Problems of PGE metallogenesis related to mafic–ultramafic complexes in North Xinjiang, China

Amelin, 2000, Nd-Pb-Sr isotope systematics of crustal assimilation in the Voisey’s Bay and Mushuau intrusions, Labrador, Canada, Economic Geology, 95, 815 Barnes, 1993, The behaviour of platinum-group elements during partial melting, crystal fractionation, and sulphide segregation: an example from the Cape Smith Fold Belt, northern Quebec, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 57, 79, 10.1016/0016-7037(93)90470-H Barnes, 2001, Proton microprobe results for the partitioning of platinum-group elements between monosulphide solid solution and sulphide liquid, South African Journal of Geology, 104, 275, 10.2113/gssajg.104.4.275 Bezmen, 1994, Experimental determinations of sulfide-silicate partitioning of PGE and Au, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 58, 1251, 10.1016/0016-7037(94)90379-4 Borisov, 2000, Solubilities of noble metals in Fe-containing silicate melts as derived from experiments in Fe-free systems, American Mineralogist, 85, 1665, 10.2138/am-2000-11-1209 Brugmann, 1987, Noble metal abundances in komatiite suites from Alexo Ontario and Gorgona Island, Columbia, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 51, 2159, 10.1016/0016-7037(87)90265-1 Brugmann, 1990, The platinum-group element distribution in the Dumont Sill Quebec. Implications for the formation of Ni sulfide mineralization, Mineralogy and Petrology, 40, 97, 10.1007/BF01162686 Brugmann, 1993, Siderophile and chalcophile metals as tracers of the evolution of the Siberian Traps in the Noril’sk Region, Russion, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 57, 2001, 10.1016/0016-7037(93)90089-F Capobianco, 1990, Partitioning of ruthenium, rhodium and palladium between spinel and silicate melt and implication for platinum-group element fraction trends, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 54, 869, 10.1016/0016-7037(90)90379-Y Carr, 1999, The petrogenesis of Merensky Reef potholes at the Western Platinum Mine, Bushveld complex: Sr-isotopic evidence for synmagmatic deformation, Mineralium Deposita, 34, 335, 10.1007/s001260050208 Chai, F.M., 2006. Comparison on petrologic geochemistry of three mafic–ultramafic intrusions associated with Ni-Cu sulfide deposits in North Xinjiang. Ph.D. thesis, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, p. 154 (in Chinese with English abstract). Chai, 2006, Petrography and mineralogy of Baishiquan Cu- Ni-bearing mafic–ultramafic intrusions in Xinjiang, Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica, 25, 1 Chen, 1994, Isotopic Geochemistry of Ore-forming Process in Jianchaling Nickel Deposit, Shannxi province, 56 Chen, 1995, Neodymium and strontium isotopic geochemistry of mafic–ultramafic intrusions from Qingbulake rock belt, west Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang, Geochimica, 24, 121 Coleman, 1989, Continental growth of northwest China, Tectonics, 8, 621, 10.1029/TC008i003p00621 Czamanske, 1995, Petrographic and geochemical characterisation of ore-bearing intrusions of the Noril’sk type Siberia: with discussion of their origin, Resource Geology Special Issue, 18, 1 Czamanske, 2000, Geochemical, isotopic, and SHRIMP age data form Precambrian basement rocks, Permian volcanic rocks, and sedimentary host rocks to the ore-bearing intrusions, Noril’sk-tanlnakh district, Siberian Russia, International Geology Review, 42, 895, 10.1080/00206810009465117 Faggert, 1985, Origin of the Sudbury Complex by meteorite impact: neodymium isotopic evidence, Science, 230, 436, 10.1126/science.230.4724.436 Fleet, 1999, Laboratory partitioning of platinum-group elements (PGE) and gold with application to magmatic sulfide-PGE deposits, Lithos, 47, 127, 10.1016/S0024-4937(99)00011-0 Fu, 2009, Metallogenic magmatism of Huangshan Cu-Ni sulfide deposit in Xinjiang, Geochimica, 38, 434 Gao, 2009, A comparison of trace element geochemical characteristics between the Platreef deposit of Bushveld Complex and the Jinchuan Cu-Ni-PGE sulfide deposit and its significance, Geology in China, 36, 268 1984 Green, 1975, Genesis of Archean peridotitic magmas and constraints on Archean geothermal gradients and tectonics, Geology, 3, 15, 10.1130/0091-7613(1975)3<15:GOAPMA>2.0.CO;2 Grinenko, 1985, Sources of sulfur of the nickeliferous and barren gabbro-dolerite intrusions of the northwest Siberian platform, International Geology Review, 27, 695, 10.1080/00206818509466457 Guan, 2006, Lithogeochemistry of the sulfide-bearing mafic–ultramafic rock at Baimazhai, Jinping, southern Yunnan, Chinese Journal of Geology, 41, 441 Han, 1999, Post-collisional mantle-derived magmatism, underplating and implications for basement of the Junggar basin, Science in China (Series D), 42, 113, 10.1007/BF02878509 Han, 2006, Re-Os isotopic analysis of the Kalatongke Cu-Ni sulfide deposit, North Xinjiang, NW China, and its geological implication, Acta Petrologica Sinica, 22, 163 Harmer, 1985, Field relationship and Sr isotope systematics of the marginal rocks of eastern Bushveld Complex, Economic Geology, 80, 813, 10.2113/gsecongeo.80.4.813 Hartmann, 1996, PGE and Au in MORB glasses from depleted mantle melting and in alkali basalts from metasomatized mantle melting Hawkesworth, 1995, Magma differentiation and mineralization in the Siberian continental flood basalts, Lithos, 34, 61, 10.1016/0024-4937(94)00033-X Hulbert, 1988, Geological Environments of Platinum Group Elements, 10.4095/130338 Irvine, 1971, A guide to the chemical classification of the common volcanic rocks, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 8, 523, 10.1139/e71-055 Jiang, 2004, Petrology, geochemistry and petrogenesis of the Kalpin basalts and their Nd, Sr and Pb isotopic compositions, Geological Review, 50, 492 Jiang, 2009, The petrogenesis of Kalatongke mafic rock intrusions, Xinjiang, Acta Petrologica Sinica, 25, 749 Kyser, 1986, Boninite petrogenesis and alteration history; constraints from stable isotope compositions of boninites from Caoevogel, New Caledonia and Cyprus, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 93, 222, 10.1007/BF00371324 Lai, Y.W., 2006. Magmatic sulphide copper nickel-platinum (PGE) deposit types, distribution and analysis of platinum and palladium occurrence states in Emei basalt. D. thesis, Jilin University, p. 86 (in Chinese with English abstract). Lambert, 1994, Re-Os and Sm-Nd isotope geochemistry of the Stillwater complex, Montana: implications for the petrogenesis of the J-M reef, Journal of Petrology, 35, 1717, 10.1093/petrology/35.6.1717 Lambert, 1999, Re-Os isotopic systematics of the Voisey’s Bay Ni-Cu-Co magmatic ore system, Labrador, Canada, Lithos, 47, 69, 10.1016/S0024-4937(99)00008-0 Lei, 2008, Geochemical and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic characteristics of the Dalabute ophiolite, Xinjiang: comparison between the Paleo-Asian ocean and the Tethyan mantle domains, Acta Petrologica Sinica, 24, 661 Lesher, 1993, Geochemical and fluid dynamic controls on the composition of komatiite-hosted nickel sulphide ores in Western Australia, Economic Geology, 88, 804, 10.2113/gsecongeo.88.4.804 Li, G.Z., 2008. Magma evolution and sulfide mineralization of the Karatongk Ni-Cu sulfide deposit, Xinjiang, China. M.S. thesis, Lanzhou University, p. 56 (in Chinese with English abstract). Li, 1993, Sulfide capacity of magma: a quantitative model and its application to the formation of the sulfide ores at Sudbury, Economic Geology, 88, 1253, 10.2113/gsecongeo.88.5.1253 Li, 1991, A research about mineralizing conditions and prospecting target of PGE in Xinjiang, Northwest Geoscience, 33, 1 Li, 1996 Li, 1998 Li, 2000, Contrasting petrological and geochemical relationships in the Voisey’s Bay and Mushuau intrusions, Labrador, Canada: implications for ore genesis, Economic Geology, 95, 771 Li, 2006, Re-Os isotopic dataing of the Xiangshan deposit, East Tianshan, NW China, Acta Petrologica Sinica, 22, 245 Lightfoot, 1997, Flood basalts and magmatic Ni, Cu, and PGE sulphide mineralization: comparative geochemistry of the Noril’sk (Siberian Traps) and West Greenland sequences, vol. 100, 357 Lightfoot, 1984, Chemical variation of the Insizwa Complex Transkei and the nature of the parent magma, Canadian Mineralogist, 22, 111 Liu, 1993, New advances in the ore-forming theory of Cu-Ni sulfide deposits, Geological Science and Technology Information, 12, 77 Liu, 2002, Discussion on PGE deposit types in China, Geology and Prospecting, 38, 1 Liu, 1984 Liu, 2004, Mineralization characters and perspective analysis of super-large-sized ore deposits in Xinjiang and its adjacent areas, Geology and Mineral Resources of South China, 3, 1 Liu, 2008, PGE mineralization of layered intrusions in Panxi rift region, China, Earth Science Frontiers, 15, 269 Lorand, 1993, Copper and noble metal enrichments across the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary of the mantle diapers: evidence from the Lanzo lherzolite massif, Journal of Petrology, 34, 1111, 10.1093/petrology/34.6.1111 Luo, H.B., 1992. The major nickel-copper sulfide deposits and their genesis of China. D. thesis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, p. 98 (in Chinese with English abstract). Luo, 2000, The origin of copper-nickel sulfide deposits—exemplified by Noril’sk (Russia) and Jinchuan (China), Mineral Deposits, 19, 330 Lv, 2007, Temporal-spatial distribution and geodynamic settings of magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) sulfide deposits in China, Acta Petrologica Sinica, 23, 2561 Ma, Z.P., 2007. Ophiolite and evolutionary processes of Paleozoic Ocean-basin in Tianshan and adjacent areas. Ph.D. thesis, Northwest University, p. 129 (in Chinese with English abstract). Maier, 2000, Progressive crustal contamination of the Bushveld complex: evidence from Nd isotopic analyses of the cumulate rocks, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 140, 316, 10.1007/s004100000186 Mao, 2002, Re-Os dating of Cu-Ni sulfide ores from Huangshandong deposit in Xinjiang and its geodynamic significance, Mineral Deposits, 21, 323 Mao, 2006, Late Variscan post-collisional Cu-Ni sulfide deposits in East Tianshan and Altay in China: principal characteristics and possible relationship with mantle plume, Acta Geologica Sinica, 80, 925 McBirney, 2003, The Skaergaard layered series, Part VII: Sr and Nd isotopes, Journal of Petrology, 44, 757, 10.1093/petrology/44.4.757 Meng, G.L., 2008. Studies of Cu-Ni sulfide mineralization in the Huangshandong mafic–ultramafic intrusion, Hami, Xinjiang. M.S. thesis, Lanzhou University, p. 54 (in Chinese with English abstract). Molnar, 2001, Multiple hydrothermal processes in footwall units of the North Range, Sudbury igneous complex, Canada, and implications for the genesis of vein-type Cu-Ni-PGE deposits, Economic Geology, 96, 1645, 10.2113/gsecongeo.96.7.1645 Mu, 1996, On the characteristics and forming mechanism of the rich and shallow-seated ores in the Huangshan copper-nickel deposit Hami, Xinjiang, Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology, 16, 58 Naldrett, 1999, World class Ni-Cu-PGE deposits: key factors in their genesis, Mineralium Deposita, 34, 227, 10.1007/s001260050200 Naldrett, 2004 Naldrett, 1986, Contamination at Sudbury and its role in ore formation, 75 Naldrett, 1993, Geology and geochemistry of intrusions and flood basalts of the Noril’sk Region, USSR, with implications for origin of the Ni-Cu ores, Economic Geology, 87, 975, 10.2113/gsecongeo.87.4.975 Naldrett, 2008, The concentration of PGE in the earth’s crust with special reference to the Bushveld complex, Earth Science Frontiers, 15, 264, 10.1016/S1872-5791(09)60006-3 Pan, 1994, Geochemistry characteristics and their relationship to the metallogeny of ore-bearing rockbody No. Y1 at Kalatongke, Xinjiang, Acta Petrologica Sinica, 10, 261 Pan, 2008, Geochronology, geochemistry and tectonic implications of Permian basalts in Hongliuhe area on the border between Xinjiang and Gansu, Acta Petrologica Sinica, 24, 793 Qian, 2009, Geochemistry characters of platinum-group elements and its significances on the process of mineralization in the Kalatongke Cu-Ni sulfide deposit, Xinjiang, China, Acta Petrologica Sinica, 25, 832 Qin, 2007, Ore potential of protoliths and modes of Co-Ni occurrence in Tulargen and Baishiquan Cu-Ni-Co deposits, East Tianshan, Xinjiang, Mineral Deposits, 26, 1 Qiu, 1991 Rad’ko, 1991, Model of dynamic differentiation of intrusive traps in the northwestern Siberian platform, Soviet Geology and Geophysics, 32, 70 Ran, 1994, Trace element abundances and tectonic environment of the host intrusion of Kalatongke Cu-Ni deposit, Geochimica, 23, 392 Ringwood, 1991, Phase transformation and their bearing on the constitution and dynamics of the mantle, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 55, 2083, 10.1016/0016-7037(91)90090-R Ripley, 1981, Sulphur isotopic abundances of the Dunka Road Cu-Ni deposit, Duluth complex, Minnesota, Economic Geology, 76, 619, 10.2113/gsecongeo.76.3.610 Saunders, 1988, Origin of MORB and chemically depleted mantle reservoirs: trace element constraints, Journal of Petrology (Special Lithosphere Issue), 425 Shen, 2003, Formation age and geochemical characteristics of the Lengshuiqing body, Yanbian, Sichuan province, Acta Petrologica Sinica, 19, 27 Su, 2004, Advances in mineralization associated with mafic–ultramafic igneous rocks, Geoscience, 18, 454 Su, 2007, Geochemistry behavior of platinum group elements (PGE) and main types of PGE deposits in the world, Geoscience, 21, 361 Sun, 2008, REE characteristics of basic-ultrabasic rocks from the Jingbulake belt in Xinjiang, Journal of University of Science and Technology of China, 38, 347 Sun, 2006, Petrographic and geochemical characteristics of the Tulargen Cu-Ni-Co sulfide deposit, Eastern Tianshan, and its tectonic setting, Geology in China, 33, 606 Sun, 2007, Petrological characteristics and copper-nickel ore-forming processes of Early Permian mafic–ultramafic intrusion belts in East Tianshan, Mineral Deposits, 26, 98 Sun, 2008, Constraint of mantle partial melting on PGE mineralization of mafic–ultramafic intrusions in Eastern Tianshan: case study on Tulargen and Xiangshan Cu-Ni deposits, Acta Petrologica Sinica, 24, 1079 Tang, 2004, The accumulation and evolution of metallogenic series of the mafic–ultramafic magmatic deposits in China, Earth Science Frontiers, 11, 113 Tang, 1995 Tang, 1996, Metallogenic series types of Cu-Ni (Pt) deposits related to basic-ultrabasic rocks in China, Acta Geologica Gansu, 5, 50 Tang, 2006 Tang, 2007, Regional metallogenic controls of small-intrusion-hosted Ni-Cu(PGE) ore deposits in China, Earth Science Frontiers, 14, 92, 10.1016/S1872-5791(07)60038-4 Taylor, 1985 Tu, 1993, Some characteristics of the geological evolution, diagenesis and mineralization of North Xinjiang, 3 2005 Walker, 1991, Re-Os isotope systematics of Ni-Cu sulfide ores, Sudbury igneous complex, Ontario: evidence for a major crustal component, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 105, 416, 10.1016/0012-821X(91)90182-H Walker, 1994, Re-Os isotopic evidence for an enriched-mantle source for the Noril’sk-type, ore-bearing intrusions, Siberia, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 58, 4179, 10.1016/0016-7037(94)90272-0 Wang, R.T., 2002. The comparative study on mineralization of Jianchaling and Jinchuan nickel-copper sulfide deposits. Ph.D. thesis, Northwest University, p. 143 (in Chinese with English abstract). Wang, 2008, Origin of the Permian Baimazhai magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) sulfide deposits, Yunnan: implications for the relationship of crustal contamination and mineralization, Bulletin of Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry, 27, 332 Wang, Y.W., 2009. Mineralization related to post-collisional mafic–ultramafic complex in North Xinjiang. Ph.D. thesis, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, p. 140 (in Chinese with English abstract). Wang, 2006, Post-collisional tectonic evolution and metallogenesis in northern Xinjiang, China, Acta Geologica Sinica, 80, 23 Wang, 1991 Wang, 1987, The conditions of controlling metallogeny of Cu, Ni sulphide ore deposits and the orientation of finding ore Hami, Xinjiang, China, Minerals and Rocks, 7, 1 Wang, 2004, The Junggar immature continental crust province and its mineralization, Acta Geologica Sinica, 78, 337 Wang, 2004, Geochemical characteristics of platinum group elements in Jinchuan super-large sulfide copper-nickel deposit, Geotectonica et Metallogenica, 8, 279 Wang, 2004, REE characteristics of the Kalatongke Cu-Ni deposit, Xinjiang, China, Acta Geologica Sinica, 78, 396 Wang, 2004, REE characteristics of Cu-Ni sulfide deposits in the Hami area, Xinjiang, Acta Petrologica Sinica, 20, 935 Wang, 2005, Weiya vanadium-bearing titianomagnetite deposit, Xinjiang—a polygenetic magmatic differentiation—magmatic injection—magmatic hydrothermal deposit, Mineral Deposits, 24, 349 Wang, 2006, Ore deposits as a guide to the tectonic evolution in the East Tianshan Mountains, NW China, Geology in China, 33, 461 Wang, 2006, An intermediate type of Cu-Ni sulfide and V-Ti magnetite deposit: Xinjiang Xiangshanxi deposit, China, Acta Geologica Sinica, 80, 61 Wang, 2007, Dating and discussion on the rock-forming and ore-forming age of newly-discovered Cu-Ni-sulfide deposits in Hami, Xinjiang, Acta Geologica Sinica, 81, 526 Wang, 2008, Zircon U-Pb age, Sr-Nd isotope geochemistry and geological significances of the Weiya mafic–ultramafic complex, Xinjiang. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 24, 781 Wang, 2009, Characteristics of two mafic–ultramafic rock series in the Xiangshan Cu-Ni-(V)Ti-Fe ore district, Xinjiang. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 25, 888 Wendlant, 1982, Sulfide saturation of basalt and andesite metls at high pressure and temperatures, American Mineralogist, 67, 877 Wu, 2004, Geochronology and petrogenesis of the post-orogenic Cu-Ni sulfide-bearing mafic–ultramafic complexes in Jilin Province, NE China, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 23, 781, 10.1016/S1367-9120(03)00114-7 Xia, 2008, Geochemistry and petrogenesis for Hulu intrusion in East Tianshan, Xinjiang, Acta Petrologica Sinica, 24, 2749 Xiao, 1990, On the tectonic evolution of the northern Xinjiang, northwest China, Geoscience of Xinjiang, 47 Xie, 1980, Petrochemical characteristics of the anorthosite suite in Damiao, Hebei province, China. Geochemica, 3, 263 Xie, 1998, Genetic mechanisms of the Jinchuan ultramafic intrusion and associated super-large sulfide deposit, Northwest China, Science in China, Series, D41, 31 Yang, 1997, Discussion on characters of minerogenic magma and source area in Jinchuan Cu-Ni sulfide deposit, Acta Geologica Gansu, 6, 44 Yang, 2005, The forming mechanisms of Hongqiling mafic and ultramafic intrusive bodies and Cu-Ni sulfide deposits, Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition), 35, 593 Yang, 2007, Re-Os “ages” of Jinchuan copper-nickel sulfide deposit and their significance, Geochimica, 36, 27 Yao, 1988 Zhang, 1987, Geological characteristics and ore potentiality of mafic–ultramafic complex in Huangshandong, Xinjiang, Northwestern Geology, 4, 15 Zhang, 1992, The ages and tectonic settings of ophiolites in west Junggar, Xinjiang, Geological Review, 38, 509 Zhang, 1988 Zhang, 2004, Age of the Jinchuan copper-nickel deposit and isotopic geochemical feature of its source, Acta Geologica Sinica78(3), 359 Zhang, 2005, Re-Os dating and ore-forming material tracing of the Karatungk Cu-Ni sulfide deposit in northern Xinjiang, Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica, 24, 285 Zhang, 2006, Sr, Nd and O isotope geochemistry of the mafic–ultramafic complexes in the south margin of Altay orogenic belt and discussion on their sources, Geological Review, 52, 38 Zhang, 2006, SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating of diorite from Qingbulake basic complex in western Tianshan Mountains of Xinjiang and its geological significance, Acta Geologica Sinica, 80, 1006 Zhang, 2007, Geochemistry of three layered mafic–ultramafic intrusions in the Panxi area and constraints on their sources, Acta Petrologica Sinica, 23, 2339 Zhao, Q.G., 2006. Chronology and geochemical characteristics of Chibosong mafic–ultramafic rocks from Tonghua and its constraints on ore-forming process. M.S. thesis, Jilin University, p. 71 (in Chinese with English abstract). Zheng, Z., 2006. Geochemistry features and dynamics finger prints of Emeishan Large Igneous Province. M.S. thesis, Chinese Academy of Sciences, p. 134 (in Chinese with English abstract). Zhou, 2003, Lithogeochemistry of Meso- and Neoproterozoic mafic–ultramafic rocks from northern Guangxi, Acta Petrologica Sinica, 19, 9 Zhou, 2004, Geochemistry and petrogenesis of 270 Ma Ni-Cu-(PGE) sulfide-bearing mafic intrusions in the Huangshan district, Eastern Xinjiang, Northwest China: implications for the tectonic evolution of the Central Asian orogenic belt, Chemical Geology, 209, 233, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.05.005 Zhu, W.G., 2004. Geochemical characteristics and tectonic setting of Neoproterozoic mafic–ultramafic rocks in western margin of the Yangtze Craton—exampled by the Gaojiacun complex and Lengshuiqing No.101 complex. Ph.D. thesis, Chinese Academy of Sciences, p. 125 (in Chinese with English abstract).