Predictors and usefulness of targeted therapy for pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia diagnosed by the urinary antigen test: a prospective, observational cohort study

Arnold, 2013, for the CAPO authors. Mortality differences among hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia in three world regions: results from the Community-Acquired Pneumonia Organization (CAPO) International Cohort Study, Respir Med, 107, 1101, 10.1016/j.rmed.2013.04.003 Bronzwaer, 2002, A European study on the relationship between antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance, Emerg Infect Dis, 8, 278, 10.3201/eid0803.010192 Volturo, 2006, Managing acute lower respiratory tract infections in an era of antibacterial resistance, Am J Emerg Med, 24, 329, 10.1016/j.ajem.2005.10.001 Van der Eerden, 2005, Comparison between pathogen directed antibiotic treatment and empirical broad spectrum antibiotic treatment in patients with community acquired pneumonia: a prospective randomised study, Thorax, 60, 672, 10.1136/thx.2004.030411 Ishida, 1998, Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients: a 3-year prospective study in Japan, Chest, 114, 1588, 10.1378/chest.114.6.1588 Miyashita, 2001, Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization in Japan, Chest, 119, 1295, 10.1378/chest.119.4.1295-a Mandell, 2007, Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults, Clin Infect Dis, 44, S27, 10.1086/511159 Cillóniz, 2011, Microbial aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia and its relation to severity, Thorax, 66, 340, 10.1136/thx.2010.143982 Werno, 2008, Medical microbiology: laboratory diagnosis of invasive pneumococcal disease, Clin Infect Dis, 46, 926, 10.1086/528798 Blaschke, 2011, Interpreting assays for the detection of Streptococcus pneumonia, Clin Infect Dis, 52, S331, 10.1093/cid/cir048 Rosón, 2004, Contribution of a urinary antigen assay (Binax NOW) to the early diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia, Clin Infect Dis, 38, 222, 10.1086/380639 Ishida, 2004, A 3-year prospective study of a urinary antigen-detection test for Streptococcus pneumoniae in community-acquired pneumonia: utility and clinical impact on the reported etiology, J Infect Chemother, 10, 359, 10.1007/s10156-004-0351-1 Molinos, 2015, Sensitivity, specificity, and positivity predictors of the pneumococcal urinary antigen test in community-acquired pneumonia, Ann Am Thorac Soc, 12, 1482, 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201505-304OC Kobashi, 2007, Evaluating the use of a Streptococcus pneumoniae urinary antigen detection kit for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in Japan, Respiration, 74, 387, 10.1159/000092547 Sorde, 2011, Current and potential usefulness of pneumococcal urinary antigen detection in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia to guide antimicrobial therapy, Arch Intern Med, 171, 166, 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.347 Engel, 2013, Positive urinary antigen tests for Streptococcus pneumoniae in community-acquired pneumonia: a 7-year retrospective evaluation of health care cost and treatment consequences, Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 32, 485, 10.1007/s10096-012-1761-0 Mothes, 2016, Community-acquired pneumonia and positive urinary antigen tests: factors associated with targeted antibiotic therapy, Med Mal Infect, 46, 365, 10.1016/j.medmal.2016.05.009 Chalmers, 2011, Epidemiology, antibiotic therapy, and clinical outcomes in health care-associated pneumonia: a UK cohort study, Clin Infect Dis, 53, 10.1093/cid/cir274 Lim, 2003, Defining community-acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study, Thorax, 58, 377, 10.1136/thorax.58.5.377 Fine, 1997, A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia, N Engl J Med, 336, 243, 10.1056/NEJM199701233360402 Ito, 2017, Prognostic factors in hospitalized community-acquired pneumonia: a retrospective study of a prospective observational cohort, BMC Pulm Med, 17, 78, 10.1186/s12890-017-0424-4 Austin, 2013, The performance of different propensity score methods for estimating marginal hazard ratios, Stat Med, 32, 2837, 10.1002/sim.5705 Priner, 2008, Might Streptococcus pneumoniae urinary antigen test be positive because of pneumococcal vaccine?, J Am Geriatr Soc, 56, 170, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01451.x Chiou, 2006, Does penicillin remain the drug of choice for pneumococcal pneumonia in view of emerging in vitro resistance?, Clin Infect Dis, 42, 234, 10.1086/499596 Peterson, 2006, Penicillins for treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia: does in vitro resistance really matter?, Clin Infect Dis, 42, 224, 10.1086/497594 Bartlett, 1979, Anaerobic bacterial pneumonitis, Am Rev Respir Dis, 119, 19 El-Solh, 2003, Microbiology of severe aspiration pneumonia in institutionalized elderly, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 167, 1650, 10.1164/rccm.200212-1543OC Tokuyasu, 2009, Effectiveness of meropenem for the treatment of aspiration pneumonia in elderly patients, Intern Med, 48, 129, 10.2169/internalmedicine.48.1308 Bartlett, 2013, How important are anaerobic bacteria in aspiration pneumonia: when should they be treated and what is optimal therapy, Infect Dis Clin N Am, 27, 149, 10.1016/j.idc.2012.11.016 Skerrett, 1999, Diagnostic testing for community-acquired pneumonia, Clin Chest Med, 20, 531, 10.1016/S0272-5231(05)70234-3 Murray, 1975, Microscopic and bacteriologic analysis of expectorated sputum, Mayo Clin Proc, 50, 339 Musher, 2004, Diagnostic value of microscopic examination of Gram-stained sputum and sputum cultures in patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia, Clin Infect Dis, 39, 165, 10.1086/421497 Falguera, 2010, Prospective, randomised study to compare empirical treatment versus targeted treatment on the basis of the urine antigen results in hospitalised patients with community-acquired pneumonia, Thorax, 65, 101, 10.1136/thx.2009.118588 Yu, 2011, Arch Intern Med, 171, 172, 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.474 Gucher, 2005, Management of nonsevere pneumonia in military trainees with the urinary antigen test for Streptococcus pneumoniae: an innovative approach to targeted therapy, Clin Infect Dis, 40, 1608, 10.1086/429919 2011