Chế tạo và tính chất của vật liệu sinh học dựa trên hydroxyapatit cho ứng dụng trong cấy ghép thay thế mô cứng

Journal of Materials Research - Tập 13 Số 1 - Trang 94-117 - 1998
Wojciech L. Suchanek1, Masahiro Yoshimura2
2Center for Materials Design, Materials and Structures Laboratory, †† Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226, Japan

Tóm tắt

Bài báo này tổng quan về quá khứ, hiện tại và tương lai của các vật liệu sinh học dựa trên hydroxyapatit (HAp) từ góc độ chế tạo các cấy ghép thay thế mô cứng. Các tính chất của mô cứng cũng được mô tả. Độ tin cậy cơ học của gốm HAp nguyên chất là thấp, do đó nó không thể được sử dụng làm răng hoặc xương nhân tạo. Vì lý do này, các loại composite dựa trên HAp đã được chế tạo, nhưng chỉ có hợp kim titan phủ HAp là đã tìm thấy ứng dụng rộng rãi. Trong số các loại khác, gốm HAp được điều khiển vi cấu trúc như HAp gia cường bằng sợi hoặc râu, polymer gia cường bằng HAp sợi, hay composite HAp/collagen chế tạo sinh học có vẻ là những vật liệu gốm phù hợp nhất cho các cấy ghép thay thế mô cứng trong tương lai.

Từ khóa

#hydroxyapatit #vật liệu sinh học #mô cứng #cấy ghép #composite #hợp kim titan #gốm

Tài liệu tham khảo

Rao, 1971, J. Dental Res., 50, 860, 10.1177/00220345710500041201

10.1142/9789814317351_0004

Monroe, 1974, J. Dental Res., 53, 1351, 10.1177/00220345740530061001

10.1007/BF00275383

Thomas, 1981, Ceram. Bull., 60, 258

10.1016/0022-0248(95)00955-8

10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb38519.x

10.2109/jcersj.103.804

10.2109/jcersj1950.92.1071_672

10.2109/jcersj.98.1255

10.1039/jm9950500895

10.1016/0142-9612(92)90011-C

10.1142/2028

10.2109/jcersj.100.950

Park, 1987, Biomaterials Science and Engineering

10.3363/prb1992.5.0_43

121. Wang J. , Murray M. G. S. , Ponton C. B. , and Marquis P. M. , in Proceedings of Third Euro-Ceramics, edited by Duran P. and Fernandez J. F. (1993), Vol. 1, p. 715.

10.1016/0022-0248(79)90060-5

103. Monma H. and Kanazawa T. , Nihon Kagaku Kaishi, No. 2, 339 (1972).

74. Suda H. , Asaoka N. , and Yoshimura M. , in Bioceramics, Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine, Kyoto, Japan, November, 1992, edited by Yamamuro T. , Kokubo T. , and Nakamura T. (Konbunshi Kankokai, 1992), Vol. 5, p. 31.

260. Ababou A. and Bernache-Assollant D. , in Proceedings of Fourth EuroCeramics, 1995, edited by Ravaglioli A. (1995), Vol. 8 (Biomaterials), p. 185.

Ogiso, 1992, J. Long-Term Effects Medical Implants, 2, 235

10.1016/0022-0248(73)90110-3

10.1007/BF00275606

10.1111/j.1151-2916.1995.tb08435.x

LeGeros, 1991, Calcium Phosphates in Oral Biology and Medicine

123. Kinoshita M. , Kishioka A. , Hayashi H. , and Itatani K. , Gypsum & Lime, No. 219, 79 (1989), in Japanese.

10.1016/0025-5408(71)90133-4

10.1080/00986449108910862

10.1007/BF00702944

10.1016/0142-9612(91)90072-I

10.2109/jcersj1950.95.1104_775

Zhang, 1995, Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng., 73, 300

Aoki, 1992, Apatite, 1, 83

Slosarczyk, 1989, Powder Metall. Int., 21, 24

Tanner, 1994, Br. Ceram. Trans., 93, 104

10.1002/jbm.820290808

Kaneko, 1995, Science and Technology of Fullerene Materials, 791

10.1111/j.1551-2916.1988.tb00251.x

10.1007/BF00543915

Bernache-Assollant, 1995, Ceramic Processing Science and Technology, 111

245. Zhang X. , Gubbels G. H. M. , Terpstra R. A. , and Metselaar R. , in Proceedings of Third Euro-Ceramics, 1993, edited by Duran P. and Fernandez J. F. (1993), Vol. 3, p. 31.

10.1016/0022-1902(67)80200-8

Jaffee, 1951, Geological Survey Circular, 135

Yoshimura, 1994, Hydroxyapatite and Related Compounds, 45

154. Ioku K. , Yoshimura M. , and Sōmiya S. , in Bioceramics, Proceedings of 1st International Bioceramic Symposium, Kyoto, Japan, April, 1988, edited by Oonishi H. , Aoki H. , and Sawai K. (Ishiyaku EuroAmerica Inc., 1989), Vol. 1, p. 62.

10.1126/science.124.3222.583-a

43. Christiansen N. and Riman R. E. , in Proceedings of the 5th Scandinavian Symposium on Materials Science, New Materials and Processes (1989), p. 209.

80. Ioku K. , Yoshimura M. , and Sōmiya S. , Nippon Kagaku Kaishi, No. 9, 1565 (1988), in Japanese.

10.1002/jbm.820180714

10.1557/JMR.1995.0521

10.4012/dmj.9.58

Shareef, 1991, Ceram. Trans., 17, 79

Gunderson, 1991, International Encyclopedia of Composites, 5, 324

10.1016/S0022-3093(05)80672-6

10.1016/0022-1902(67)80033-2

10.1111/j.1151-2916.1990.tb09841.x

181. Puajindanetr S. , Best S. , and Bonfield W. , in Bioceramics, Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine, Kyoto, Japan, November, 1992, edited by Yamamuro T. , Kokubo T. , and Nakamura T. (Konbunshi Kankokai, 1992), Vol. 5, p. 23.

10.1007/BF02555165

10.1016/0142-9612(95)94142-8

10.1016/0022-0248(94)00587-7

Knowles, 1994, Brit. Ceram. Trans., 93, 100

10.1002/crat.2170300623

468. Chlopek J. and Blazewicz S. , in Mechanics in Medicine, edited by Korzanski M. and Cwank J. (Rzeszow, 1996), p. 123, in Polish.

10.1016/0021-9290(89)90202-9

10.2109/jcersj.99.196

10.1007/BF01209218

10.2109/jcersj.103.70

10.1021/ic00112a021

10.1007/BF02408521

10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19960201)33:2<192::AID-JEMT9>3.0.CO;2-V

10.1038/247220a0

Young, 1982, Calcif. Tissue Int., 34, S17

10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199602)30:2<133::AID-JBM1>3.0.CO;2-S

10.1016/0142-9612(92)90010-L

10.1002/jab.770040114

Fang, 1994, Hydroxyapatite and Related Compounds, 269

10.1007/BF01161439

Nonami, 1995, J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn. Int. Ed., 103, 639, 10.2109/jcersj.103.639

10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb38512.x

10.1007/BF00725506

109. Suetsugu Y. , Fuji K. , Tanaka J. , and Hirota K. , in Proceedings of the 12th Japan-Korea Seminar on Ceramics (1995), p. 547.

10.1142/9789814317351_0006

10.1021/ic00104a006

10.2109/jcersj.96.595

10.1111/j.1151-2916.1996.tb09013.x

10.1016/0022-0248(68)90052-3

Currey, 1983, Handbook of Composites, 4, 501

10.1002/jab.770060405

10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199609)32:1<95::AID-JBM11>3.0.CO;2-H

10.1111/j.1151-2916.1991.tb07132.x

10.1002/jbm.820170505

10.1016/0022-0248(73)90012-2

White, 1986, Dental Clinics of North America, 30, 49, 10.1016/S0011-8532(22)02094-8

315. Ducheyne P. and Healy K. , in Bioceramics, Proceedings of 1st International Bioceramic Symposium, Kyoto, Japan, April, 1988, edited by Oonishi H. , Aoki H. , and Sawai K. (Ishiyaku EuroAmerica Inc., 1989), Vol. 1, p. 359.

478. Inoue K. , Ohgushi H. , Yoshikawa T. , Okumura M. , Tamai S. , and Doi Y. , in Bioceramics, Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine, Kyoto, Japan, November, 1992, edited by Yamamuro T. , Kokubo T. , and Nakamura T. (Kobunshi Kankokai, Inc., 1992), Vol. 5, p. 125.

10.1016/0167-577X(95)00016-X

10.1016/0142-9612(96)89656-6

10.1002/jbm.820271217

Mann, 1996, Biomimetic Materials Chemistry

10.1016/0955-2219(95)00123-9

Zhang, 1994, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 5, 243, 10.1007/BF00122392

10.1007/BF00591654

Fang, 1991, Ceram. Trans., 21, 349

10.3363/prb1992.5.0_25

Orlovsky, 1992, Z. Neorg. Chimi, 37, 881

Deptula, 1994, Hydroxyapatite and Related Compounds, 263

10.1002/jbm.820190309

10.1016/0142-9612(96)80754-X

113. Itatani K. , Takahashi O. , Kishioka A. , and Kinoshita M. , Gypsum & Lime, No. 213, 77 (1988), in Japanese.

10.1021/la00085a025

10.1002/jbm.820260508

10.1002/jbm.820150605

10.1016/0142-9612(89)90044-6

10.1002/jbm.820261003

10.1063/1.1658323

10.1007/BF00839078

374. Tanahashi M. , Hata K. , Kokubo T. , Minoda M. , Miyamota T. , Nakamura T. , and Yamamuro T. , in Bioceramics, Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine, Kyoto, Japan, November, 1992, edited by Yamamuro T. , Kokubo T. , and Nakamura T. (Kobunshi Kankokai, Inc., 1992), Vol. 5, p. 57.

10.1016/0142-9612(93)90046-5

10.1002/jbm.820290105

10.1016/0142-9612(94)90188-0

10.1016/0142-9612(96)87652-6

Abbona, 1995, N. Jb. Miner. Mh,

10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb38510.x

10.1002/jbmr.5650100606

Takahashi, 1995, Eur. J. Solid State Inorg. Chem., 32, 829

de Lange, 1984, Biomaterials and Biomechanics 1983, 451

10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199605)31:1<43::AID-JBM6>3.0.CO;2-Q

10.1111/j.1151-2916.1990.tb06537.x

10.2109/jcersj.104.126

10.1016/0021-9290(85)90287-8

10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199603)30:3<287::AID-JBM3>3.0.CO;2-M

Rak, 1992, Apatite, 1, 125

10.1557/JMR.1993.1687

10.1016/0142-9612(91)90196-H

10.1142/9789814317351_0003

Knitter, 1994, Ber. DKG, 71, 549

Shin, 1989, J. Korean Ceram. Soc., 26, 123

445. Suchanek W. , Yashima M. , Kakihana M. , and Yoshimura M. , J. Am. Ceram. Soc. (1997), in press.

10.1002/jbm.820290103

10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.132-136.2025

10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199602)30:2<261::AID-JBM17>3.0.CO;2-P

Fang, 1993, Ceram. Trans., 36, 397

10.1002/jbm.820190308

Kazova, 1990, Neorganicheskie Materialy, 26, 442

47. Bett J. A. S. , Christner L. G. , and Keith Hall W. , J. Am. Chem. Soc., 5535 (October, 1967).

10.1111/j.1151-2916.1993.tb07757.x

Suwa, 1992, Apatite, 1, 135

Geesink, 1995, J. Bone Joint Surg., 77–B, 534, 10.1302/0301-620X.77B4.7615595

10.1177/00220345780570070401

10.1111/j.1151-2916.1989.tb07680.x

10.1557/JMR.1994.0180

Hench, 1995, Monographs in Materials and Society, 3: Ceramics and Society, 101

Liu, 1996, J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 15, 419, 10.1007/BF00277185

182. Best S. , Bonfield W. , and Doyle C. , in Bioceramics, Proceedings of 1st International Bioceramic Symposium, Kyoto, Japan, April, 1988, edited by Oonishi H. , Aoki H. , and Sawai K. (Ishiyaku EuroAmerica Inc., 1989), Vol. 1, p. 68.

10.1002/jbm.820030413

Doi, 1996, J. Jpn. Soc. Dental Mater. Devices, 15, 218

Ishikawa, 1990, Chem. Express, 5, 725

10.1016/0162-0134(90)85001-D

Aoki, 1991, Science and Medical Applications of Hydroxyapatite

10.1016/S0022-3913(89)80047-2

10.1016/S0142-9612(96)00103-2

Yoshikawa, 1996, Bioceramics, 9, 453

10.1080/10667857.1993.11784926

10.1016/0040-6090(94)90229-1

180. Best S. , Bonfield W. , and Doyle C. , in Bioceramics, Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine, 1990, edited by Heimke G. (German Ceramic Society, Cologne), Vol. 2, p. 57.

Elliott, 1994, Structure and Chemistry of the Apatites and Other Calcium Orthophosphates

10.1142/9789814317351_0010

Day, 1995, Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 74, 64

10.1002/jctb.280310105

230. Suchanek W. , Yashima M. , Kakihana M. , and Yoshimura M. , unpublished.

Sōmiya, 1988, Mater. Sci. Forum, 34–36, 371

Townley, 1995, Bioceramics: Materials and Applications, 23

Ishizawa, 1996, Bioceramics, 9, 329

10.2109/jcersj1950.95.1103_753

10.1016/0022-0248(87)90284-3

10.1111/j.1151-2916.1995.tb08394.x

188. Gautier S. , Champion E. , and Bernache-Assollant D. , in Proceedings of Fourth EuroCeramics, 1995, edited by Ravaglioli A. (1995), Vol. 8 (Biomaterials), p. 201.

85. Asaoka N. , Suda H. , and Yoshimura M. , Nippon Kagaku Kaishi, No. 1, 25 (1995), in Japanese.

Ruys, 1993, J. Aust. Ceram. Soc., 29, 39

10.1002/jbm.820231307

10.1007/BF00692971

Fujishiro, 1996, Bioceramics, 9, 345

Gyu, 1988, Yoop Hakhoechi, 25, 631

Inoue, 1987, J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn., 95, 759

10.1006/jcis.1995.1304

469. Chlopek J. , unpublished data.

Yoshimura, 1988, Ceram. Bull., 67, 1950

10.1016/0142-9612(93)90078-G

10.1016/8756-3282(95)00076-P

Jin, 1989, Yoop Hakhoechi, 26, 305

361. Chai C. and Ben-Nissan B. , in International Ceramics Monographs, Proceedings of the International Conference Austceram 94, edited by Sorrell C. C. and Ruys A. J. (1994), Vol. 1, p. 66.

10.1016/0022-4596(89)90099-6

176. Denissen J. A. M. , van Eijk J. P. G. M. , and Terpstra R. A. , in Proceedings of Third Euro-Ceramics, 1993, edited by Duran P. and Fernandez J. F. (1993), Vol. 3, p. 55.

10.1016/0142-9612(96)81415-3

Tomsia, 1995, Bioceramics: Materials and Applications, 303

Wanmaker, 1971, Philips Res. Repts., 26, 373

10.1002/jbm.820260803

Brantley, 1995, Cells Mater., 5, 73

10.1002/jbm.820291117

10.1007/BF01132015

10.2109/jcersj.104.945

10.1016/0022-0248(91)90100-J

Katz, 1980, Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology, 99

10.1016/0142-9612(95)98859-C

10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.104-107.373

10.1063/1.113992

10.1006/jssc.1994.1383

10.1007/PL00020328

10.1016/0142-9612(84)90010-3

349. Ban S. and Maruno S. , in Bioceramics, Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine, Kyoto, Japan, November, 1992, edited by Yamamuro T. , Kokubo T. , and Nakamura T. (Konbunshi Kankokai, 1992), Vol. 5, p. 49.

10.1002/jbm.820290602

10.1002/jbm.820211203

10.1007/BF00120384

139. Umegaki T. , Hanahara I. , and Kanazawa T. , Gypsum & Lime, No. 201, 89 (1986), in Japanese.

10.1002/jbm.820150302

10.1007/BF00120289

Nelson, 1982, Calcif. Tissue Int., 34, S69

10.1002/jbm.820290907

Willmann, 1993, Interceram., 42, 206

Warheit, 1994, Regulatory Toxicology Pharmacology, 20, S113

10.1016/0168-583X(94)00568-0

10.1111/j.1151-2916.1990.tb09814.x

Pott, 1978, Staub-Reinh. Luft, 38, 486

10.1007/BF02411230

10.1016/0142-9612(96)89655-4

Monma, 1994, Trans. Mater. Res. Soc. Jpn., 16B, 781

10.1002/jab.770060404

10.1007/BF00576536

124. Kinoshita M. , Itatani K. , Nakamura S. , and Kishioka A. , Gypsum & Lime, No. 227, 207 (1990), in Japanese.

10.1002/jbm.820180411

10.1002/jbm.820270405

10.1007/BF00540526

10.2109/jcersj.100.1175

10.1007/BF00713450

234. Dimitrova-Lukacs M. and Gillemot L. , in Proceedings of Third EuroCeramics, 1993, edited by Duran P. and Fernandez J. F. (1993), Vol. 3, p. 179.

10.1007/BF00587675

10.1002/jctb.280570409

10.1111/j.1151-2916.1990.tb06483.x

10.1007/BF00352039

Ioku, 1991, Phosphorus Res. Bull., 1, 15

10.1016/0142-9612(96)88714-X

10.1007/BF00258163

10.1016/0142-9612(95)94143-9

10.2109/jcersj.103.1214

10.1038/365499a0

10.1016/S0167-2738(97)00103-3

10.1002/jpln.19390120109

10.1246/cl.1992.2335

10.2109/jcersj.101.923

248. Tian J. , Yi S. Z. , Shao Y. , and Shan H. , in Abstracts of the 97th Annual Meeting of the ACerS, Cincinnati, OH, April 30–May 3, 1995.

10.1016/0167-577X(93)90103-5

Teixeira, 1995, J. Dent. Res., 74, 478

10.1016/0142-9612(86)90071-2

Slosarczyk, 1989, Sprechsaal, 122, 745

10.1007/BF00058724

Shareef, 1992, Br. Ceram. Proc., 49, 121

10.1126/science.264.5165.1576

Waters, 1980, Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology, 99

10.1007/BF00776358

Asada, 1987, Yogyo-Kyokai-Shi, 95, 27

10.1016/0142-9612(93)90052-4

10.1007/BF01262274

Brown, 1995, Bioceramics: Materials and Applications, 37

Li, 1990, Interceram., 39, 20

82. Yoshimura M. , Suda H. , Okamoto K. , and Ioku K. , Nippon Kagaku Kaishi, No. 10, 1402 (1991), in Japanese.

10.1007/BF00122982

10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.115.209

Chaki, 1995, Bioceramics: Materials and Applications, 235

DeWith, 1981, Proc. Br. Ceram. Soc., 31, 181

167. Ehsani G. N. , Ruys A. J. , and Sorrell C. C. , in Ceram. Monographs, Proceedings of the International Ceramic Conference Austceram'94, 1994, edited by Sorrell C. C. and Ruys A. J. (1994), Vol. 1, p. 714.

Lin, 1994, Biomater., 15, 1087, 10.1016/0142-9612(94)90095-7

10.1016/0022-3913(83)90246-9

10.1021/cm00049a007

Brown, 1988, Cements Research Progress–1987, 351

10.2109/jcersj1950.95.1104_806

10.2109/jcersj1950.90.1047_680

10.1007/BF02402799

10.1557/JMR.1996.0082

10.2109/jcersj.98.257

Chaki, 1994, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 5, 533

10.1002/jbm.820291102

170. Terpstra R. A. , van der Heijde J. C. T. , Swaanen P. , Zhang X. , and Gubbels G. , in Proceedings of Third Euro-Ceramics, 1993, edited by Duran P. and Fernandez J. F. (1993), Vol. 3, p. 61.

10.1016/0142-9612(82)90046-1

193. Teraoka K. , Ito A. , Tateishi T. , and Tsutsumi S. , in Proceedings of Annual Meeting of the Ceramic Society of Japan, Yokohama, April 2–4, 1996 (1996) p. 355, in Japanese.

10.2109/jcersj1950.95.1104_798

203. Eggli P. S. , Müller W. , and Schenk R. K. , Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. No. 232, 127 (1988).

10.1021/cm9601345

10.1007/BF01139073

10.1142/9789814317351_0009

10.1007/BF00121239

10.1557/JMR.1992.0490

190. Ravaglioli A. , Krajewski A. , and de Portu G. , in Bioceramics, Proceedings of 1st International Bioceramic Symposium, Kyoto, Japan, April, 1988, edited by Oonishi H. , Aoki H. , and Sawai K. (Ishiyaku EuroAmerica Inc., 1989), Vol. 1, p. 13.

10.1111/j.1151-2916.1996.tb09048.x

150. Monma H. , Kamiya T. , Tsutsumi M. , and Hasegawa Y. T. Gypsum & Line, No. 208, 127 (1987).

10.1016/0142-9612(95)91094-F

Ioku, 1992, Apatite, 1, 131

10.1016/0928-4931(94)90033-7

10.1002/jbm.820240602

Stanton, 1981, J. Nat. Cancer Inst., 67, 965

10.1016/0272-8842(92)90068-O

Asada, 1987, Yogyo-Kyokai-Shi, 95, 41

Jarcho, 1986, Dental Clinics of North America, 30, 25, 10.1016/S0011-8532(22)02093-6

214. Ioku K. , Eguchi Y. , and Goto S. , in Transactions of the 12th Symposium on Apatite, Nagoya, Japan, December 12–13, 1996 (1996), p. 29, in Japanese.

253. Shimizu K. , Kumar P. , and Oka M. , in Bioceramics, Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine, Kyoto, Japan, November, 1992, edited by Yamamuro T. , Kokubo T. , and Nakamura T. (Kobunshi Kankokai, Inc., 1992), Vol. 5, p. 353.

10.1007/BF00624484

10.1016/0142-9612(90)90066-Y

10.1016/S0142-9612(97)00019-7

Nonami, 1990, Multifunctional Materials, 71

10.1111/j.1151-2916.1992.tb04448.x

10.1016/0022-0248(95)00201-4

10.2109/jcersj.98.1337

10.1111/j.1151-2916.1992.tb07212.x

Holmes, 1984, Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res., 188, 252, 10.1097/00003086-198409000-00036

Ruys, 1993, Interceram., 42, 372

Frayssinet, 1995, Cells Mater., 5, 125

10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.111-112.291

Tamari, 1987, Funtai Oyobi Funmatsu Yakin, 34, 91

Tsuzuki, 1992, Apatite, 1, 171

Hench, 1982, Biomaterials. An Interfacial Approach

313. Oonishi H. , Yamamuro M. , Ishimaru H. , Tsuji E. , Kushitani S. , Aono M. , and Ukon Y. , in Bioceramics, Proceedings of 1st International Bioceramic Symposium, Kyoto, Japan, April, 1988, edited by Oonishi H. , Aoki H. , and Sawai K. (Ishiyaku EuroAmerica Inc., 1989), Vol. 1, p. 400.

Galassi, 1989, Euro-Ceramics, 3

10.2109/jcersj.100.1015

Terry, 1989, Biomedical Materials and Devices, 187

10.1002/jbm.820260103

10.1016/0142-9612(96)82729-3

10.1007/BF00701080

10.1002/jbm.820230607

369. Wei M. , Ruys A. J. , Brandwood A. , Milthorpe B. K. , and Sorrell C. C. , in International Ceramics Monographs, Proceedings of the International Conference Austceram 94, edited by Sorrell C. C. and Ruys A. J. (1994), Vol. 1, p. 701.

Ioku, 1993, Bio-Med. Mater. Eng., 3, 137, 10.3233/BME-1993-3303

10.1007/BF00692973

10.1007/BF01112282

259. Ibrahim D. M. and Abou-El-Magd H. , in Proceedings of Fourth EuroCeramics, 1995, edited by Ravaglioli A. (1995), Vol. 8 (Biomaterials), p. 215.

10.1002/jbm.820230806

10.1142/9789814317351_0007

10.1007/BF00058716

304. Kondo K. , Okuyama M. , Ogawa H. , and Shibata Y. , Comm. Am. Ceram. Soc., November, C-222 (1984).

310. Tonino A. J. , Romanini L. , Rossi P. , Borroni M. , Greco F. , Garcia-Araujo C. , Garcia-Dihinx L. , Murcia-Mazon A. , Hein W. , and Anderson J. , Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res., No. 312, 211 (1995).

10.1002/jbm.820271003

10.1002/jab.770020403

Andersson, 1988, Glastech. Ber., 61, 300

10.1016/0267-6605(93)90038-9

10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199601)30:1<5::AID-JBM2>3.0.CO;2-W

10.1142/9789814317351_0008

Davies, 1986, Scand. J. Work. Environ. Health, 12, 12

297. Höland W. , Rheinberger V. , Frank M. , and Wegner S. , in Bioceramics, Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine, Otsu, Japan, 1996, edited by Kokubo T. , Nakamura T. , and Miyaji F. (Pergamon Press, New York, Oxford, November 24–27, 1996), Vol. 9, p. 445.

10.1002/jbm.820200906

3. Bonfield W. , Best S. , Krajewski A. , and Ravaglioli A. , in Proceedings of Fourth EuroCeramics, edited by Ravaglioli A. (Biomater., 1995), Vol. 8, p. 3.

10.1007/BF00692970

10.1007/BF01209240

10.1016/0142-9612(91)90194-F

10.2109/jcersj.100.362

10.1007/BF01148764

10.1016/0142-9612(95)99699-M

10.1016/0141-5425(91)90115-N

10.1142/9789814317351_0005

10.1002/jbm.820140507

318. Moroni A. , Caja V. , Egger E. , Pezzuto V. , and Chao E. Y. , in Bioceramics, Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine, Kyoto, Japan, November, 1992, edited by Yamamuro T. , Kokubo T. , and Nakamura T. (Kobunshi Kankokai, Inc., 1992), Vol. 5, p. 299.

10.1143/JJAP.33.L1545

10.1111/j.1151-2916.1995.tb08887.x

10.1016/0928-4931(95)00089-5

153. Takahashi O. , Itatani K. , Kishioka A. , and Kinoshita M. , Gypsum & Lime, No. 225, 22 (1990), in Japanese.

10.1142/9789814317351_0011

10.3363/prb1992.5.0_31

10.1016/0142-9612(96)88715-1

10.1016/0142-9612(95)92122-M

McEwen, 1991, J. Computer-Assisted Microscopy, 3, 201

10.1142/9789814317351_0012

10.1016/0040-6090(94)06340-0

10.1111/j.1151-2916.1995.tb08686.x

10.1007/978-94-011-0157-8_18

Wang, 1994, Brit. Ceram. Trans., 93, 91

10.2109/jcersj.100.377

Nagai, 1991, Phosphorus Res. Bull., 1, 167

10.1016/0142-9612(95)94147-D

10.1016/0142-9612(96)85754-1

10.1007/BF02648998

10.1111/j.1151-2916.1996.tb08561.x

10.1007/BF00120295

10.3363/prb1992.5.0_47

10.1016/0142-9612(95)94904-Y

10.1143/JJAP.32.L1577

10.1016/0167-577X(94)90233-X

10.1007/BF00291461

Ban, 1996, Bioceramics, 9, 321

120. Murray M. G. S. , Ponton C. B. , and Marquis P. M. , in Bioceramics, Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine, Kyoto, Japan, November, 1992, edited by Yamamuro T. , Kokubo T. , and Nakamura T. (Konbunshi Kankokai, 1992), Vol. 5, p. 15.

10.1002/jbm.820240813

Kay, 1992, Dental Clinics of North America, 36, 1, 10.1016/S0011-8532(22)02451-X

Mai, 1988, Mater. Forum, 11, 232

10.1016/0257-8972(95)02590-1

10.4012/dmj.15.31

Wakamatsu, 1992, Apatite, 1, 159

10.1111/j.1151-2916.1996.tb08514.x

10.1007/BF00134324

Sardin, 1994, Hydroxyapatite and Related Compounds, 225

10.1039/jm9940401849

370. Popich L. S. , Rust-Dawicki A. M. , Klawitter J. J. , Kay J. F. , and Cook S. D. , in Proceedings of the 1995 Fourteenth Southern Biomedical Engineering Conference, Shreveport, LA, 7–9 April, 1995 (IEEE, New York, 1995), p. 71.

10.1007/BF00151037

Kobayashi, 1996, Bioceramics, 9, 239

10.1016/0956-716X(94)90516-9

10.1111/j.1151-2916.1994.tb04508.x

10.1002/jbm.820290310

10.1007/BF01133359

10.1002/jbm.820281213

Fung, 1993, Biomechanics. Mechanical Properties of Living Tissues, 500

351. Stoch A. and Brozek A. , in Proceedings of Third Euro-Ceramics, 1993, edited by Duran P. and Fernandez J. F. (1993), Vol. 3, p. 75.

10.1007/BF00121240

10.1016/0956-7151(92)90471-P

Carl, 1996, Bioceramics, 9, 119

10.1007/BF00123444

Kaps, 1993, Keramische Zeitschrift, 45, 147

10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199601)30:1<77::AID-JBM10>3.0.CO;2-N

10.1002/jab.770050404

10.1142/9789814317351_0013

10.1007/BF02396876

10.1002/jbm.820290908

10.1002/jbm.820270404

Hench, 1971, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Symposium

Ziegler, 1991, Ber. DKG, 68, 399

10.1002/jab.770050402

Maruyama, 1995, J. Bone Joint Surg., 77–B, 213, 10.1302/0301-620X.77B2.7706333

10.1126/science.2153315

Evans, 1987, Advances in Structural Ceramics, 259

10.1016/0142-9612(90)90080-A

10.1002/jbm.820290704

Uratsuji, 1989, Biomedical Materials and Devices, 199

10.1016/0142-9612(93)90190-D

10.1111/j.1151-2916.1989.tb06079.x

481. Katz J. L. , Bull. Soc. Chim. Fra., No. 4, 514 (1985).

Pfaff, 1994, Interceram., 43, 73

10.2109/jcersj1950.95.1104_825

Lin, 1994, Better Ceramics Through Chemistry VI, 237

10.1002/jbm.820291210

Miyazaki, 1996, Bioceramics, 9, 317

10.1016/0142-9612(95)91125-I

10.1007/BF00355120

Shikinami, 1996, Bioceramics, 9, 391

10.1016/0142-9612(89)90046-X

10.1016/0142-9612(95)98906-U

10.1002/jab.770040406

10.1002/jbm.820260204

10.1002/jbm.820290502

10.1007/BF01730738

10.1007/BF00123447

10.1007/BF02405100

LeGeros, 1995, Bioceramics: Materials and, 173

10.1007/BF00665911

10.1111/j.1151-2916.1991.tb07176.x

10.1016/0079-6425(89)90005-4

10.1038/347455a0

10.1007/BF00120378

Suchanek, 1996, Bioceramics, 9, 177

10.1007/BF01730070

309. Osborn J. F. , in Bioceramics, Proceedings of 1st International Bioceramic Symposium, Kyoto, Japan, April, 1988, edited by Oonishi H. , Aoki H. , and Sawai K. (Ishiyaku EuroAmerica Inc., 1989), Vol. 1, p. 388.

10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199604)30:4<553::AID-JBM14>3.0.CO;2-I

10.1111/j.1151-2916.1992.tb07188.x

10.1006/jsbi.1993.1003

10.1016/0142-9612(96)85762-0

455. Suchanek W. and Yoshimura M. , unpublished.

Yamashita, 1989, Inorganic Phosphate Materials, 15

10.1002/jbmr.5650080903

10.1016/1047-8477(91)90015-O

Hirota, 1993, Bio-Med. Mater. Eng., 3, 147, 10.3233/BME-1993-3304

10.1016/0272-8842(94)90065-5

470. Carbon biomaterials in medicine edited by Kus W. M. (Agencja Poligraficzno-Wydawnicza Karniowice, 1994), in Polish.

10.1016/0169-6009(92)90743-W

10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199601)30:1<1::AID-JBM1>3.0.CO;2-W

10.1002/jbm.820290311

Hench, 1996, Bioceramics, 9, 3

10.1038/214904b0

10.1016/0021-9290(84)90076-9

10.1007/BF00552099

10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199606)31:2<167::AID-JBM3>3.0.CO;2-L

10.1002/jbm.820220609

Suchanek, 1996, Bioceramics, 9, 153

10.1002/jbm.820291118

10.1016/0142-9612(96)81421-9

10.1002/jbm.820270303

Ruys, 1993, J. Aust. Ceram. Soc., 29, 71

10.1002/jbm.820270304

10.1016/0142-9612(91)90204-N

137. Bernache-Assollant D. , in Proceedings of Fourth EuroCeramics, edited by Ravaglioli A. (1995), Vol. 8 (Biomaterials), p. 93.