Xây dựng cấu trúc dự đoán trong hiểu ngôn ngữ: một nghiên cứu trên mẫu lớn về cấp phép gia tăng và tính song song

Cognitive Processing - Tập 24 Số 2 - Trang 301-311 - 2023
Hiroki Fujita1
1Department of Linguistics, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24–25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany

Tóm tắt

Tóm tắtTrong việc hiểu ngôn ngữ trực tuyến, bộ phân tích (parser) sẽ dần dần xây dựng các cấu trúc cú pháp theo cấp bậc. Bản chất dự đoán của quá trình xây dựng cấu trúc này đã là chủ đề của nhiều cuộc tranh luận rộng rãi. Một nghiên cứu trước đây đã quan sát được rằng, khi một cụm từ wh- biểu thị sự song song giữa mệnh đề wh sắp tới với một mệnh đề trước đó (ví dụ: John đã kể một số câu chuyện, nhưng chúng tôi không thể nhớ những câu chuyện nào…), bộ phân tích sẽ dự đoán mệnh đề wh. Quan sát này cho thấy sự xây dựng cấu trúc dự đoán. Tuy nhiên, nghiên cứu cũng gợi ý rằng bộ phân tích không đưa ra dự đoán khi cụm từ wh- chỉ ra rằng sự song song không tồn tại (ví dụ: John đã kể một số câu chuyện … với những câu chuyện nào…), đây là một giới hạn tiềm tàng trong dự đoán các cấu trúc cú pháp. Điều quan trọng, những phát hiện này gây tranh cãi vì nghiên cứu không quan sát thấy khó khăn trong quá trình xử lý khi việc giải nghĩa đầu vào cho thấy rằng sự tiếp tục dự đoán không nhất quán với cấu trúc ngữ pháp toàn cục (hiệu ứng garden-path). Kết quả gây tranh cãi có thể do thiếu sức mạnh thống kê. Do đó, nghiên cứu hiện tại đã tiến hành một nghiên cứu lặp lại quy mô lớn (324 người tham gia và 24 bộ tài liệu). Kết quả cho thấy bộ phân tích dự đoán cấu trúc mệnh đề, không phụ thuộc vào loại cụm từ wh-. Cũng có bằng chứng về hiệu ứng garden-path, hỗ trợ phát hiện rằng bộ phân tích sẽ đưa ra dự đoán. Những quan sát này gợi ý rằng thuật toán dự đoán vốn có trong bộ phân tích của con người mạnh mẽ hơn so với những gì nghiên cứu trước đó giả định và rằng bộ phân tích cố gắng xây dựng các cấu trúc ngữ pháp toàn cục trong quá trình sửa đổi.

Từ khóa


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