Prediction equations for estimating maximum lateral displacement and settlement of geosynthetic reinforced soil abutments

Abu-Hejleh, 2000, Performance of geosynthetic-reinforced walls supporting bridge and approaching roadway structures, 218 Abu-Hejleh, 2002, Monitored displacements of unique geosynthetic-reinforced soil bridge abutments, Geosynth Int, 9, 71, 10.1680/gein.9.0211 Adams, 1997, Performance of a pre-strained geosynthetic reinforced soil bridge pier, 35 Adams, 2002, Vegas Mini Pier experiment and postulate of zero volume change, 389 Adams M, Nicks J, Stabile T, Wu JT, Schlatter W, Hartmann J. Geosynthetic reinforced soil integrated bridge system interim implementation guide. Rep. No. FHWA-HRT-11-026. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration; 2011a. Adams M, Nicks J, Stabile T, Wu JT, Schlatter W, Hartmann J. Geosynthetic reinforced soil integrated bridge system synthesis report. Rep. No. FHWA-HRT-11-027. McLean (VA): Federal Highway Administration; 2011b. Ardah, 2017, Numerical evaluation of the performance of a geosynthetic reinforced soil-integrated bridge system (GRS-IBS) under different loading conditions, Geotext Geomembr, 45, 558, 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2017.07.005 Bathurst, 2000, Full-scale testing of geosynthetic reinforced walls, 201 Benigni, 1996, Construction and performance of an experimental large scale wall reinforced with geosynthetics, Vol. 1, 315 Benjamim, 2007, Field monitoring evaluation of geotextile-reinforced soil-retaining walls, Geosynth Int, 14, 100, 10.1680/gein.2007.14.2.100 Bolton, 1986, The strength and dilatancy of sands, Geotechnique, 36, 65, 10.1680/geot.1986.36.1.65 Bueno, 2005, Field performance of a full-scale retaining wall reinforced with Nonwoven geotextiles, 2617 Christopher BR, Gill SA, Giroud JP, Mitchell JK, Schlosser F, Dunnicliff J. Reinforced soil structures. Vol. 1: Design and construction guidelines. Rep. No. FHWA-RD 89-043. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration; 1990. Duncan, 1970, Non-linear analysis of stress and strain in soils, J Soil Mech Found Div, 96, 1629, 10.1061/JSFEAQ.0001458 Giroud JP. Geotextile engineering workshop-design examples. Rep. No. FHWA-HI-89-002. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration; 1989. Gotteland, 1997, Geosynthetic reinforced structures as bridge abutment: Full scale experimentation and comparison with modelisations, 25 Guler, 2007, Numerical analysis of reinforced soil-retaining wall structures with cohesive and granular backfills, Geosynth Int, 14, 330, 10.1680/gein.2007.14.6.330 Hamby, 1995, A comparison of sensitivity analysis techniques, Health Phys, 68, 195, 10.1097/00004032-199502000-00005 Hatami K, Bathurst RJ. Verification of a numerical model for reinforced soil segmental retaining walls. In: Slopes and retaining structures under static and seismic conditions. ASCE proceedings; 2004. Hatami, 2005, Development and verification of a numerical model for the analysis of geosynthetic-reinforced soil segmental walls under working stress conditions, Can Geotech J, 42, 1066, 10.1139/t05-040 Hatami K, Bathurst RJ. Verification of a numerical model for reinforced soil segmental retaining walls. In: Slopes and retaining structures under seismic and static conditions; 2005b. p. 1–10. Hatami, 2006, Numerical model for reinforced soil segmental walls under surcharge loading, J Geotech Geoenviron Eng, 132, 673, 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:6(673) Helwany, 1993 Helwany, 2001, Seismic analysis of segmental retaining walls. I: Model verification, J Geotech Geoenviron Eng, 741, 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:9(741) Helwany, 2007, Simulating the behavior of GRS bridge abutments, J Geotech Geoenviron Eng, 133, 1229, 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:10(1229) Holtz RD, Lee WF. Internal stability analyses of geosynthetic reinforced retaining walls (No. WA-RD 532.1). Olympia (Washington): Washington State Department of Transportation; 2002. Huang, 2009, Numerical study of reinforced soil segmental walls using three different constitutive soil models, J Geotech Geoenviron Eng, 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000092 Huang, 2010, Influence of toe restraint on reinforced soil segmental walls, Can Geotech J, 47, 885, 10.1139/T10-002 Itasca. Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua (FLAC). Minneapolis (Minnesota): Itasca Consulting Group, Inc.; 2001. Jewell RA. Reinforced soil wall analysis and behavior. In: The application of polymeric reinforcement in soil retaining structures, Kluwer, Netherlands; 1988. Jewell RA, Milligan GWE. Deformation calculation for reinforced soil walls. In: Proc, 12th int conf on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, vol. 2. Abingdon (U.K.): Taylor & Francis; 1989. p. 1259–62. Karpurapu, 1992, Numerical investigation of controlled yielding of soil-retaining wall structures, Geotext Geomembr, 11, 115, 10.1016/0266-1144(92)90040-H Karpurapu, 1995, Behaviour of geosynthetic reinforced soil retaining walls using the finite element method, Comput Geotech, 17, 279, 10.1016/0266-352X(95)99214-C Khosrojerdi, 2016, Evaluation of prediction methods for lateral deformation of GRS Walls and abutments, J Geotech Geoenviron Eng, 143, 06016022, 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001591 Ling, 2003, Finite element parametric study of the behavior of segmental block reinforced-soil retaining walls, Geosynthetics Int., 10, 77, 10.1680/gein.2003.10.3.77 Ling, 2000, Finite element study of a geosynthetic-reinforced soil retaining wall with concrete-block facing, Geosynth Int, 7, 137, 10.1680/gein.7.0170 Mirmoradi, 2014, Numerical evaluation of the behavior of GRS walls with segmental block facing under working stress conditions, J Geotech Geoenviron Eng, 04014109 Nicks, 2013 Obrzud R, Truty A. The hardening soil model—a practical guidebook. Technical 358 Report Z_ Soil PC 100701. Lausanne: Zace Services Ltd; 2010. Perkins, 1999, Soil-geosynthetic interface strength and stiffness relationships from pullout tests, Geosynth. Int., 6, 321, 10.1680/gein.6.0156 Phillips EK, Shillaber CM, Mitchell JK, Dove JE, Filz GM. Sustainability comparison of a geosynthetic-reinforced soil abutment and a traditionally-founded abutment: a case history. In: Geotechnical and structural engineering congress 2016; 2016. p. 699–711. Rowe, 1997, Continuous panel reinforced soil walls on rigid foundations, J Geotech Geoenviron Eng, 912, 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1997)123:10(912) Rowe, 1998, Horizontal deformation in reinforced soil walls, Can Geotech J, 35, 312, 10.1139/t97-062 Schanz, 1998, On the stiffness of sands, Géotechnique, 48, 383 Schanz T, Vermeer PA, Bonnier PG. The hardening soil model: formulation and verification. In: Beyond 2000 in computational geotechnics; 1999. p. 281–96. Wu JT. Design and construction of low cost retaining walls: The next generation in technology. Rep. No. CTI-UCD-1-94. Denver (CO): Colorado Transportation Institute; 1994. Wu JT, Pham TQ, Adams MT. Composite behavior of geosynthetic reinforced soil mass. FHWA Rep. No. FHWA-HRT-10-077. McLean (VA); 2013. Xiao M, Qiu T, Khosrojerdi M, Basu P, Withiam J. Synthesis and evaluation of the service limit state of engineered fills for bridge support. FHWA Synthesis Report, PUBLICATION NO. FHWA-HRT-15-080, publication date February 2016, 151 pp. McLean (VA): U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Research, Development, and Technology, Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center; 2016. Zheng, 2016, Numerical investigation of geosynthetic-reinforced soil bridge abutments under static loading, J Geotech Geoenviron Eng, 142, 04016004, 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001452 Zheng, 2017, Numerical investigation of the geosynthetic reinforced soil-integrated bridge system under static loading, J Geotech Geoenviron Eng, 143, 04017008, 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001665 Ziyadi, 2017, Efficient surrogate method for predicting pavement response to various tire configurations, Neural Comput Appl, 28, 1355, 10.1007/s00521-016-2442-1