Prevalence and correlates of bullying and victimization among school students in rural Egypt

Lopes Neto AA. Bullying-aggressive behavior among students. J Pediatr. 2005;81(5):164–72.

Olweus D, Limber SP. Bullying in school: evaluation and dissemination of the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program. Am J Orthop. 2010;80(1):124–34.

Jansen P, Verlinden M, Berkel A, Mieloo C, Ende J, Veenstra R, et al. Prevalence of bullying and victimization among children in early elementary school: do family and school neighbourhood socioeconomic status matter? BMC Public Health. 2012;12:494.

Calaguas G. Forms and frequency of peer aggression and peer victimization among sixth-graders. Int Ref Res J. 2011;2(2):108–13.

Arseneault L, Walsh E, Trzesniewski K, Newcombe R, Caspi A, Moffitt TE. Bullying victimization uniquely contributes to adjustment problems in young children: a nationally representative cohort study. Pediatrics. 2006;118(1):130–8.

Fekkes M, Pijpers FI, Fredriks AM, Vogels T, Verloove-Vanhorick SP. Do bullied children get ill, or do ill children get bullied? A prospective cohort study on the relationship between bullying and health-related symptoms. Pediatrics. 2006;117(5):1568–74.

Shetgiri R. Bullying and victimization among children. Adv Pediatr Infect Dis. 2013;60(1):33–51.

Nansel TR, Craig W, Overpeck MD, Saluja G, Ruan WJ. Cross-national consistency in the relationship between bullying behaviors and psychosocial adjustment. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004;158:730–6.

Craig W, Harel-Fisch Y, Fogel-Grinvald H, Dostaler S, Hetland J, Simons-Morton B, et al. A cross-national profile of bullying and victimization among adolescents in 40 countries. Int J Public Health. 2009;54(2):216–44.

Tohamy S, Refaat M, Mohammed A. Prevalence of violence among preparatory school students in Assiut. J Neurol Sci. 2005;238(1):341–2.

Youssef RM, Attia MS, Kamel MI. Violence among school children in Alexandria. East Mediterr Health J. 1999;5(2):282–98.

Swearer SM, Peugh J, Espelage DL, Siebecker AB, Kingsbury WL, Bevins KS. A socioecological model for bullying prevention and intervention in early adolescence: an exploratory examination. In: Jimerson SR, Furlong M, editors. Handbook of school violence and school safety: From research to practice. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum; 2006. p. 257–73.

Ez-Elarab HS, Sabbour SM, Gadallah MA, Asaad TA. Prevalence and risk factors of violence among elementary school children in Cairo. J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 2007;82(1 & 2):127–46.

Elmasry NM, Fouad AA, Khalil DM, Sherra KS. Physical and verbal aggression among adolescent school students in Sharkia, Egypt: prevalence and risk factors. Egypt J Psychiatry. 2016;37:166–73.

Celedonia K, Wilson M, Gammal H, Hagras A. Physical fighting among Egyptian adolescents: social and demographic correlates among a nationally representative sample. PeerJ. 2013;1:e125.

Sample size calculation. Available at: http://web1.sph.emory.edu/users/cdckms/samplesize%20icc%20deff2.html . Accessed 20 Mar 2017.

Edleson J, Shin N, Armendariz K. Measuring children’s exposure to domestic violence: the development and testing of the child exposure to domestic violence (CDEC) scale. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2007;30(2008):502–21.

Smokowski P, Cotter K, Robertson C, Guo S. Correlates of bullying victimization and school hassles in rural youth. J Criminol. 2013;2013:137583 13 pages.

Swaim RC, Henry KL, Kelly K. Predictors of aggressive behaviors among rural middle school youth. J Prim Prev. 2006;27(3):229–43.

World Health Organization and International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect. Preventing child maltreatment: a guide to taking action and generating evidence. Geneva; 2006. Available at: https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/publications/violence/child_maltreatment/en/ . Accessed 20 Nov 2017

Singh MM, Parsekar SS, Nair SN. An epidemiological overview of child sexual abuse. J Family Med Prim Care. 2014;3(4):430-5.

Orpinas P, Frankowski R. The aggression scale: a self-report measure of aggressive behavior for young adolescents. J Early Adolesc. 2001;21(1):51–68.

CDC. Measuring violence-related attitudes, behaviors, and influences among youth. A compendium of assessment tools. Second ed. Atlanta: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control; 2005. Available at: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED486261.pdf . Accessed 10 Oct 2017.

Goodman R, Meltzer H, Bailey V. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: a pilot on the validity of the self-report version. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1998;9:129–34.

Jeong S, Kwak D, Moon B, San Miguel C. Predicting school bullying victimization: focusing on individual and school environmental/security factors. J Criminol. 2013;2013:401301 13 pages.

Eslea M, Rees J. At what age are children most likely to be bullied at school? Aggress Behav. 2001;27:419–29.

Nansel TR, Overpeck M, Pilla RS, Ruan WJ, Simons-Morton B, Schedit P. Bullying behaviors among US youth: prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment. J Am Med Assoc. 2001;285:2094–100.

Cook CR, Williams KR, Guerra NG, Kim TE, Sadek S. Predictors of bullying and victimization in childhood and adolescence: a meta-analytic investigation. Sch Psychol Q. 2010;25:65–83.

Yang SJ, Kim JM, Kim SW, Shin IS, Yoon JS. Bullying and victimization behaviors in boys and girls at South Korean primary schools. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006;45(1):69–77.

Bulach C, Fulbright JP, Williams R. Bullying behavior: what is the potential for violence at your school? J Instr Psychol. 2003;30:156–64.

Gentile DA, Mathieson LC, Crick NR. Media violence associations with the form and function of aggression among elementary school children. Soc Dev. 2010;9:1–18.

Salmivalli C, Huttunen A, Lagerspetz KMJ. Peer networks and bullying in schools. Scand J Psychol. 1997;38:205–312.

Larsen H, Overbook G, Vermultst AA, Granic I, Engels RCME. Initiation and continuation of best friends and adolescents’ school consumption: do self-esteem and self-control functions as moderators? Int J Behav Dev. 2010;34:406–16.

Brockenbrough KK, Cornell DG, Loper AB. Aggressive attitudes among victims of violence at school. Educ Treat Child. 2002;25:273–87.

Carlyle KE, Steinman KJ. Demographic differences in the prevalence, co-occurrence, and correlates of adolescent bullying at school. J Sch Health. 2007;77(9):623–9.

Méndez I, Ruiz-Esteban C, López-García JJ. Risk and protective factors associated to peer school victimization. Front Psychol. 2017;8:441.

Duke NN, Pettingell SL, McMorris BJ, Borowsky IW. Adolescent violence perpetration: associations with multiple types of adverse childhood experiences. Pediatrics. 2010;125:e778–86.

Romeo F. Corporal punishment is wrong! Hands are not for hitting. J Instr Psychol. 1996;23:228–30.

Nansel TR, Haynie DL, Simons-Morton BG. The association of bullying and victimization with middle school adjustment. J Appl Sch Psychol. 2003;19:45–61.

Bowes L, Arseneault L, Maughan B, Taylor A, Caspi A, Moffitt T. School, neighborhood, and family factors are associated with children’s bullying involvement: a nationally representative longitudinal study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;48(5):545–53.