Presenting quantitative information about decision outcomes: a risk communication primer for patient decision aid developers

Lyndal Trevena1, Brian J. Zikmund‐Fisher2, Adrian Edwards3, Wolfgang Gaissmaier4, Mirta Galešić5, Paul K. J. Han6, John H. King7, Margaret L. Lawson8, Stephen H. Linder9, Isaac M. Lipkus10, Elissa M. Ozanne11, Ellen Peters12, Daniëlle R. M. Timmermans13, Steven Woloshin14
1Primary Health Care, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Australia
2Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, School of Public Health, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, and Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
3Cochrane Institute of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
4Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Harding Center for Risk Literacy, Berlin Germany
5Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Center for Adaptive Behavior and Cognition, Berlin, Germany
6Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Portland, USA
7Department of Family Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA
8Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
9Department of General Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
10Duke University School of Nursing, Durham, USA
11Department of Surgery and Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
12Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
13Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
14Departments of Medicine and of Community & Family Medicine and The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy & Clinical Practice at the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and the VA Outcomes Group, VA Medical Center, White River Junction, USA

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