Safdar N, Dezfulian C, Collard H, Saint S. Clinical and economic consequences of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a systematic review. Crit Care Med. 2005;33:2184–93.
Muscedere J, Martin C, Heyland D. The direct burden of illness from ventilator associated pneumonia. J Crit Care. 2008;23:5–10.
Muscedere J, Dodek P, Keenan S, Fowler R, Cook D, Heyland D, et al. Comprehensive evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for ventilator-associated pneumonia: prevention. J Crit Care. 2008;23:126–37.
Joint FAO/WHO Working Group. Guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food: report of a joint FAO/WHO working group on drafting guidelines for the evaluation of probitoics in food, London, Ontario, Canada. 2002. Available at: http://www.fermented-foods.net/wgreport2.pdf. Accessed December 26, 2014.
Marshall J. The gastrointestinal flora and its alterations in critical illness. Curr Opin Crit Care. 1999;5:119–25.
Brenchley J, Douek D. Microbial translocation across the GI tract. Annu Rev Immunol. 2012;30:149–73.
Siempos I, Ntaidou T, Falagas M. Impact of the administration of probiotics on the incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care Med. 2010;38:954–62.
Morrow L, Kollef M, Casale T. Probiotic prophylaxis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182:1058–64.
Petrof E, Dhaliwal R, Manzanares W, Johnstone J, Cook D, Heyland D. Probiotics in the critically ill. Crit Care Med. 2012;40(12):3290–302.
Hao Q, Lu Z, Dong BR, Huang CQ, Wu T. Probiotics for preventing acute upper respiratory tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; CD006895.
Hempel S, Newberry SJ, Maher AR, Wang Z, Miles J, Shanman R, et al. Probiotics for the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2012;307:1959–69.
Ritchie ML, Romanuk TN. A meta-analysis of probiotic efficacy for gastrointestinal diseases. PLoS One. 2012;7(4), e34938.
Johnson S, Maziade PJ, McFarland LV, Trick W, Donskey C, Currie B, et al. Is primary prevention of Clostridium difficile infection possible with specific probiotics? Int J Infect Dis. 2012;16(11):786–92.
Ranson J, Rifkind K, Roses D, Fink SD, Eng K, Spencer FC. Prognostic signs and the role of operative management in acute pancreatitis. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1974;139:69–81.
Gorbach S. Probiotics and gastrointestinal health. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95:S2–4.
Wischmeyer PE, Khailova L. Probiotic administration reduces mortality and improves intestinal epithelial homeostasis in experimental sepsis. Shock. 2012;37:Abstract Supplement.
Ferrie S, Daley M. Lactobacillus GG as treatment for diarrhea during enteral feeding in critical illness: randomized controlled trial. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2011;35:43–9.
Grossman R, Fein A. Evidence-based assessment of diagnostic tests for ventilator-associated pneumonia: executive summary. Chest. 2000;117:177S–81.
Pugin J, Auckenthaler P, Mill N, Janssens JP, Lew D, Suter PM. Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia by bacteriologic analysis of bronchoscopic and nonbronchoscopic “blind” bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991;143:1121–9.
Heyland D, Muscedere J, Wischmeyer P, Cook DJ, Jones G, Elke G, et al. A randomized trial of high dose glutamine and anti-oxidants in critically ill patient with multi-organ failure. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1489–97.
Cook D, Walter S, Cook R, Griffith L, Guyatt G, Leasa D, et al. Incidence of and risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129:433–44.
Calandra T, Cohen J. For the International Sepsis Forum Definition of Infection in the ICU Consensus Conference. Crit Care Med. 2005;7:1538–48.
Cohen S, Gerding D, Johnson S, Kelly C, Loo V, McDonald L, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010;31:431–55.
Hickson M, D’Souza AL, Muthu N, Rogers T, Want S, Rajkumar C, et al. Use of probiotic Lactobacillus preparation to prevent diarrhoea associated with antibiotics: randomised double blind placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 2007;335(7610):80.
Cook D, Lauzier F, Rocha MG, Sayles MJ, Finfer S. Serious adverse events in academic critical care research. CMAJ. 2008;178:1181–4.
DAMOCLES Study Group. A proposed charter for clinical trial data monitoring committees: helping them to do their job well. Lancet. 2005;365:711–22.
Thabane L, Ma J, Chu R, Cheng J, Ismaila A, Rios LP, et al. A tutorial on pilot studies: the what, why and how. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2010;10:1. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/10/1.
Arnold DM, Lauzier M, Rabbat C, Zytaruk N, Barlow-Cash B, Clarke F, et al. Adjudication of bleeding outcomes in an international thromboprophylaxis trial in critical illness. Thromb Res. 2013;131:204–9.
Walter SD, Cook DJ, Guyatt G, King DB, Troyan S. Outcome assessment for clinical trials: how many adjudicators do we need? Control Clin Trials. 1997;18:27–42.
Heels-Ansdell D, Saunders L, Zytaruk N, Southon J, Barlow Cash B, Lutz K, et al. Methods center personnel costs for adjudication of 5 morbidity outcomes in a thromboprophylaxis trial. Am Rev Resp Crit Care Med. 2011;183:A1678.
Zytaruk N, Meade M, Mehta S, Hall R, Southon J, Heels-Ansdell D, et al. Adjudication calibration for pulmonary embolism in a thromboprophylaxis trial. Am J Resp Crit Care Med. 2009;179:A1582.
Dodek FLLMIP. Calibration and adjudication of thrombotic events in a thromboprophylaxis trial Canadian Critical Care Forum abstract book. 2009.
Cook DJ, Brower R, Cooper J, Brochard L, Vincent J-L. Multicentre clinical research in critical care. Crit Care Med. 2002;30:1636–43.
Marshall JC, Cook DJ, Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. Investigator-led clinical research consortia: the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. Crit Care Med. 2009;36(7):S165–72.
Arnold DA, Burns KE, Adhikari N, Kho ME, Meade MO, Cook DJ. The design and interpretation of pilot trials in critical care medicine. Crit Care Med. 2009;36(7):S69–74.
Smith OM, McDonald E, Zytaruk N, Doster D, Matte A, Clarke F, et al. Rates and determinants of informed consent: a case study of an international thromboprophylaxis trial. J Crit Care. 2013;28:28–39.
Cook D, Arabi Y, Ferguson N, Heels-Ansdell D, Freitag A, McDonald E, et al. Physicians declining patient enrollment in a critical care trial: A Case Study in thromboprophylaxis. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39:2115–25.
Lacroix J, Hébert PC, Fergusson D, Tinmouth A, Cook D, Marshall J, et al, for the ABLE investigators*and the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. The Age of Blood Trial in Critically ill Adults. N Engl J Med 2015; DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1500704.
Heyland D, Muscedere J, Wischmeyer P, Cook D, Jones G, Albert M, et al. A randomized trial of high dose glutamine and anti-oxidants in critically ill patient with multi-organ failure. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1489–97.
Ferguson ND, Cook DJ, Guyatt GH, Mehta G, Hand L, Austin P, et al. High-frequency oscillation in early acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(9):798–805.
Mehta S, Burry LD, Cook DJ, for the SLEAP Investigators and the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group, et al. Daily sedation interruption in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients cared for with a sedation protocol: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2012;308(19):1985–92.
Cook DJ, Meade M, Guyatt G, for the PROTECT (Prophylaxis for ThromboEmbolism in Critical Care Trial) Investigators for the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group, et al. A Randomized Trial of Dalteparin versus Unfractionated Heparin in Critically Ill Patients. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(14):1305–14.
Cook D, McDonald E, Smith O, for the PROTECT Investigators and the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group, et al. Co-enrollment of critically ill patients into multiple studies: patterns, predictors and consequences. Crit Care. 2013;17:R1.
Cook DJ, Hand L, Austin P, for the OSCILLATE Investigators and the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group, et al. Coenrolment in a randomized trial of high frequency oscillation in ARDS: Prevalence, patterns, predictors and outcomes. Crit Care Med. 2014;43(2):328–38.