Prevalence and Risk Factors for Diabetes Mellitus in Nigeria: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

WHO. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications, part 1. Geneva: WHO; 1999.

International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes atlas. 8th ed. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation; 2017.

Uloko AE, Ofoegbu EN, Chinenye S, Fasanmade OA, Fasanmade AA, Ogbera AO, et al. Profile of Nigerians with diabetes mellitus—Diabcare Nigeria study group (2008): results of a multicenter study. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012;16(4):558–564. (ERRATUM IN: Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012;16(6):981).

Nyenwe EA, Odia OJ, Ihekwaba AE, Ojule A, Babatunde S. Type 2 diabetes in adult Nigerians: a study of its prevalence and risk factors in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2003;62(3):177–85.

Puepet FH, Ohwovoriole AE. Prevalence of risk factors for diabetes mellitus in a non-diabetic population in Jos, Nigeria. Niger J Med. 2008;17(1):71–4.

Sabir AA, Isezuo SA, Ohwovoriole AE. Dysglycaemia and its risk factors in an urban Fulani population of northern Nigeria. West Afr J Med. 2011;30(5):325–30.

Gezawa ID, Puepet FH, Mubi BM, Uloko AE, Bakki B, Talle MA, et al. Socio-demographic and anthropometric risk factors for type 2 diabetes in Maiduguri, North-Eastern Nigeria. Sahel Med J. 2015;18(5):1–7.

Akinkugbe OO, editor. Non-communicable disease in Nigeria. Final report of National Survey. Lagos: Federal Ministry of Health and Social Services; 1997. p. 64–90.

Cohen J. Weighted kappa: normal scale agreement with provision for scaled disagreement or partial credit. Psychol Bull. 1968;70(4):2133–220.

American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: diabetes care. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(Suppl 1):S62–9.

NHLBI. Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. Available from: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-pro/guidelines/in-develop/cardiovascular-risk-reduction/tools/cohort . Accessed 28 May 2017.

DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials. 1986;7(3):177–88.

Cochran William G. The comparison of percentages in matched samples. Biometrika. 1950;37(3/4):256–66.

Beggs CB, Mazumdar M. Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias. Biometrics. 1994;50(4):1088–101.

Egger M, Smith GD, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by simple graphical test. BMJ. 1997;315(7109):629–34.

Worldometers.info. Worldometers live counters (based on information from the United Nations document “World population prospects: the 2017 revision”). Available from: http://www.worldometers.info .

Gezawa ID, Puepet FH, Mubi BM, Uloko AE, Haliru I. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Maiduguri North-Eastern Nigeria. Nigerian J Med. 2013;22(3):171–4.

International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes atlas. 6th ed. Brussels: IDF; 2014. Available from: http://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas . Accessed 10 Mar 2016.

Hove M, Ngwerume ET, Muchemwa C. The urban crises in sub-Saharan Africa: a threat to human security and sustainable development. Stability. 2013;2(1):Art.7. http://doi.org/10.5334/sta.ap .

Saquib N, Saquib J, Ahmed T, Khanam MA, Cullen MP. Cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes in Bangladesh: a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies between 1995 and 2010. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:434.

Chatterjee R, Narayan KM, Lipscomb J, Phillips LSS. Screening adults for pre-diabetes and diabetes may be cost-saving. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(7):1484–90.

Assah FK, Ekelund U, Brage S, Mbanya JC, Wareham NJ. Urbanization, physical activity, and metabolic health in sub Saharan Africa. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(2):491–6.

Gerch JE. Contributions of insulin-resistance and insulin-secretory defects to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mayo Clin Proc. 2003;78(4):447–56. https://doi.org/10.4065/78.4.447 .

Kyari F, Tafida A, Sivasubramaniam S, Murthy GV, Peto T, Nigeria National Blindness and Visual Impairment Study Group. Prevalence and risk factors for diabetes and diabetic retinopathy: results from the Nigeria National Blindness and Visual Impairment survey. BMC Public Health. 2014;18(14):1299. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-1299 .

Omorogiuwa A, Oaikhena GA, Okioya P, Akubueze D, Owobu E. Diabetes mellitus: prevalence amongst university staff in Southern Nigeria and attitude towards routine glycemic/glucosuric checkup. Int J Biomed Health Sci. 2010;6(1):25–29.

Ekpenyong CE, Akpan UP, Ibu JO, Nyebuk DE. Gender and age specific prevalence and associated risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Uyo Metropolis, South Eastern Nigeria. Diabetologia Croatica 2012;41:17–23.

Oyegbade OO, Abioye-kuti EA, Kolawole BA, Ezeoma IT, Bello IS. Screening for diabetes mellitus in a Nigerian family practice population. SA Fam Prac. 2007;49(8):15.

Opeodu OI, Adeyemi BF. Undiagnosed diabetes mellitus: a survey of dental outpatients in a tertiary hospital. Afr J Med Med Sci. 2013;42(1):39–45.

Gabriel UP, Amadi AN, Ebirim CI. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in ambulatory adult Nigerians: prevalence and associated family biosocial factors in a primary care in Eastern Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. BJMMR. 2015;9(3):1–12.

Dahiru T, Jibo A, Hassan AA, Mande AT. Prevalence of diabetes in a semi-urban community in Northern Nigeria. Niger J Med. 2008;17(4):414–6.

Anzaku AS, Musa J. Prevalence and associated risk factors for gestational diabetes in Jos, North-central, Nigeria. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2013:287(5):859–63.

Adeniyi AF, Uloko AE, Musa NH. Prevalence of non-invasive risk factors of type 2 diabetes among higher education teachers in North-Western Nigeria. Sudan J Med Sci. 2010;5(2):137–43.

Etukumana EA, FH Puepet FH, Obadofin MO. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus among adults in rural north central Nigeria. Highl Med Res J. 2013;13(2):98–100. ISSN: 1596-2407.

Nwafor A, Owhoji A. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus among Nigerians in Port Harcourt correlates with socio-economic status. J Appl Sci Environ Manag. 2001;5(1):75–7.

Sabir A, Ohwovoriole A, Isezuo S, Fasanmade O, Abubakar S, Iwuala S. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and its risk factors among the rural Fulanis of northern Nigeria. Ann Afr Med. 2013;12(4):217–22.

Chukwunonso ECC, Nnamdi KU. Diabetes and pre-diabetes in adult Nigerians: prevalence, and correlations of blood glucose concentrations with measures of obesity. Afr J Biochem Res. 2015;9(3):55–60.

Bakari AG, Onyemelukwe GC, Sani BG, Aliyu TM, Hassan SS. Prevalence of diabetes in suburban northern Nigeria: results of a public health screening survey. Available from: http://www.abu.edu.ng/publications/2010-09-25-043819_4407.pdf .

Isara AR and Okundia PO. The burden of hypertension and diabetes mellitus in rural communities in southern Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J. 2015;20:103. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2015.20.103.5619 .

Enang OE, Otu AA, Essien OE, Okpara H, Fasanmade OA, et al. Prevalence of dysglycemia in Calabar: a cross-sectional observational study among residents of Calabar, Nigeria. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2014;2(1):e000032.

Ramalan MA. Glycated haemoglobin in the screening and diagnosis for type 2 diabetes mellitus in Nigeria. FMCP dissertation part 2. Lagos: National Postgraduate Medical College of Nigeria; 2016. In process.

Olamoyegun MA, Iwuala SO, Olamoyegun KD. Insulin-related knowledge of healthcare professionals in a Nigerian tertiary health institution. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries. 2015;35:84.