1016/S0734-9750(02)00050-2
Mosse, 2011, Review: winery wastewater quality and treatment options in Australia, Aust J Grape Wine Res, 10.1111/j.1755-0238.2011.00132.x
Mulbry, 2001, Growth of benthic freshwater algae on dairy manures, J Appl Phycol, 13, 301, 10.1023/A:1017545116317
Mulbry, 2005, Recycling of manure nutrients: use of algal biomass from dairy manure treatment as a slow release fertilizer, Bioresour Technol, 96, 451, 10.1016/j.biortech.2004.05.026
Mulbry, 2008, Treatment of dairy and swine manure effluents using freshwater algae: fatty acid content and composition of algal biomass at different manure loading rates, J Appl Phycol, 20, 1079, 10.1007/s10811-008-9314-8
Mussgnug, 2007, Engineering photosynthetic light capture: impacts on improved solar energy to biomass conversion, Plant Biotechnol J, 5, 802, 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2007.00285.x
NIST Chemistry WebBook [Internet]
Niyogi, 2003, Photoprotection revisited: genetic and molecular approaches, Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol, 50, 333, 10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.333
Norsker, 2011, Microalgal production — a close look at the economics, Biotechnol Adv, 29, 24, 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.08.005
Nurdogan, 1995, Enhanced nutrient removal in high-rate ponds, Water Sci Technol, 31, 33, 10.1016/0273-1223(95)00490-E
Oh, 2001, Harvesting of Chlorella vulgaris using a bioflocculant from Paenibacillus sp. AM49, Biotechnol Lett, 23, 1229, 10.1023/A:1010577319771
Olaizola M. Light transport in a bioreactor system. Patent cooperation treaty application WO 2010077638. 2010.
Olguin, 2003, Productivity, protein content and nutrient removal from anaerobic effluents of coffee wastewater in Salvinia minima ponds, under subtropical conditions, Acta Biotechnol, 23, 259, 10.1002/abio.200390033
Oyler JR. Controlled growth environments for algae cultivation. United States patent application US 20080155890. 2008a.
Oyler JR. Two-stage process for producing oil from microalgae. United States patent application US 20080160593. 2008b.
Oyler JR. Closed-loop system for growth of algae or cyanobacteria and gasification of the wet biomass. United States patent application US 20100003717. 2010.
Pal, 2005, Cationic starch: an effective flocculating agent, Carbohydr Polym, 59, 417, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2004.06.047
Passow, 1995, Aggregation of a diatom bloom in a mesocosm: the role of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP), Deep Sea Res Part II: Top Stud Oceanogr, 42, 99, 10.1016/0967-0645(95)00006-C
Patwardhan, 2003, Rotating biological contactors: a review, Ind Eng Chem Res, 42, 2035, 10.1021/ie0200104
Pittman, 2011, The potential of sustainable algal biofuel production using wastewater resources, Bioresour Technol, 102, 17, 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.035
Pizarro, 2006, An economic assessment of algal turf scrubber technology for treatment of dairy manure effluent, Ecol Eng, 26, 321, 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2005.12.009
Pokhrel, 2004, Treatment of pulp and paper mill wastewater — a review, Sci Total Environ, 333, 37, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.05.017
Powles, 1984, Photoinhibition of photosynthesis induced by visible light, Annu Rev Plant Physiol, 35, 15, 10.1146/annurev.pp.35.060184.000311
Przytocka-Jusiak, 1984, Removal of nitrogen from industrial wastewaters with the use of algal rotating disks and denitrification packed bed reactor, Water Res, 18, 1077, 10.1016/0043-1354(84)90221-5
Putt, 2007
Qureshi, 2005, Biofilm reactors for industrial bioconversion processes: employing potential of enhanced reaction rates, Microbiol Cell Fact, 4, 24, 10.1186/1475-2859-4-24
Radakovits, 2010, Genetic engineering of algae for enhanced biofuel production, Eukaryot Cell, 9, 486, 10.1128/EC.00364-09
Rectenwald, 2000, Nutrient removal from wastewater effluent using an ecological water treatment system, Environ Sci Technol, 34, 522, 10.1021/es9908422
Roeselers, 2008, Phototrophic biofilms and their potential applications, J Appl Phycol, 20, 227, 10.1007/s10811-007-9223-2
Roessler PG, Chen Y, Liu B, Dodge CN. Secretion of fatty acids by photosynthetic microorganisms. United States patent application US 20090298143. 2009.
Roessler PG, Liu B, Kristof JR. Production of branched-chain alcohols by photosynthetic microorganisms. United States patent application. US 20100151545. 2010.
Round, 1984
Salerno, 2009, Biogas production from algae biomass harvested at wastewater treatment ponds
Sano, 2005
Schenk, 2008, Second generation biofuels: high-efficiency microalgae for biodiesel production, Bioeng Res, 1, 20, 10.1007/s12155-008-9008-8
Schwartz G, Massingill M, Van Olst J, Carlberg J. Method of developing a rapidly settling algal floc. United States patent application US 20100264094. 2010.
Sears JT. Method, apparatus, and system for biodiesel production from algae. United States patent application US 20070048848. 2007.
Sheehan, 1998, A look back at the US department of energy's aquatic species program—biodiesel from algae
Shelef, 1984
Shepherd S. System for harvesting algae in continuous fermentation. United States patent application US 20100144017. 2010.
Shigematsu S, Eckelberry N. Apparatus and method for optimizing photosynthetic growth in a photo bioreactor. United States patent application US 20090291485. 2009.
Shipin, 1999, Microbial processes underlying the PETRO concept (trickling filter variant), Water Res, 33, 1645, 10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00390-X
Sperling, 1969, Batch culturing of thermophilic benthic algae and phosphorus uptake in a laboratory stream model, Limnol Oceanogr, 14, 944, 10.4319/lo.1969.14.6.0944
Staats, 1999, Isolation and characterization of extracellular polysaccharides from the epipelic diatoms Cylindrotheca closterium and Navicula salinarum, Eur J Phycol, 34, 161, 10.1080/09670269910001736212
Stephen D, Morgenthaler GE. Methods for producing fish with high lipid content. Patent cooperation treaty application WO 2010059598. 2010
Stephens J. Systems and methods for anaerobic digestion and collection of products. Patent cooperation treaty application WO 2010047815. 2010.
Stephens J, Dickinson KW, Ogilvie K. Apparatus for containing, cultivating, and harvesting photosynthetic marine microorganisms within water. United States patent application US 20090137025. 2009a.
Stephens J, Dickinson KW, Ogilvie K. Method for removing undesirable components from water while containing, cultivating, and harvesting photosynthetic marine microorganisms within water. United States patent application US 20090134091. 2009b.
Stewart, III EA, Zivojnovich MJ. Apparatus and method for harvesting and collecting attached algal communities. United States patent US 6572770. 2003.
Stumm, 1981
Sukenik, 1984, Algal autoflocculation-verification and proposed mechanism, Biotechnol Bioeng, 26, 142, 10.1002/bit.260260206
Swanson AK, Postier BL, Sayre RT. Algal lipid production. Patent cooperation treaty application WO 2010132413. 2010.
Tchobanoglous, 1991
Teixeira, 2006, Comparing dissolved air flotation and conventional sedimentation to remove cyanobacterial cells of Microcystis aeruginosa: part I: the key operating conditions, Sep Purif Technol, 52, 84, 10.1016/j.seppur.2006.03.017
Torpey, 1971, Rotating disks with biological growths prepare wastewater for disposal or reuse, J Water Pollut Control Fed, 43, 2181
Tredici, 1998, Efficiency of sunlight utilization: tubular versus flat photobioreactors, Biotechnol Bioeng, 57, 187, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19980120)57:2<187::AID-BIT7>3.0.CO;2-J
Trent JD, Gormly SJ, Delzeit LD, Flynn MT, Embaye TN. Algae bioreactor using submerged enclosures with semi-permeable membranes. United States patent application US 20100216203. 2010.
U.S. CBO, 2002
U.S. DOE, 1985, Review and evaluation of immobilized algae systems for the production of fuels from microalgae
U.S. DOE, 2010, National algal biofuels technology roadmap
U.S. EIA, 2009
U.S. EPA, 2002, Wastewater technology fact sheet: facultative lagoons
U.S. EPA, 2008
Uduman, 2010, Dewatering of microalgal cultures: a major bottleneck to algae-based fuels, J Renew Sustain Energy, 2, 012701, 10.1063/1.3294480
Van Walsem J, Morgan F, Stuart J, Rainer P, Mcintire JR, Michonski SA, et al. Solar biofactory, photobioreactors, passive thermal regulation systems and methods for producing products. Patent cooperation treaty application WO 2010068288. 2010.
Vandamme, 2009, Flocculation of microalgae using cationic starch, J Appl Phycol, 22, 525, 10.1007/s10811-009-9488-8
Vanhoutte J, Vanhoutte K. Modular continuous production of micro-organisms. United States patent application US 20090162920. 2009.
Vanhoutte K, Vanhoutte J. Method for harvesting algae or plants and device used thereby. Patent cooperation treaty application WO 2009037355. 2009.
Vanotti, 2008, Water quality improvements of wastewater from confined animal feeding operations after advanced treatment, J Environ Qual, 37, S-86, 10.2134/jeq2007.0384
Vasudevan, 2008, Biodiesel production—current state of the art and challenges, J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol, 35, 421, 10.1007/s10295-008-0312-2
Vazquez, 2007, Removal of residual phenols from coke wastewater by adsorption, J Hazard Mater, 147, 395, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.01.019
Vick B. Glyphosate applications in aquaculture. United States patent application US 20100022393. 2010.
Vick B, Fleischer D. Use of 2-hydroxy-5-oxoproline in conjunction with algae. United States patent application US 20090325270. 2009.
Vijayaraghavan, 2009, Biodiesel production from freshwater algae, Energy Fuels, 23, 5448, 10.1021/ef9006033
Vonshak, 1988, Mass production of the blue-green alga Spirulina: an overview, Biomass, 15, 233, 10.1016/0144-4565(88)90059-5
Wang, 2009, Algal lipid bodies: stress induction, purification, and biochemical characterization in wild-type and starchless Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Eukaryot Cell, 8, 1856, 10.1128/EC.00272-09
Wei, 2008, Removing nitrogen and phosphorus from simulated wastewater using algal biofilm technique, Front Environ Sci Eng China, 2, 446, 10.1007/s11783-008-0064-2
Weiss H. Method for growing photosynthetic organisms. United States patent application US 20080220486. 2008.
Weissman J, Radaelli G. Systems and methods for maintaining the dominance of Nannochloropsis in an algae cultivation system. United States patent application US 20100183744. 2010.
Weissman J, Radaelli G, Rice D. Systems and methods for maintaining the dominance and increasing the biomass production of Nannochloropsis in an algae cultivation system. United States patent application US 20100196995. 2010.
Wells F, Snyder KM. Algaculture system for biofuel production & methods of production thereof. United States patent application US 20100068779. 2010.
Whitton NM. Large scale photobioreactor using flexible materials, large bubble generator, and unfurling site set up method. United States patent application US 20080286851. 2008.
Wilkerson BD, Watters W. Illumination systems, devices, and methods for biomass production. United States patent application US 20090148931. 2009.
Wilkerson BD, Chen JC, Pulse J, Guschin A, Weaver M. Systems, devices, and methods for biomass production. United States patent application US 20090047722. 2009.
Wilkie, 2002, Recovery of dairy manure nutrients by benthic freshwater algae, Bioresour Technol, 84, 81, 10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00003-2
Willson B, Babbitt G, Turner C, Levtin P, Weyer-Geigel K, Ettinger A, et al. Diffuse light extended surface area water-supported photobioreactor. United States patent application US 20080160591. 2008.
Willson BD, Turner CW, Babbitt GR, Letvin PA, Wickrmasinghe SR. Permeable membranes in film photobioreactors. United States patent application US 20090305389. 2009.
Winsness DJ, Krablin R, Kreisler KE. Method of converting a fermentation byproduct into oxygen and biomass and related systems. United States patent application US 20070196892. 2007.
Woertz, 2009, Algae grown on dairy and municipal wastewater for simultaneous nutrient removal and lipid production for biofuel feedstock, J Environ Eng, 135, 1115, 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000129
Wolfstein, 2002, Production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) by benthic diatoms: effect of irradiance and temperature, Mar Ecol Prog Ser, 236, 13, 10.3354/meps236013
Wood, 1987, A simple wastewater treatment system incorporating the selective cultivation of a filamentous algae, Water Sci Technol, 19, 1251, 10.2166/wst.1987.0025
Woods RP, Legere E, Moll B, Unamunzaga C, Mantecon E. Closed photobioreactor system for continued daily in situ production, separation, collection, and removal of ethanol from genetically enhanced photosynthetic organisms. United States patent US 7682821. 2010.
Wu Y, Wu X, Berzin I. Removal of ash and sulfur dioxide in flue gas with a combined multifunction impinging stream gas-liquid reactor. Patent cooperation treaty application WO 2007038605. 2007.
Wu BC, Stephen D, Morgenthaler GE, Jones DV. Systems and methods for producing biofuels from algae. United States patent application US 20100081835. 2010a.
Wu BC, Stephen D, Morgenthaler GE, Jones DV. Systems and methods for producing biofuels from algae. United States patent application US 20100077654. 2010b.
Wuertz, 2003
Yen, 2007, Anaerobic co-digestion of algal sludge and waste paper to produce methane, Bioresour Technol, 98, 130, 10.1016/j.biortech.2005.11.010
Youngs RO, Cook JR. Method and apparatus for separating particles from a liquid. United States patent application US 20100224574. 2010.
Zeevalkink, 1979, Physical mass transfer in a rotating disc gas–liquid contactor, Water Res, 13, 913, 10.1016/0043-1354(79)90228-8