Probing the structural variations of thin film composite RO membranes obtained by coating polyamide over polysulfone membranes of different pore dimensions

Petersen, 1993, Composite reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes, J. Membr. Sci., 83, 81, 10.1016/0376-7388(93)80014-O

J.E. Cadotte, US Patent 4,039,440 (1977).

J.E. Cadotte, US Patent 4,277,344 (1981).

S.A. Sundet, US Patent 5,019,264 (1991).

Cadotte, 1980, A new thin film composite sea water reverse osmosis membrane, Desalination, 32, 25, 10.1016/S0011-9164(00)86003-8

Riley, 1976, Spiral-wound poly(ether amide) thin film composite membrane systems, Desalination, 19, 1113, 10.1016/S0011-9164(00)88022-4

Kurihara, 1994, Development of cross-linked fully aromatic polyamide ultra-thin composite membranes for sea water desalination, Desalination, 96, 133, 10.1016/0011-9164(94)85165-4

Kurihara, 1985, The thin film composite low-pressure reverse osmosis membranes, Desalination, 54, 75, 10.1016/0011-9164(85)80007-2

Light, 1988, Desalination of non-chlorinated surface sea water using TFC membrane elements, Desalination, 70, 47, 10.1016/0011-9164(88)85043-4

Lesan, 1990, A comparison of different classes of spiral-wound membrane elements at low-concentration feeds, Ultrapure Water, 7, 18

Riley, 1971, Composite membranes for sea water desalination by reverse osmosis, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 15, 1267, 10.1002/app.1971.070150520

Riley, 1977, Spiral-wound thin-film composite membrane systems for brackish and sea water desalination by reverse osmosis, Desalination, 23, 331, 10.1016/S0011-9164(00)82535-7

Slater, 1983, Applications of reverse osmosis to complex industrial wastewater treatment, Desalination, 48, 171, 10.1016/0011-9164(83)80015-0

Suzuki, 1991, An approach to advanced wastewater treatment featuring reverse osmosis membrane, Water Sci. Technol., 23, 1629, 10.2166/wst.1991.0617

Rozelle, 1973, Ultra-thin membranes for treatment of waste effluents by reverse osmosis, Appl. Polym. Symp., 22, 223

Bhattacharyya, 1984, Reverse osmosis membrane for treating coal-liquefaction wastewater, Environ. Prog., 3, 95, 10.1002/ep.670030209

Williams, 1990, Separation of hazardous organics by reverse osmosis membranes, Environ. Prog., 9, 118, 10.1002/ep.670090220

Lynch, 1987, Evaluation of reverse osmosis membrane to concentrate organic contaminants from water, Adv. Chem. Ser., 214, 437, 10.1021/ba-1987-0214.ch021

Fang, 1976, Reverse osmosis separation of polar organic compounds in aqueous solution, Environ. Sci. Technol., 10, 364, 10.1021/es60115a011

Comstock, 1989, Desal-5 membrane for water softening, Desalination, 76, 61, 10.1016/0011-9164(89)87039-0

Smith, 1989, Control of TOC in high purity water systems, Ultrapure Water, 6, 14

Arseneaux, 1990, A reverse osmosis system on high organic content well water, Ultrapure Water, 7, 18

Naaktgeboren, 1988, Characterization of a new reverse osmosis composite membrane for industrial application, Desalination, 68, 223, 10.1016/0011-9164(88)80057-2

Kawada, 1987, New thin film composite low-pressure reverse osmosis membranes and spiral wound modules, Desalination, 64, 387, 10.1016/0011-9164(87)90111-1

Kwak, 1997, Correlations of chemical structure, atomic force microscopy (AFM) morphology, and reverse osmosis (RO) characteristics in aromatic polyester high-flux RO membranes, J. Membr. Sci., 132, 183, 10.1016/S0376-7388(97)00077-X

Kwak, 1996, Effects of bisphenol monomer structure on the surface morphology and reverse osmosis (RO) performance of thin-film-composite membranes composed of polyphenyl esters, J. Polym. Sci. Phys., 34, 2201, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0488(19960930)34:13<2201::AID-POLB9>3.0.CO;2-Y

Hirose, 1996, Effect of skin layer surface structures on the flux behavior of RO membranes, J. Membr. Sci., 121, 209, 10.1016/S0376-7388(96)00181-0

M. Hirose, H. Ito, S. Masatoshi, K. Tanaka, Highly permeable composite reverse osmosis membrane, method of producing the same, and method of using the same, US Patent 5,614,099 (1997).

Kwak, 1999, Relationship of relaxation property to reverse osmosis permeability in aromatic polyamide thin-film-composite membranes, Polymer, 40, 6361, 10.1016/S0032-3861(98)00842-8

Kwak, 1999, Use of atomic force microscopy and solid-state NMR spectroscopy to characterize structure-property-performance correlation in high-flux reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, J. Membr. Sci., 158, 143, 10.1016/S0376-7388(99)00039-3

Roh, 1998, Effects of the polyamide molecular structure on the performance of reverse osmosis membranes, J. Polym. Sci. B, 36, 1821, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0488(199808)36:11<1821::AID-POLB3>3.0.CO;2-T

Kim, 2000, The changes of membrane performance with polyamide molecular structure in the reverse osmosis process, J. Membr. Sci., 165, 189, 10.1016/S0376-7388(99)00232-X

Freger, 2002, TFC polyamide membrane modified by grafting of hydrophilic polymers, J. Membr. Sci., 209, 283, 10.1016/S0376-7388(02)00356-3

Hirose, 1997, The relationship between polymer molecular structure of RO membrane skin layers and their RO performances, J. Membr. Sci., 123, 151, 10.1016/S0376-7388(96)00180-9

Khulbe, 2003, Study of the structure and transport of asymmetric polyamide membranes for reverse osmosis using the electron spin resonance method, Desalination, 154, 1, 10.1016/S0011-9164(03)00202-9

Freger, 2003, Mathematical model of charge and density distributions in interfacial polymerization of thin films, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 88, 1162, 10.1002/app.11716

Ahmad, 2005, Properties–performance of thin film composites membrane: study on trimesoyl chloride content and polymerization time, J. Membr. Sci., 255, 67, 10.1016/j.memsci.2005.01.021

Rao, 2003, Structure–performance correlation of polyamide thin film composite membranes: effect of coating conditions on film formation, J. Membr. Sci., 211, 13, 10.1016/S0376-7388(02)00305-8

Pouchert, 1981