Prevalence and risk factors for delirium in critically ill patients with COVID-19 (COVID-D): a multicentre cohort study

Zhu, 2020, A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019, N Engl J Med, 382, 727, 10.1056/NEJMoa2001017 Yang, 2020, Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study, Lancet Respir Med, 8, 475, 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-5 Huang, 2020, Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China, Lancet, 395, 497, 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5 Li, 2020, The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID-19 patients, J Med Virol, 92, 552, 10.1002/jmv.25728 Baig, 2020, Evidence of the COVID-19 virus targeting the CNS: tissue distribution, host-virus interaction, and proposed neurotropic mechanisms, ACS Chem Neurosci, 11, 995, 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00122 Mao, 2020, Neurological manifestations of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective case series study, medRxiv Pandharipande, 2013, Long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness, N Engl J Med, 369, 1306, 10.1056/NEJMoa1301372 Ely, 2004, Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit, JAMA, 291, 1753, 10.1001/jama.291.14.1753 Devlin, 2018, Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of pain, agitation/sedation, delirium, immobility, and sleep disruption in adult patients in the ICU, Crit Care Med, 46, e825, 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003299 Girard, 2018, Haloperidol and ziprasidone for treatment of delirium in critical illness, N Engl J Med, 379, 2506, 10.1056/NEJMoa1808217 Helms, 2020, Delirium and encephalopathy in severe COVID-19: a cohort analysis of ICU patients, Crit Care, 24, 491, 10.1186/s13054-020-03200-1 Kapp, 2020, The use of analgesia and sedation in mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS, Anesth Analg, 131, e198, 10.1213/ANE.0000000000005131 Marini, 2020, Management of COVID-19 respiratory distress, JAMA, 323, 2329, 10.1001/jama.2020.6825 Hanidziar, 2020, Sedation of mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients: challenges and special considerations, Anesth Analg, 131, e40, 10.1213/ANE.0000000000004887 Fan, 2020, COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome: is a different approach to management warranted?, Lancet Respir Med, 8, 816, 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30304-0 Cummings, 2020, Epidemiology, clinical course, and outcomes of critically ill adults with COVID-19 in New York City: a prospective cohort study, Lancet, 395, 1763, 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31189-2 Garcez, 2020, Delirium and adverse outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19, J Am Geriatr Soc, 68, 2440, 10.1111/jgs.16803 Ticinesi, 2020, Delirium in COVID-19: epidemiology and clinical correlations in a large group of patients admitted to an academic hospital, Aging Clin Exp Res, 32, 2159, 10.1007/s40520-020-01699-6 Kotfis, 2020, COVID-19: ICU delirium management during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, Crit Care, 24, 176, 10.1186/s13054-020-02882-x Ellul, 2020, Neurological associations of COVID-19, Lancet Neurol, 19, 767, 10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30221-0 Harris, 2009, Research electronic data capture (REDCap)--a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support, J Biomed Inform, 42, 377, 10.1016/j.jbi.2008.08.010 Ely, 2003, Monitoring sedation status over time in ICU patients: reliability and validity of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS), JAMA, 289, 2983, 10.1001/jama.289.22.2983 Riker, 1999, Prospective evaluation of the Sedation-Agitation Scale for adult critically ill patients, Crit Care Med, 27, 1325, 10.1097/00003246-199907000-00022 Teasdale, 1974, Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale, Lancet, 2, 81, 10.1016/S0140-6736(74)91639-0 Ely, 2001, Delirium in mechanically ventilated patients: validity and reliability of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU), JAMA, 286, 2703, 10.1001/jama.286.21.2703 Bergeron, 2001, Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist: evaluation of a new screening tool, Intensive Care Med, 27, 859, 10.1007/s001340100909 Davidson, 2007, Clinical practice guidelines for support of the family in the patient-centered intensive care unit: American College of Critical Care Medicine Task Force 2004–2005, Crit Care Med, 35, 605, 10.1097/01.CCM.0000254067.14607.EB Pun, 2019, Caring for critically ill patients with the ABCDEF bundle: results of the ICU Liberation Collaborative in over 15,000 adults, Crit Care Med, 47, 3, 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003482 von Elm, 2014, The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies, Int J Surg, 12, 1495, 10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.07.013 Barnes-Daly, 2017, Improving hospital survival and reducing brain dysfunction at seven California community hospitals: implementing PAD guidelines via the ABCDEF bundle in 6,064 patients, Crit Care Med, 45, 171, 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002149 Liu, 2017, Modeling continuous response variables using ordinal regression, Stat Med, 36, 4316, 10.1002/sim.7433 White, 1980, A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity, Econometrica, 48, 817, 10.2307/1912934 Peterson, 2006, Delirium and its motoric subtypes: a study of 614 critically ill patients, J Am Geriatr Soc, 54, 479, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.00621.x Norman, 2016, Employment outcomes after critical illness: an analysis of the bringing to light the risk factors and incidence of neuropsychological dysfunction in ICU survivors cohort, Crit Care Med, 44, 2003, 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001849 Jackson, 2014, Depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and functional disability in survivors of critical illness in the BRAIN-ICU study: a longitudinal cohort study, Lancet Respir Med, 2, 369, 10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70051-7 Solomon, 2020, Neuropathological features of Covid-19, N Engl J Med, 383, 989, 10.1056/NEJMc2019373 Kanberg, 2020, Neurochemical evidence of astrocytic and neuronal injury commonly found in COVID-19, Neurology, 95, e1754, 10.1212/WNL.0000000000010111 Pandharipande, 2006, Lorazepam is an independent risk factor for transitioning to delirium in intensive care unit patients, Anesthesiology, 104, 21, 10.1097/00000542-200601000-00005 Barnes-Daly, 2018, Improving health care for critically ill patients using an evidence-based collaborative approach to ABCDEF bundle dissemination and implementation, Worldviews Evid Based Nurs, 15, 206, 10.1111/wvn.12290 Girard, 2008, Efficacy and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care (Awakening and Breathing Controlled trial): a randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 371, 126, 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60105-1 Needham, 2012, Improving long-term outcomes after discharge from intensive care unit: report from a stakeholders' conference, Crit Care Med, 40, 502, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318232da75 Elliott, 2014, Exploring the scope of post-intensive care syndrome therapy and care: engagement of non-critical care providers and survivors in a second stakeholders meeting, Crit Care Med, 42, 2518, 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000525 Marra, 2018, Co-occurrence of post-intensive care syndrome problems among 406 survivors of critical illness, Crit Care Med, 46, 1393, 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003218 Kleinpell, 2018, Patient and family engagement in the ICU: report from the task force of the World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine, J Crit Care, 48, 251, 10.1016/j.jcrc.2018.09.006 Haenggi, 2013, Effect of sedation level on the prevalence of delirium when assessed with CAM-ICU and ICDSC, Intensive Care Med, 39, 2171, 10.1007/s00134-013-3034-5 Patel, 2014, Rapidly reversible, sedation-related delirium versus persistent delirium in the intensive care unit, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 189, 658, 10.1164/rccm.201310-1815OC