Premature atherosclerotic peripheral artery disease: An underrecognized and undertreated disorder with a rising global prevalence

Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine - Tập 31 - Trang 351-358 - 2021
Anurag Mehta1, Devinder S. Dhindsa1, Ananya Hooda1, Aditi Nayak1, Chris S. Massad2, Birju Rao2, Leyla Fowe Makue2, Ravi R. Rajani3, Olamide Alabi3, Arshed A. Quyyumi1, Guillermo A. Escobar3, Bryan J. Wells1, Laurence S. Sperling1
1Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
2Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
3Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia

Tài liệu tham khảo

Kullo, 2016, CLINICAL PRACTICE. Peripheral Artery Disease, N Engl J Med, 374, 861, 10.1056/NEJMcp1507631 Ouriel, 2001, Peripheral arterial disease, Lancet, 358, 1257, 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06351-6 Members, 2017, 2016 AHA/ACC Guideline on the Management of Patients With Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease: executive Summary: a Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines, Circulation, 135, e686 Fowkes, 2008, Ankle brachial index combined with Framingham Risk Score to predict cardiovascular events and mortality: a meta-analysis, JAMA, 300, 197, 10.1001/jama.300.2.197 McDermott, 2001, Leg symptoms in peripheral arterial disease: associated clinical characteristics and functional impairment, JAMA, 286, 1599, 10.1001/jama.286.13.1599 McDermott, 1999, Leg symptoms, the ankle-brachial index, and walking ability in patients with peripheral arterial disease, J Gen Intern Med, 14, 173, 10.1046/j.1525-1497.1999.00309.x McDermott, 2007, Baseline Functional Performance Predicts the Rate of Mobility Loss in Persons With Peripheral Arterial Disease, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 50, 974, 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.05.030 Allison, 2007, Ethnic-specific prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in the United States, Am J Prev Med, 32, 328, 10.1016/j.amepre.2006.12.010 Fowkes, 2013, Comparison of global estimates of prevalence and risk factors for peripheral artery disease in 2000 and 2010: a systematic review and analysis, Lancet, 382, 1329, 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61249-0 Song, 2019, Global, regional, and national prevalence and risk factors for peripheral artery disease in 2015: an updated systematic review and analysis, Lancet Glob Health, 7, e1020, 10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30255-4 Benjamin, 2019, Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2019 Update: a Report From the American Heart Association, Circulation, 139, e56, 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000659 Barretto, 2003, Early-onset peripheral arterial occlusive disease: clinical features and determinants of disease severity and location, Vasc Med, 8, 95, 10.1191/1358863x03vm475oa Maillet, 2017, Peripheral Atheromatous Arterial Disease in the Young: risk Factors, Clinical Features, and Prognosis From the COPART Cohort, Angiology, 68, 893, 10.1177/0003319717699501 Levy, 1994, Lower extremity ischemia in adults younger than forty years of age: a community-wide survey of premature atherosclerotic arterial disease, J. Vasc. Surg., 19, 873, 10.1016/S0741-5214(94)70013-3 Valentine, 1999, The progressive nature of peripheral arterial disease in young adults: a prospective analysis of white men referred to a vascular surgery service, J. Vasc. Surg., 30, 436, 10.1016/S0741-5214(99)70070-4 Rana, 2013, Mortality in patients with premature lower extremity atherosclerosis, J. Vasc. Surg., 57, 28, 10.1016/j.jvs.2012.07.041 Aboyans, 2012, Measurement and interpretation of the ankle-brachial index: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association, Circulation, 126, 2890, 10.1161/CIR.0b013e318276fbcb Selvin, 2004, Prevalence of and risk factors for peripheral arterial disease in the United States: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2000, Circulation, 110, 738, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000137913.26087.F0 Lopez-Melgar, 2017, Subclinical Atherosclerosis Burden by 3D Ultrasound in Mid-Life: the PESA Study, J Am Coll Cardiol, 70, 301, 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.05.033 Joosten, 2012, Associations between conventional cardiovascular risk factors and risk of peripheral artery disease in men, JAMA, 308, 1660, 10.1001/jama.2012.13415 Tsimikas, 2017, A Test in Context: lipoprotein(a): diagnosis, Prognosis, Controversies, and Emerging Therapies, J Am Coll Cardiol, 69, 692, 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.042 Bérard, 2013, Novel Risk Factors for Premature Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease in Non-Diabetic Patients: a Case-Control Study, PLoS ONE, 8, e37882, 10.1371/journal.pone.0037882 Valentine, 2004, Family history is a major determinant of subclinical peripheral arterial disease in young adults, J. Vasc. Surg., 39, 351, 10.1016/j.jvs.2003.07.011 Kullo, 2015, The genetic basis of peripheral arterial disease: current knowledge, challenges, and future directions, Circ Res, 116, 1551, 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.303518 Hutter, 2004, Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Peripheral Arterial Disease, and Stroke: a HuGE Minireview, Am. J. Epidemiol., 160, 430, 10.1093/aje/kwh238 Boers, 1985, Heterozygosity for homocystinuria in premature peripheral and cerebral occlusive arterial disease, N Engl J Med, 313, 709, 10.1056/NEJM198509193131201 Helgadottir, 2008, The same sequence variant on 9p21 associates with myocardial infarction, abdominal aortic aneurysm and intracranial aneurysm, Nat Genet, 40, 217, 10.1038/ng.72 Thorgeirsson, 2008, A variant associated with nicotine dependence, lung cancer and peripheral arterial disease, Nature, 452, 638, 10.1038/nature06846 Levy, 1994, Lower extremity ischemia in adults younger than forty years of age: a community-wide survey of premature atherosclerotic arterial disease, J. Vasc. Surg., 19, 873, 10.1016/S0741-5214(94)70013-3 Torrealba, 2019, Hypercoagulability predicts worse outcomes in young patients undergoing lower extremity revascularization, J. Vasc. Surg., 70, 175, 10.1016/j.jvs.2018.09.062 Lane, 2006, Risk factors for premature peripheral vascular disease: results for the National Health and Nutritional Survey, 1999-2002, J. Vasc. Surg., 44, 319, 10.1016/j.jvs.2006.04.015 Erdozain, 2014, Peripheral arterial disease in systemic lupus erythematosus: prevalence and risk factors, J Rheumatol, 41, 310, 10.3899/jrheum.130817 Liang, 2006, Incidence of noncardiac vascular disease in rheumatoid arthritis and relationship to extraarticular disease manifestations, Arthritis Rheum, 54, 642, 10.1002/art.21628 Beckman, 2018, Association of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Risk of Peripheral Artery Disease, Circulation, 138, 255, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032647 Unnikrishnan, 2017, Type 2 Diabetes: demystifying the Global Epidemic, Diabetes, 66, 1432, 10.2337/db16-0766 Hoffman, 2019, Cigarette consumption estimates for 71 countries from 1970 to 2015: systematic collection of comparable data to facilitate quasi-experimental evaluations of national and global tobacco control interventions, BMJ, 365, l2231, 10.1136/bmj.l2231 Story, 2017, Contemporary Characteristics and Outcomes of Young Patients (Under 50 Years) Undergoing Open Carotid Artery Surgery, Ann Vasc Surg, 44, 375, 10.1016/j.avsg.2017.01.017 Miech, 2019, Trends in Adolescent Vaping, 2017-2019, N Engl J Med, 381, 1490, 10.1056/NEJMc1910739 Lee, 2019, Modeling Cardiovascular Risks of E-Cigarettes With Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Endothelial Cells, J Am Coll Cardiol, 73, 2722, 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.03.476 Franzen, 2018, E-cigarettes and cigarettes worsen peripheral and central hemodynamics as well as arterial stiffness: a randomized, double-blinded pilot study, Vasc Med, 23, 419, 10.1177/1358863X18779694 Caporale, 2019, Acute Effects of Electronic Cigarette Aerosol Inhalation on Vascular Function Detected at Quantitative MRI, Radiology, 293, 97, 10.1148/radiol.2019190562 Denegri, 2016, Lower limb ischemia due to long-term abuse of cocaine, J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown), 17, e176, 10.2459/JCM.0000000000000083 Bachi, 2017, Vascular disease in cocaine addiction, Atherosclerosis, 262, 154, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.03.019 Tan, 2019, Peripheral vascular manifestation in patients receiving an amphetamine analog: a case series, Vasc Med, 24, 50, 10.1177/1358863X18790101 Conte, 2015, Society for Vascular Surgery practice guidelines for atherosclerotic occlusive disease of the lower extremities: management of asymptomatic disease and claudication, J. Vasc. Surg., 61, 2S, 10.1016/j.jvs.2014.12.009 Khan, 2006, Does the clinical examination predict lower extremity peripheral arterial disease, JAMA, 295, 536, 10.1001/jama.295.5.536 Bonaca, 2018, Peripheral Artery Diseases Beckman, 2019, Peripheral Artery Disease: clinical Evaluation Bailey, 2014, Clinical assessment of patients with peripheral arterial disease, Semin Intervent Radiol, 31, 292, 10.1055/s-0034-1393964 Rutherford, 1997, Recommended standards for reports dealing with lower extremity ischemia: revised version, J. Vasc. Surg., 26, 517, 10.1016/S0741-5214(97)70045-4 Fontaine, 1954, [Surgical treatment of peripheral circulation disorders], Helv Chir Acta, 21, 499 Grundy, 2019, 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: executive Summary: a Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines, J Am Coll Cardiol, 73, 3168, 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.11.002 Willigendael, 2005, Smoking and the patency of lower extremity bypass grafts: a meta-analysis, J. Vasc. Surg., 42, 67, 10.1016/j.jvs.2005.03.024 Hiatt, 2017, Ticagrelor versus Clopidogrel in Symptomatic Peripheral Artery Disease, N Engl J Med, 376, 32, 10.1056/NEJMoa1611688 Bonaca, 2016, Ticagrelor for Prevention of Ischemic Events After Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease, J Am Coll Cardiol, 67, 2719, 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.03.524 Anand, 2018, Rivaroxaban with or without aspirin in patients with stable peripheral or carotid artery disease: an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, Lancet, 391, 219, 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32409-1 Bonaca, 2013, Vorapaxar in patients with peripheral artery disease: results from TRA2{degrees}P-TIMI 50, Circulation, 127, 1522, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.000679 Bonaca, 2018, Polyvascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and long-term vascular risk: a secondary analysis of the IMPROVE-IT trial, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 6, 934, 10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30290-0 Bonaca, 2018, Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Lowering With Evolocumab and Outcomes in Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease: insights From the FOURIER Trial (Further Cardiovascular Outcomes Research With PCSK9 Inhibition in Subjects With Elevated Risk), Circulation, 137, 338, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032235 Neal, 2017, Canagliflozin and Cardiovascular and Renal Events in Type 2 Diabetes, N Engl J Med, 377, 644, 10.1056/NEJMoa1611925 Whelton, 2018, Hypertension, 71, 1269, 10.1161/HYP.0000000000000066 Ostergren, 2004, Impact of ramipril in patients with evidence of clinical or subclinical peripheral arterial disease, Eur Heart J, 25, 17, 10.1016/j.ehj.2003.10.033 Hamburg, 2011, Exercise rehabilitation in peripheral artery disease: functional impact and mechanisms of benefits, Circulation, 123, 87, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.881888 Treat-Jacobson, 2019, Implementation of Supervised Exercise Therapy for Patients With Symptomatic Peripheral Artery Disease: a Science Advisory From the American Heart Association, Circulation, 140, e700, 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000727 Klingelhoefer, 2016, Predictive factors for better bypass patency and limb salvage after prosthetic above-knee bypass reconstruction, J. Vasc. Surg., 64, 380, 10.1016/j.jvs.2016.02.059