Prediction of cardiovascular risk by Lp(a) concentrations or genetic variants within the LPA gene region

Kronenberg F, Utermann G (2013) Lipoprotein(a)—resurrected by genetics. J Intern Med 273:6–30

Langsted A, Kamstrup PR, Nordestgaard BG (2014) Lipoprotein(a): fasting and nonfasting levels, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk. Atherosclerosis 234:95–101

Kronenberg F (2014) Lipoprotein(a) in various conditions: To keep a sense of proportions. Atherosclerosis 234:249–251

Utermann G (1989) The mysteries of lipoprotein(a). Science 246:904–910

Lamon-Fava S, Jimenez D, Christian JC, Fabsitz RR, Reed T, Carmelli D, Castelli WP, Ordovas JM, Wilson PWF, Schaefer EJ (1991) The NHLBI Twin Study: heritability of apolipoprotein A‑I and B, and low density lipoprotein subclasses and concordance for lipoprotein(a). Atherosclerosis 91:97–106

Austin MA, Sandholzer C, Selby JV, Newman B, Krauss RM, Utermann G (1992) Lipoprotein(a) in women twins: heritability and relationship to apolipoprotein(a) phenotypes. Am J Hum Genet 51:829–840

Utermann G, Menzel HJ, Kraft HG, Duba HC, Kemmler HG, Seitz C (1987) Lp(a) glycoprotein phenotypes: inheritance and relation to Lp(a)-lipoprotein concentrations in plasma. J Clin Invest 80:458–465

Lackner C, Cohen JC, Hobbs HH (1993) Molecular definition of the extreme size polymorphism in apolipoprotein(a). Hum Mol Genet 2:933–940

Lackner C, Boerwinkle E, Leffert CC, Rahmig T, Hobbs HH (1991) Molecular basis of apolipoprotein (a) isoform size heterogeneity as revealed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. J Clin Invest 87:2153–2161

Kraft HG, Köchl S, Menzel HJ, Sandholzer C, Utermann G (1992) The apolipoprotein(a) gene: a transcribed hypervariable locus controlling plasma lipoprotein(a) concentration. Hum Genet 90:220–230

Kamstrup PR, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Steffensen R, Nordestgaard BG (2009) Genetically elevated lipoprotein(a) and increased risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA 301:2331–2339

Nordestgaard BG, Chapman MJ, Ray K, Boren J, Andreotti F, Watts GF, Ginsberg H, Amarenco P, Catapano A, Descamps OS, Fisher E, Kovanen PT, Kuivenhoven JA, Lesnik P, Masana L, Reiner Z, Taskinen MR, Tokgozoglu L, Tybjaerg-Hansen A (2010) Lipoprotein(a) as a cardiovascular risk factor: current status. Eur Heart J 31:2844–2853

Erqou S, Kaptoge S, Perry PL, Di AE, Thompson A, White IR, Marcovina SM, Collins R, Thompson SG, Danesh J (2009) Lipoprotein(a) concentration and the risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and nonvascular mortality. JAMA 302:412–423

Thanassoulis G, Campbell CY, Owens DS, Smith JG, Smith AV, Peloso GM, Kerr KF, Pechlivanis S, Budoff MJ, Harris TB, Malhotra R, O’Brien KD, Kamstrup PR, Nordestgaard BG, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Allison MA, Aspelund T, Criqui MH, Heckbert SR, Hwang SJ, Liu Y, Sjogren M, van der Pals J, Kalsch H, Muhleisen TW, Nothen MM, Cupples LA, Caslake M, Di AE, Danesh J, Rotter JI, Sigurdsson S, Wong Q, Erbel R, Kathiresan S, Melander O, Gudnason V, O’Donnell CJ, Post WS (2013) Genetic associations with valvular calcification and aortic stenosis. N Engl J Med 368:503–512

Kamstrup PR, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Nordestgaard BG (2014) Elevated lipoprotein(a) and risk of aortic valve stenosis in the general population. J Am Coll Cardiol 63:470–477

Arsenault BJ, Boekholdt SM, Dube MP, Rheaume E, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT, Sandhu MS, Tardif JC (2014) Lipoprotein(a) levels, genotype, and incident aortic valve stenosis: a prospective mendelian randomization study and replication in a case-control cohort. Circ Cardiovasc Genet 7:304–310

Vongpromek R, Bos S, Ten KGJ, Yahya R, Verhoeven AJ, De Feyter PJ, Kronenberg F, van Lennep JE, Sijbrands EJ, Mulder MT (2015) Lipoprotein(a) levels are associated with aortic valve calcification in asymptomatic patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia. J Intern Med 278:166–173

Vuorio A, Watts GF, Kovanen PT (2018) Lipoprotein(a) as a risk factor for calcific aortic valvulopathy in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 281:25–30

Capoulade R, Yeang C, Chan KL, Pibarot P, Tsimikas S (2018) Association of Mild to Moderate Aortic Valve Stenosis Progression With Higher Lipoprotein(a) and Oxidized Phospholipid Levels: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial. Jama Cardiol (in press) https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2018.3798

Chen HY, Dufresne L, Burr H, Ambikkumar A, Yasui N, Luk K, Ranatunga DK, Whitmer RA, Lathrop M, Engert JC, Thanassoulis G (2018) Association of LPA variants with aortic stenosis: a large-scale study using diagnostic and procedural codes from electronic health records. JAMA Cardiol 3:18–23

Cairns BJ, Coffey S, Travis RC, Prendergast B, Green J, Engert JC, Lathrop M, Thanassoulis G, Clarke R (2017) A replicated, genome-wide significant association of aortic stenosis with a genetic variant for lipoprotein(a): meta-analysis of published and novel data. Circulation 135:1181–1183

Kamstrup PR, Nordestgaard BG (2016) Elevated lipoprotein(a) levels, LPA risk genotypes, and increased risk of heart failure in the general population. JACC Heart Fail 4:78–87

Laschkolnig A, Kollerits B, Lamina C, Meisinger C, Rantner B, Stadler M, Peters A, Koenig W, Stöckl A, Dähnhardt D, Böger CA, Krämer BK, Fraedrich G, Strauch K, Kronenberg F (2014) Lipoprotein(a) concentrations, apolipoprotein(a) phenotypes and peripheral arterial disease in three independent cohorts. Cardiovasc Res 103:28–36

Gurdasani D, Sjouke B, Tsimikas S, Hovingh GK, Luben RN, Wainwright NW, Pomilla C, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT, Boekholdt SM, Sandhu MS (2012) Lipoprotein(a) and risk of coronary, cerebrovascular, and peripheral artery disease: the EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 32:3058–3065

Dieplinger B, Lingenhel A, Baumgartner N, Poelz W, Dieplinger H, Haltmayer M, Kronenberg F, Mueller T (2007) Increased serum lipoprotein(a) concentrations and low molecular weight phenotypes of apolipoprotein(a) are associated with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease. Clin Chem 53:1298–1305

Kronenberg F (2016) High-density lipoprotein cholesterol on a roller coaster: where will the ride end? Kidney Int 89:747–749

Sandholzer C, Saha N, Kark JD, Rees A, Jaross W, Dieplinger H, Hoppichler F, Boerwinkle E, Utermann G (1992) Apo(a) isoforms predict risk for coronary heart disease: a study in six populations. Arter Thromb 12:1214–1226

Erqou S, Thompson A, Di AE, Saleheen D, Kaptoge S, Marcovina S, Danesh J (2010) Apolipoprotein(a) isoforms and the risk of vascular disease: systematic review of 40 studies involving 58,000 participants. J Am Coll Cardiol 55:2160–2167

Kronenberg F (2016) Human genetics and the causal role of lipoprotein(a) for various diseases. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 30:87–100

Tate JR, Rifai N, Berg K, Couderc R, Dati F, Kostner GM, Sakurabayashi I, Steinmetz A (1998) International Federation of Clinical Chemistry standardization project for the measurement of lipoprotein(a). Phase I. Evaluation of the analytical performance of lipoprotein(a) assay systems and commercial calibrators. Clin Chem 44:1629–1640

Marcovina SM, Albers JJ, Gabel B, Koschinsky ML, Gaur VP (1995) Effect of the number of apolipoprotein(a) kringle 4 domains on immunochemical measurements of lipoprotein(a). Clin Chem 41:246–255

Erdel M, Hubalek M, Lingenhel A, Kofler K, Duba HC, Utermann G (1999) Counting the repetitive kringle-IV repeats in the gene encoding human apolipoprotein(a) by fibre-FISH. Nat Genet 21:357–358

Kronenberg F, Kronenberg MF, Kiechl S, Trenkwalder E, Santer P, Oberhollenzer F, Egger G, Utermann G, Willeit J (1999) Role of lipoprotein(a) and apolipoprotein(a) phenotype in atherogenesis: prospective results from the Bruneck Study. Circulation 100:1154–1160

Kronenberg F, Neyer U, Lhotta K, Trenkwalder E, Auinger M, Pribasnig A, Meisl T, König P, Dieplinger H (1999) The low molecular weight apo(a) phenotype is an independent predictor for coronary artery disease in hemodialysis patients: a prospective follow-up. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:1027–1036

Longenecker JC, Klag MJ, Marcovina SM, Liu YM, Jaar BG, Powe NR, Fink NE, Levey AS, Coresh J (2005) High lipoprotein(a) levels and small apolipoprotein(a) size prospectively predict cardiovascular events in dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 16:1794–1802

Kronenberg F (2014) Causes and consequences of lipoprotein(a) abnormalities in kidney disease. Clin Exp Nephrol 18:234–237

Clarke R, Peden JF, Hopewell JC, Kyriakou T, Goel A, Heath SC, Parish S, Barlera S, Franzosi MG, Rust S, Bennett D, Silveira A, Malarstig A, Green FR, Lathrop M, Gigante B, Leander K, de Faire U, Seedorf U, Hamsten A, Collins R, Watkins H, Farrall M (2009) Genetic variants associated with Lp(a) lipoprotein level and coronary disease. N Engl J Med 361:2518–2528

Kronenberg F (2014) Genetic determination of lipoprotein(a) and its association with cardiovascular disease. Convenient does not always mean better. J Intern Med 276:243–247

Khalifa M, Noureen A, Ertelthalner K, Bandegi AR, Delport R, Firdaus WJ, Geethanjali FS, Luthra K, Makemaharn O, Pang RW, Salem AH, Sasaki J, Schiefenhoevel W, Lingenhel A, Kronenberg F, Utermann G, Schmidt K (2015) Lack of association of rs3798220 with small apolipoprotein(a) isoforms and high lipoprotein(a) levels in East and Southeast Asians. Atherosclerosis 242:521–528

Mack S, Coassin S, Rueedi R, Yousri NA, Seppälä I, Gieger C, Schönherr S, Forer L, Erhart G, Marques-Vidal P, Ried JS, Waeber G, Bergmann S, Dähnhardt D, Stöckl A, Raitakari OT, Kähönen M, Peters A, Meitinger T, Strauch K, Kedenko L, Paulweber B, Lehtimäki T, Hunt SC, Vollenweider P, Lamina C, Kronenberg F (2017) A genome-wide association meta-analysis on lipoprotein(a) concentrations adjusted for apolipoprotein(a) isoforms. J Lipid Res 58:1834–1844

Coassin S, Schoenherr S, Weissensteiner H, Erhart G, Forer L, Losso JL, Lamina C, Haun M, Utermann G, Paulweber B, Specht G, Kronenberg F (2019) A comprehensive map of single base polymorphisms in the hypervariable LPA Kringle IV-2 copy number variation region. J Lipid Res 60:186–199

Coassin S, Erhart G, Weissensteiner H, de Eca Guimaraes AM, Lamina C, Schonherr S, Forer L, Haun M, Losso JL, Kottgen A, Schmidt K, Utermann G, Peters A, Gieger C, Strauch K, Finkenstedt A, Bale R, Zoller H, Paulweber B, Eckardt KU, Huttenhofer A, Huber LA, Kronenberg F (2017) A novel but frequent variant in LPA KIV-2 is associated with a pronounced Lp(a) and cardiovascular risk reduction. Eur Heart J 38:1823–1831

Hammond SM, Wood MJ (2011) Genetic therapies for RNA mis-splicing diseases. Trends Genet 27:196–205

Kronenberg F, König P, Neyer U, Auinger M, Pribasnig A, Lang U, Reitinger J, Pinter G, Utermann G, Dieplinger H (1995) Multicenter study of lipoprotein(a) and apolipoprotein(a) phenotypes in patients with end-stage renal disease treated by hemodialysis or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 6:110–120

Zimmermann J, Herrlinger S, Pruy A, Metzger T, Wanner C (1999) Inflammation enhances cardiovascular risk and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 55:648–658

Craig WY, Poulin SE, Forster NR, Neveux LM, Wald NJ, Ledue TB (1992) Effect of sample storage on the assay of lipoprotein(a) by commercially available radial immunodiffusion and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Clin Chem 38:550–553

Desmarais RL, Sarembock IJ, Ayers CR, Vernon SM, Powers ER, Gimple LW (1995) Elevated serum lipoprotein(a) is a risk factor for clinical recurrence after coronary balloon angioplasty. Circulation 91:1403–1409

Kronenberg F, Trenkwalder E, Dieplinger H, Utermann G (1996) Lipoprotein(a) in stored plasma samples and the ravages of time: why epidemiological studies might fail. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 16:1568–1572

Ioannidis JP (2008) Why most discovered true associations are inflated. Epidemiology 19:640–648