Preparation of stable multiple emulsions using food-grade emulsifiers: evaluating the effects of emulsifier concentration, W/O phase ratio, and emulsification process

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 2 - Trang 1-9 - 2020
H. Ghasemi1, S. Darjani2, H. Mazloomi3, S. Mozaffari4
1Department of Materials Science & Engineering, College of Engineering & Applied Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, USA
2Benjamin Levich Institute and Department of Chemical Engineering, City College of the City University of New York, New York, USA
3Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
4Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA

Tóm tắt

In this study, the effects of sodium caseinate (NaCN; emulsifier) concentration, a type of hydrophilic emulsifier, as well as concentration of primary W/O emulsion on the stability of water–oil-water (W/O/W) emulsions were investigated. Emulsions were made using two different emulsification techniques including ultrasonic liquid processing and high pressure homogenization (HPH). Microscopy images of W/O/W emulsions in combination with droplet size analysis and viscosity measurements showed that the sample with a higher percentage of primary W/O emulsion (50 wt% vs. 40 wt% and 25 wt%) was more resistant to coalescence (narrower droplet size distribution and lower creaming index). The higher stability of this emulsion at 50 wt% is due to the enhancement in the solution viscosity which slows down the coalescence and destabilization kinetics. The increase in the NaCN concentration from 0.3 wt% to 0.9 wt% (based on total weight of emulsion) led to formation of larger droplets possibly due to the destabilization of primary W/O emulsion through the disruption of polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) layer. Regarding the effect of emulsifier type, incorporation of Cremophor EL and Tween 60 in comparison with NaCN resulted in formation of smaller droplet size due to their enhanced surface activity at the interface. Finally, we found that using high pressure homogenizer (HPH) instead of ultrasonic processor was detrimental to the emulsion stability and size distribution. These findings further provide new pathways to design emulsion systems for food and drug delivery applications.

Tài liệu tham khảo

McClements DJ (2015) Food emulsions: principles, practices, and techniques. CRC Press, Boca Raton Mataumoto S, Kang W (1989) Formation and applications of multiple emulsions. J Dispers Sci Technol 10(4–5):455–482 Muschiolik G, Dickinson E (2017) Double emulsions relevant to food systems: preparation, stability, and applications. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 16(3):532–555 Sagalowicz L, Leser ME (2010) Delivery systems for liquid food products. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 15(1–2):61–72 Benichou A, Aserin A, Garti N (2001) Polyols, high pressure, and refractive indices equalization for improved stability of W/O emulsions for food applications. J Dispers Sci Technol 22(2–3):269–280 van der Graaf S, Schroën C, Boom R (2005) Preparation of double emulsions by membrane emulsification—a review. J Membr Sci 251(1–2):7–15 Perrier-Cornet J, Marie P, Gervais P (2005) Comparison of emulsification efficiency of protein-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions using jet, high pressure and colloid mill homogenization. J Food Eng 66(2):211–217 Jaber WS, Alwared AI (2019) Removal of oil emulsion from aqueous solution by using Ricinus communis leaves as adsorbent. SN Appl Sci 1(8):944 Schubert H, Engel R (2004) Product and formulation engineering of emulsions. Chem Eng Res Des 82(9):1137–1143 Taisne L, Walstra P, Cabane B (1996) Transfer of oil between emulsion droplets. J Colloid Interface Sci 184(2):378–390 Keshmiri K et al. (2016) Using microfluidic device to study rheological properties of heavy oil. arXiv preprint Garti N, Aserin A (1996) Pharmaceutical emulsions, double emulsions, and microemulsions. Drugs Pharm Sci 73:411–534 Kanouni M, Rosano H, Naouli N (2002) Preparation of a stable double emulsion (W1/O/W2): role of the interfacial films on the stability of the system. Adv Coll Interface Sci 99(3):229–254 Nollet M et al (2018) Determination of formulation conditions allowing double emulsions stabilized by PGPR and sodium caseinate to be used as capsules. Langmuir 34(8):2823–2833 Ye A, Singh H (2001) Interfacial composition and stability of sodium caseinate emulsions as influenced by calcium ions. Food Hydrocoll 15(2):195–207 Jahaniaval F et al (2000) Soluble protein fractions from pH and heat treated sodium caseinate: physicochemical and functional properties. Food Res Int 33(8):637–647 Yildirim M, Sumnu G, Sahin S (2017) The effects of emulsifier type, phase ratio, and homogenization methods on stability of the double emulsion. J Dispers Sci Technol 38(6):807–814 Lu W, Zheng B, Miao S (2018) Improved emulsion stability and modified nutrient release by structuring O/W emulsions using konjac glucomannan. Food Hydrocoll 81:120–128 Zamani S et al (2018) Formation of shelf stable pickering high internal phase emulsions (HIPE) through the inclusion of whey protein microgels. Food Funct 9(2):982–990 Mozafari S (2015) Rheology of Bitumen at the onset of asphaltene aggregation and its efects on the stability of water-in-oil emulsion. Masters Thesis, University of Alberta, Canada Ghasemi H et al (2020) High efficiency decolorization of wastewater by Fenton catalyst: magnetic iron-copper hybrid oxides. J Water Process Eng 37:101540 Matos M et al (2014) Preparation of water-in-oil-in-water (W1/O/W2) double emulsions containing trans-resveratrol. Colloids Surf A 442:69–79 Khadem B, Sheibat-Othman N (2019) Theoretical and experimental investigations of double emulsion preparation by ultrasonication. Ind Eng Chem Res 58(19):8220–8230 Mahmood T et al (2013) Fabrication, physicochemical characterization and preliminary efficacy evaluation of a W/O/W multiple emulsion loaded with 5% green tea extract. Braz J Pharm Sci 49(2):341–349 McClements D (2004) Principles, food emulsions: practice and techniques, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton Dapčević Hadnađev T et al (2013) Influence of oil phase concentration on droplet size distribution and stability of oil-in-water emulsions. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 115(3):313–321 Wooster TJ, Golding M, Sanguansri P (2008) Impact of oil type on nanoemulsion formation and Ostwald ripening stability. Langmuir 24(22):12758–12765 Su J et al (2006) Synergistic effects of polyglycerol ester of polyricinoleic acid and sodium caseinate on the stabilisation of water–oil–water emulsions. Food Hydrocoll 20(2–3):261–268 Chanamai R, McClements DJ (2000) Creaming stability of flocculated monodisperse oil-in-water emulsions. J Colloid Interface Sci 225(1):214–218 Euston SR, Hirst R (2000) The emulsifying properties of commercial milk protein products in simple oil-in-water emulsions and in a model food system. J Food Sci 65(6):934–940 Lei L et al (2016) High internal phase emulsion with double emulsion morphology and their templated porous polymer systems. J Colloid Interface Sci 483:232–240 Thanh Diep T et al (2018) Double emulsion oil-in water-in oil (O/W/O) stabilized by sodium caseinate and k-carrageenan. J Dispers Sci Technol 39(12):1752–1757 Ding S et al (2017) A new method for the formulation of double nanoemulsions. Soft Matter 13(8):1660–1669