Process and technological aspects of municipal solid waste gasification. A review

Arena, 2003, The Environmental Performance of Alternative Solid Waste Management Options, Chemical Engineering Journal, 96, 207, 10.1016/j.cej.2003.08.019

Arena U. and Mastellone M.L. 2005. Fluidized Pyrolysis and Gasification of Solid Wastes, in Proc. of Industrial Fluidization South Africa 2005, The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (ISBN 1-919782-83-0), pp. 53–68.

Arena U. and Mastellone M.L. 2009. Fluidized bed gasification of RDF and PDF. AMRA Scientific Report. ISBN 978-88-89972-10-6 (in Italian, with an executive summary in English), available on <www.amracenter.com>.

Arena, 2010, Fluidized bed gasification of waste-derived fuels, Waste Management, 30, 1212, 10.1016/j.wasman.2010.01.038

Arena, 2011, A techno-economic comparison of fluidized bed gasification of two mixed plastic wastes, Waste Management, 31, 1494, 10.1016/j.wasman.2011.02.004

Azapagic, 2004

Brunner, 2004, Thermal waste treatment – a necessary element for sustainable waste management

Buekens A. and Cen K. 2011. Waste incineration, PVC, and dioxins. J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag., doi 10.1007/s10163-011-0018-9.

CEWEP 2011. Environmentally sound use of bottom ash. available on <www.cewep.eu>.

Consonni, 2005, Alternative strategies for energy recovery from municipal solid waste. Part A: Mass and energy balances, Waste Management, 25, 123, 10.1016/j.wasman.2004.09.007

Consonni S. and Viganò F. 2010. A Comparative Analysis of Two Waste Gasification technologies. 3rd Int. Symposium on Energy from Biomass and Waste, Venice, Italy 8 – 11 November 2010. CISA Publisher, Italy-ISBN 978-88-6265-008-3.

C-Tech 2003. Thermal methods of municipal waste treatment. C-Tech Innovation Ltd., UK. Biffaward Programme on Sustainable Resource Use. Accessed 1st April 2010. Available at: <http://www.ctechinnovation.com/thermal.pdf>.

Defra, 2007

Defra, 2007

de Souza-Santos, 2004

Devi, 2003, A review of the primary measures for tar elimination in biomass gasification process, Biomass & Bioenergy, 24, 125, 10.1016/S0961-9534(02)00102-2

E4tech 2009. Review of Technologies for Gasification of Biomass and Wastes. NNFCC project 98/008, available on <www.nnfcc.co.uk>.

European Commission – Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control 2006. Reference Document on the Best Available Techniques for Waste Incineration, available on ftp://ftp.jrc.es/pub/eippcb/doc/wi_bref_0806.pdf.

Gomez, 2009, Thermal plasma technology for the treatment of wastes: a critical review, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 161, 614, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.04.017

Grace, 1986, Contacting modes and behaviour classification of gas-solid and other two-phase suspensions, Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 64, 353, 10.1002/cjce.5450640301

Grimshaw A.J. and Lago A. 2010. Small Scale Energos Gasification Technology. 3rd Int. Symposium on Energy from Biomass and Waste, Venice, Italy, 8–11 November, 2010. CISA Publisher, Italy-ISBN 978-88-6265-008-3.

Hankalin, V., Helanti, V., Isaksson, J., 2011. High efficiency power production by gasification. In: Thirteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, 3–7 October 2011, S. Margherita di Pula, Cagliari, Italy. CISA Publisher, Italy. ISBN 978-88-6265-000-7.

Harada 2003. Mitsui Recycling 21–Pyrolysis Gasification and Melting Process – Toyohashi R21 Plant. IEA presentation.

Heermann C., Schwager F.J., Whiting K.J. 2001. Pyrolysis & Gasification of Waste. A Worldwide Technology & Business Review. 2nd Edition. Juniper Consultancy Services Ltd.

Hetland J., Lynum S., Santen S. 2011. Sustainable energy from waste by gasification and plasma cracking, featuring safe and inert rendering of residues. Recent experiences for reclaiming energy and ferrochrome from the tannery industry, available on <www.enviroarc.com/papers.asp>.

Higman C. and van der Burgt M. 2003. Gasification, Gulf Professional Publishing.

Hitachi Zosen 2011. Technical Report, available on <www.hitachizosen.co.jp/english/plant>.

ISWA 2006. Management of Bottom Ash from WTE Plants, ISWA-WG Thermal Treatment Subgroup Bottom Ash from WTE-Plants, available on <www.iswa.org>.

ISWA 2008. Management of APC residues from WTE Plants, ISWA-WG Thermal Treatment of Waste, 2 ed., available on <www.iswa.org>.

Japanese Advanced Environment Equipment 2011. Mitsui Recycling 21 Pyrolysis Gasification and Melting Process for Municipal Waste, available on <www.gec.ip/JSIM_DATA/WASTE/WASTE_3/html/Doc_436.html>.

Juniper Consultancy Services Ltd., 2007. Independent Waste Technology Report – Nippon Steel – Gasification – Full Process Review.

Juniper Rating Gasification Report 2009, available on <www.juniper.co.uk>.

Kaupp A. and Goss J.R. 1981. State of the art report for small-scale gas producer engine systems. University of California Davis.

Kawaguchi, 2002, Studies on the pyrolysis behavior of gasification and melting systems for municipal solid waste, Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 4, 102

Kenou-Kennan, Kankyou-Kumiai 2006. Emissions Data of JFE Nagasaki Plant. Compliance source test report, April-June 2006.

Knoef, 2005

Kobelco 2011. Technical Report, available on <www.kobelco-eco.co.jp/english/BusinessContents/WasteTreatment>.

Kunii, 1991

Lemmens, 2007, Assessment of plasma gasification of high caloric waste streams, Waste Management, 27, 1562, 10.1016/j.wasman.2006.07.027

Li, 2004, Biomass gasification in a circulating fluidized bed, Biomass & Bioenergy, 26, 171, 10.1016/S0961-9534(03)00084-9

Lombardi, 2012, Analysis of energy recovery potential using innovative technologies of waste gasification, Waste Management., 32, 640, 10.1016/j.wasman.2011.07.019

Malkow, 2004, Novel and innovative pyrolysis and gasification technologies for energy efficient and environmentally sound MSW disposal, Waste Management, 24, 53, 10.1016/S0956-053X(03)00038-2

Mastellone, 2008, Olivine as a tar removal catalyst during fluidized bed gasification of plastic waste, AIChE Journal, 54, 1656, 10.1002/aic.11497

Mastellone M.L., Santoro D., Zaccariello L., Arena U. 2010a. The effect of oxygen-enriched air on the fluidized bed co-gasification of coal, plastics and wood. 3rd Int. Symposium on Energy from Biomass and Waste, Venice, Italy, 8–11 November, 2010. CISA Publisher, Italy-ISBN 978-88-6265-008-3.

Mastellone, 2010, Co-gasification of coal, plastic waste and wood in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor, Fuel, 89, 2991, 10.1016/j.fuel.2010.05.019

McKay, 2002, Dioxin characterization, formation and minimization during municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration: a review, Chemical Engineering Journal, 86, 343, 10.1016/S1385-8947(01)00228-5

Milne, 1998

Morrin S., Lettieri P., Mazzei L., Chapman C. 2010. Assessment of fluid bed + plasma gasification for energy conversion from solid waste. 3rd Int. Symposium on Energy from Biomass and Waste, Venice, Italy, 8–11 November, 2010. CISA Publisher, Italy-ISBN 978-88-6265-008-3.

Moustakas, 2005, Demonstration plasma gasification/vitrification system for effective hazardous waste treatment, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 123, 120, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.03.038

NETL-U.S. DOE 1995. Refinery Technology Profiles. Gasification and Supporting Technologies, available on <www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/gasification>.

Okuwaki, 2004, Feedstock recycling of plastics in Japan, Polymer Degradation & Stability, 85, 981, 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.01.023

Pinto, 2007, Effect of catalysts in the quality of syngas and by-products obtained by co-gasification of coal and wastes. 1. Tars and nitrogen compounds abatement, Fuel, 86, 2052, 10.1016/j.fuel.2007.01.019

Pinto, 2008, Effect of catalysts in the quality of syngas and by-products obtained by co-gasification of coal and wastes. 2. Heavy metals, sulphur and halogen compounds abatement, Fuel, 87, 1050, 10.1016/j.fuel.2007.06.014

Porteous, 2005, Why energy from waste incineration is an essential component of environmentally responsible waste management, Waste Management, 25, 451, 10.1016/j.wasman.2005.02.008

Psomopoulos, 2009, Waste-to-energy: a review of the status and benefits in USA, Waste Management, 29, 1718, 10.1016/j.wasman.2008.11.020

Rechberger H. and Schöller G. 2006. Comparison of Relevant Air Emissions from Selected Combustion Technologies. Project CAST. CEWEP – Congress, Waste-to-Energy in European Policy, 18 May 2006.

Samaras P., Karagiannidis A., Kalogirou E., Themelis N., Kontogianni St. 2010. An inventory of characteristics and treatment processes for fly ash from waste-to-energy facilities for municipal solid wastes, 3rd Int. Symposium on Energy from Biomass and Waste, Venice, Italy, 8–11 November, 2010. CISA Publisher, Italy-ISBN 978-88-6265-008.

Selinger, A., Steiner, Ch., Shin, K. 2003. TwinRec—Bridging the gap of car recycling in Europe, presented at Int. Automobile Recycling Congress, Geneva (CH), March 12–14.

Shibaike H., Takamiya K., Hoshizawa Y., Kato Y., Tanaka H., Kotani K., Nishi T. Takada J. 2005. Development of high-performance direct melting process for municipal solid waste. Nippon Steel Technical Report, available on <www.nsc.co.jp/en/tech/report/pdf/n9205.pdf>.

Stantec 2010. Waste to Energy. A technical review of municipal solid waste thermal treatment practices. Final Report for Environmental Quality Branch Environmental Protection Division. Project No.: 1231-10166, available at <www.env.gov.bc.ca/epd/mun-waste/reports/pdf/bcmoe-wte-emmissions-rev-mar2011.pdf>.

Steiner C., Kameda O., Oshita T., Sato T. 2002. EBARA’s Fluidized Bed Gasification: Atmospheric 2 x 225 tons/day for Shredding Residues Recycling and Two-stage Pressurized 30 tons/day for Ammonia Synthesis from Waste Plastics, in Proc. of The 2nd Int. Symp. on Feedstock Recycling of Plastics, Oostende September 9, available on <www.ebara.ch/downloads/ebara_ISFR02_EBARA_manuscript_Oostend.pdf>.

Stieglitz, 1987, On formation conditions of PCDD/PCDF in fly ash from municipal waste incinerators, Chemosphere, 16, 1917, 10.1016/0045-6535(87)90188-3

Suzuki, A., Nagayama, S., 2011. High efficiency WtE power plant using high-temperature gasifying and direct melting furnace, In: Thirteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, 3-7 October 2011, S. Margherita di Pula, Cagliari, Italy. CISA Publisher, Italy. ISBN 978-88-6265-000-7.

Tanigaki, 2011, Co-gasification of municipal solid waste and material recovery in a large-scale gasification and melting system, Waste Management, 32, 667, 10.1016/j.wasman.2011.10.019

TŰV Nord Umweltschutz 2007. Report on emission measurements on Averøy Waste Incinerator. 11-07-2007.

UCR-University of California Riverside 2009. Evaluation of emissions from thermal conversion technologies processing municipal solid waste and biomass. Final Report for BioEnergy Producers Ass., available on <www.bioenergyproducers.org/documents/ucr_emissions_report.pdf>.

US-EPA Environmental Protection Agency 2003. Letter to President of Integrated Waste Service Association, available on <www.wte.org/docs/epaletter.pdf>.

Vehlow, 2005, Dioxins in Waste Combustion–Conclusions from 20 Years of Research, Bioenergy Australia 2005, Melbourne, December, 12, 13

Williams R.B., Jenkins B.M., Nguyen D. 2003. Solid waste conversion. A review and database of current and emerging technologies. University of California Davis. Final Report IWM-C0172.

Willis, 2010

Young, 2010

Zeus GGD-Global Gasification Database 2011., available on <www.zeuslibrary.com/syngas/gasification>.

Zevenhoven-Onderwater, 2001, The ash chemistry in fluidized bed gasification of biomass fuels. Part I: predicting the ash chemistry of melting ashes and ash-bed material interaction, Fuel, 80, 1489, 10.1016/S0016-2361(01)00026-6