Prevención y tratamiento del síndrome coronario agudo

Fuster, 1999, Acute coronary syndromes: biology, Lancet, 353, S115, 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)90234-9 Ross, 1999, Atherosclerosis-an inflammatory disease, N Engl J Med, 340, 115, 10.1056/NEJM199901143400207 Libby, 2001, Current concepts of the pathogenesis of the acute coronary syndromes, Circulation, 104, 365, 10.1161/01.CIR.104.3.365 Vanhoutte, 1995, Endothelium-dependent responses in hipertension, Hipertens Res, 18, 87, 10.1291/hypres.18.87 Schmidt, 1999, Activation of receptor for advance glycation end products: a mechanism for chronic vascular dysfunction in diabetic vasculopathy and atherosclerosis, Circ Res, 84, 489, 10.1161/01.RES.84.5.489 Puranik, 2003, Smoking and endotelial function, Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 45, 443, 10.1053/pcad.2003.YPCAD13 Danesh, 1997, Chronic infections and coronary artery disease: is there a link?, Lancet, 350, 430, 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)03079-1 Luscher, 1996, Lipids and endothelial function:effects of lipid lowering and other therapeutic interventions, Curr Opin Lipidol, 7, 234, 10.1097/00041433-199608000-00010 Hackett, 1988, Pre-existing coronary stenoses in patients with first myocardial infarction are not necessarily severe, Eur Heart J, 9, 1317, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a062449 Falk, 1995, Coronary plaque disruption, Circulation, 92, 657, 10.1161/01.CIR.92.3.657 Fernández Ortiz, 1994, Characterization of the relative trombogenicity of atherosclerotic plaque components: implications for consequences of plaque rupture, J Am Coll Cardiol, 23, 1562, 10.1016/0735-1097(94)90657-2 Davies, 1993, Risk of thrombosis in human atherosclerotic plaques: role of extracelular lipid, macrophage, and smooth muscular cell content, Br Heart J, 69, 377, 10.1136/hrt.69.5.377 Moreno, 1996, Macrophages, smooth muscular cells, and tissue factor in unestable angina. Implication for cell-mediated thrombogenicity in acute coronary syndromes, Circulation, 94, 3090, 10.1161/01.CIR.94.12.3090 Depre, 1996, Neovascularization in human coronary atherosclerotic lesions, Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn, 39, 215, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0304(199611)39:3<215::AID-CCD1>3.0.CO;2-H Tenaglia, 1998, Neovascularization atherectomy specimens from patients with unestable angina: implications for pathogenesis os unestable angina, Am Heart J, 135, 10, 10.1016/S0002-8703(98)70336-9 Farb, 1996, Coronary plaque erosion without into a lipid core: a frequent cause of coronary thrombosis in sudden cardiac death, Circulation, 93, 1354, 10.1161/01.CIR.93.7.1354 Burke, 1997, Coronary risk factors ans plaque morphology in men with coronary disease who died suddenly, N Engl J Med, 336, 1276, 10.1056/NEJM199705013361802 Fernández Ortiz, 1999, Fisiopatología de la angina instable. Papel de la rotura y trombosis de la placa aterosclerótica, Rev Esp Cardiol, 52, S3 Toschi, 1997, Tissue factor modilates the thrombogenicity of human atherosclerotic plaques, Circulation, 95, 594, 10.1161/01.CIR.95.3.594 Mallat, 1999, Shed membrane microparticles with procoagulant potential in human atherosclerotic plaques: a role for apoptosis in plaque thromobogenicity, Circulation, 99, 348, 10.1161/01.CIR.99.3.348 Miranda Guardiola, 1999, Papel de la inflamación en la patogenia y pronóstico de la angina inestable, Rev Esp Cardiol, 52, S13 Zeiher, 1995, Tissue endothelin-1 immunoractivity in the active coronary atherosclerotic plaque. A clue to the mechanism of the increased vasoreactivity of the culprit lesion in unstable angina, Ciculation, 91, 941, 10.1161/01.CIR.91.4.941 Constantinides, 1966, Plaque fissuring in human coronary thrombosis, J Atheroscler Res, 6, 1, 10.1016/S0368-1319(66)80056-X Friedman, 1966, The pathogenesis of a coronary thrombus, Am J Pathol, 48, 19 Kaartinen, 1998, Mast cell infiltration in acute coronary síndromes: implications for plaque rupture, J Am Coll Cardiol, 32, 606, 10.1016/S0735-1097(98)00283-6 Laine, 1999, Association between myocardial infarction and the mast cells in the adventicia of the infarct-relative artery, Circulation, 99, 361, 10.1161/01.CIR.99.3.361 Rajavashisth, 1999, Membrane type I matrix metalloproteinase expression in human atherosclerotic plaques: evidence ogf activation by proinflammatory mediators, Circulation, 99, 3103, 10.1161/01.CIR.99.24.3103 Herman, 2001, Expression of neutrophil collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase-8) in human atheroma: a novel collagenolytic pathway suggested by trabscriptional profiling, Circulation, 104, 1899, 10.1161/hc4101.097419 Sukhova, 1999, Evidence for increased collagenolysis by interstitial collagenases-1 and-3 in vulnerable human atherosclerotic plaques, Circulation, 99, 2503, 10.1161/01.CIR.99.19.2503 Shah, 1998, Role of inflammation and metalloproteinases in plaque disruption and thrombosis, Vasc Med, 3, 199, 10.1177/1358836X9800300304 Kol, 1998, Chlamydial heat shock protein 60 localizes in human atheroma and regulates macrophage tumor necrosis factor-alpha and matrix metalloproteinase expression, Circulation, 98, 300, 10.1161/01.CIR.98.4.300 Mach, 1999, T lymphocytes induce endothelial cell matrix metalloproteinase expression by a CD40L dependent mechanism:implication for tubule formation, Am J Pathol, 154, 229, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65269-8 Wallner, 1999, Tenascina C is expressed in macrophage-rich human coronary atherosclerotic plaque, Circulation, 99, 1284, 10.1161/01.CIR.99.10.1284 Malat, 2000, Apoptosis In the vasculature: mechanism and functional importance, Br J Pharmacol, 130, 947, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703407 Torre, 2003, Clinical use of high sensitive C-reactive protein for the prediction of adverse cardiovascular events, Curr Opin Cardiol, 18, 471, 10.1097/00001573-200311000-00008 Ritchie, 1998, Nuclear factor- B is selectively and markedly activated in humans with unestable angina pectoris, Circulation, 98, 1707, 10.1161/01.CIR.98.17.1707 De Lemos, 2003, Association between plasma levels of monocyte chemo-attractant protein-1 and long term clinical outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes, Circulation, 107, 690, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000049742.68848.99 Heeschen, 2003, Soluble CD40 ligand in acute coronary syndromes, N Engl J Med, 348, 1104, 10.1056/NEJMoa022600 MacNeill, 2003, Intravascular modalities for detection of vulnerable plaque. Current status, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 23, 1333, 10.1161/01.ATV.0000080948.08888.BF Nishimura, 1990, Intravascular ultrasound imaging: in vitro validation and pathologic correlation, J Am Coll Cardiol, 16, 145, 10.1016/0735-1097(90)90472-2 Potkin, 1990, Coronary artery imaging with intravascular high-frequency ultrasound, Circulation, 81, 1575, 10.1161/01.CIR.81.5.1575 Ueda, 2001, Assesment of plaque vulnerability by angioscopic classification of plaque color, Circulation, 104 Hrynchak, 2000, Optical coherence tomography: an introduction to the technique and its use, Optom Vis Sci, 77, 347, 10.1097/00006324-200007000-00009 Stefanadis, 1999, Termal heterogenicity withim human atherosclerotic coronary arteries detected in vivo: anew method of detection by aplication of a special termography caheter, Circulation, 99, 1965, 10.1161/01.CIR.99.15.1965 Stefanadis, 2001, Increased local temperatura in human coronary atheroscleriotic plaques: an independent predictor of clinical outcome in patients undergoing a percutaneous coronary intervention, J Am Coll Cardiol, 37, 1277, 10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01137-8 Romer, 1998, Histopathology of human coronary atherosclerosis by quantifying its chemical composition witn Raman sprectoscopy, Circulation, 97, 878, 10.1161/01.CIR.97.9.878 Schaar, 2003, Characterizing vulnerable plaque features with intravascular elastography, Circulation, 108, 2636, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000097067.96619.1F Schaar, 2004, incidence of high-strain patterns in human coronary areteries assessment with three-dimensional intravascular palpography and correlation with clinical presentation, Circulation, 109, 2716, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000131887.65955.3B Schneiderman, 2003, Vulnerable plaque diagnosis by a self-contained intravascular magnetic resonance imaging probe in ex-vivo human in-situ coronary arteries, J Am Coll Cardiol, 41, A59, 10.1016/S0735-1097(03)80870-7 Fuster, 2005, Atherotrombosis and high risk plaque. Part II: Approaches by non-invasive computed tomographic/magnetic resonance imaging, J Am Coll Cardiol, 46, 1209, 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.03.075 Corti, 2001, Effects of lipid-lowering by simvastatin on human atherosclerotic lesions: a longitudinal study by high resolution, non invasive magnetic resonance imaging, Circulation, 104, 249, 10.1161/01.CIR.104.3.249 Corti, 2005, Effects of aggressive versus conventional lipid lowering therapy by simvastatin on human atherosclerotic lesions: a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial with high resolution magnetic resonance imaging, J Am Coll Cardiol, 46, 106, 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.03.054 Goldstein, 2000, Multiple complex coronary plaques in patients with acute myocardial infarction, N Engl J Med, 343, 915, 10.1056/NEJM200009283431303 Asakura, 2001, Extensive development of vulnerable plaques as a pancoronary process in patient with myocardial infraction: an angioscopy study, J Am Coll Cardiol, 37, 1284, 10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01135-4 Rioufol, 2002, Multiple atherosclerotic plaque rupture in acute coronary syndromes: a three-vessel intravascular intrasound study, Circulation, 106, 804, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000025609.13806.31 Schwartz, 2001, Effects of atrorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndromes. The MIRACL Study: a randomized controlled trial, JAMA, 285, 1711, 10.1001/jama.285.13.1711 1994, Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S), Lancet, 334, 1383 Sacks, 1996, The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterols levels, N Engl J Med, 335, 1001, 10.1056/NEJM199610033351401 1998, Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels, N Engl J Med, 339, 1349, 10.1056/NEJM199811053391902 Cannon, 2004, Intensive versus moderate lipids lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes, N Engl J Med, 350, 1495, 10.1056/NEJMoa040583 Grundy, 2004, Implications of recents trials for the National Education Program adult Treatment Panel III guidelines, Circulation, 110, 227, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000133317.49796.0E De Lemos, 2004, Early intensive vs a delayed conservative simvastatin strategy in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Phase Z of the A to Z Trial, JAMA, 292, 1307, 10.1001/jama.292.11.1307 Aikawa, 1998, Lipid lowering by diet reduces matriz metalloproteinase activity and increases collagen content of rabbit atheroma:a potencial mechanicsm of lesion stabilization, Circulation, 97, 2433, 10.1161/01.CIR.97.24.2433 Shah, 2001, High dosis recombinant apolipoprotein A-I (Milano) mobilizes tissue cholesterol and rapidly reduces plaque lipid and macrophage content in apolipoprotein c deficient mice: potencial implications for acute plaque stabilization, Circulation, 103, 3047, 10.1161/hc2501.092494 Crisby, 2001, Pravastatin treatment increases collagen content and decreases lipid content, inflammation, metalloproteinases, and cell death in human carotid plaques: implications for acute plaque stabilization, Circulation, 103, 926, 10.1161/01.CIR.103.7.926 Jialal, 2001, Effect of hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductasa inhibitor therapy on high sensitive C-reactive protein levels, Circulation, 103, 1933, 10.1161/01.CIR.103.15.1933 Ridker, 2001, Measurement of C-reactive protein for the targeting of statin therapy in the primary prevention of acute coronary events, N Engl J Med, 344, 1959, 10.1056/NEJM200106283442601 Biasucci, 1999, Elevated levels of C-reactive protein at discharge in patients with unstable angina predict instability, Circulation, 99, 855, 10.1161/01.CIR.99.7.855 Ridker, 1998, Inflammation, pravastatin, and the risk of coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels, Circulation, 98, 839, 10.1161/01.CIR.98.9.839 Ridker, 2005, Relative efficacy of atorvastatin 80 mg and pravastatin 40 mg in achieving the dual goals of low-density protein cholesterol < 70mg/dl and C-reative protein < 2mg/l. An analysis of the PROVE- IT TIMI-22 Trial, J Am Coll Cardiol, 45, 1644, 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.02.080 Nissen, 2004, Effect of intensive compared with moderate lipidlowering therapy on progression of coronary atherosclerosis: a randomised controlled trial, JAMA, 291, 1071, 10.1001/jama.291.9.1071 Okazaki, 2004, Demostration of the beneficial effect on atherosclerotic by serial volumetric intravascular iltrasound analysis during half a year after coronary event: the ESTABLISH study, Circulation, 110, 1061, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000140261.58966.A4 Hackman, 1996, Levels of soluble cell adhesion in patients with dyslipidemia, Circulation, 93, 1334, 10.1161/01.CIR.93.7.1334 Kalela, 2001, Effect of pravastatin in midly hypercholesterolemic young men on serum matriz metalloproteinases, Am J Cardiol, 88, 173, 10.1016/S0002-9149(01)01616-2 Ridker, 1997, Inflammation, aspirin, and the rIsk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men, N Engl J Med, 326, 973, 10.1056/NEJM199704033361401 Hernández-Presa, 1998, The ACE inhibitor quinapril reduces the arterial expression of NF-κB dependent proinflamatory factors but not of collagen in rabbit model of atherosclerosis, Am J Pathol, 153, 1825, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65697-0