Potentially dangerous glacial lakes across the Tibetan Plateau revealed using a large-scale automated assessment approach

Vuichard, 1987, The 1985 catastrophic drainage of a moraine-dammed lake, Khumbu Himal, Nepal: causes and consequences, Mt Res Dev, 7, 91, 10.2307/3673305 Richardson, 2000, An overview of glacial hazards in the Himalayas, Quat Int, 65, 31, 10.1016/S1040-6182(99)00035-X Liu, 2013, The two main mechanisms of Glacier Lake Outburst Flood in Tibet, China, J Mt Sci, 10, 239, 10.1007/s11629-013-2517-8 Allen, 2016, Lake outburst and debris flow disaster at Kedarnath, June 2013: hydrometeorological triggering and topographic predisposition, Landslides, 6, 1479, 10.1007/s10346-015-0584-3 Cook, 2015, Estimating the volume of Alpine glacial lakes, Earth Surf Dyn, 3, 559, 10.5194/esurf-3-559-2015 Korup, 2007, Ice, moraine, and landslide dams in mountainous terrain, Quart Sci Rev, 26, 3406, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.10.012 Emmer, 2013, The causes and mechanisms of moraine-dammed lake failures in the Cordillera Blanca, North American Cordillera, and Himalayas, AUC Geogr, 48, 5, 10.14712/23361980.2014.23 Worni, 2014, Coupling glacial lake impact, dam breach, and flood processes: a modeling perspective, Geomorphology, 224, 161, 10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.06.031 Lliboutry, 1977, Glaciological problems set by the control of dangerous lakes in Cordillera Blanca, Peru. I. Historic failure of morainic dams, their causes and prevention, J Glaciol, 18, 239, 10.1017/S002214300002133X Huggel, 2005, The 2002 rock/ice avalanche at Kolka/Karmadon, Russian Caucasus: assessment of extraordinary avalanche formation and mobility and application of QuickBird satellite imagery, Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci, 5, 173, 10.5194/nhess-5-173-2005 Allen, 2009, First approaches towards modelling glacial hazards in the Mount Cook region of New Zealand’s Southern Alps, Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci, 9, 481, 10.5194/nhess-9-481-2009 Kougkoulos, 2018, Use of multi-criteria decision analysis to identify potentially dangerous glacial lakes, Sci Total Environ, 621, 1453, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.083 Emmer, 2014, New method for assessing the susceptibility of glacial lakes to outburst floods in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci, 18, 3461, 10.5194/hess-18-3461-2014 Iribarren Anacona, 2014, Moraine-dammed lake failures in Patagonia and assessment of outburst susceptibility in the Baker Basin, Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci, 14, 3243, 10.5194/nhess-14-3243-2014 McKillop, 2007, A procedure for making objective preliminary assessments of outburst flood hazard from moraine-dammed lakes in southwestern British Colombia, Nat Hazards, 41, 131, 10.1007/s11069-006-9028-7 Huggel, 2004, An assessment procedure for glacial hazards in the Swiss Alps, Can Geotech J, 41, 1068, 10.1139/t04-053 Rounce, 2016, A new remote hazard and risk assessment framework for glacial lakes in the Nepal Himalaya, Hydrol Earth Syst Sci, 20, 3455, 10.5194/hess-20-3455-2016 Worni, 2013, Glacier lakes in the Indian Himalayas – from an area-wide glacial lake inventory to on-site and modeling based risk assessment of critical glacial lakes, Sci Total Environ, 468–469, s71, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.043 Wang, 2011, A first-order method to identify potentially dangerous glacial lakes in a region of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, Mt Res Dev, 31, 122, 10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-10-00059.1 Bolch, 2011, Identification of potentially dangerous glacial lakes in the northern Tien Shan, Nat Hazards, 59, 1691, 10.1007/s11069-011-9860-2 Aggarwal, 2017, Inventory and recently increasing GLOF susceptibility of glacial lakes in Sikkim, Eastern Himalaya, Geomorphology, 295, 39, 10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.06.014 GAPHAZ. Assessment of Glacier and Permafrost Hazards in Mountain Regions: technical Guidance Document. Standing Group on Glacier and Permafrost Hazards in Mountains (GAPHAZ) of the International Association of Cryospheric Sciences (IACS) and the International Permafrost Association (IPA). Zurich, Switzerland/Lima, Peru; 2017. Emmer, 2013, Lake and breach hazard assessment for moraine-dammed lakes: an example from the Cordillera Blanca (Peru), Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci, 13, 1551, 10.5194/nhess-13-1551-2013 Wang, 2012, An approach for estimating the breach probabilities of moraine-dammed lakes in the Chinese Himalayas using remote-sensing data, Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci, 12, 3109, 10.5194/nhess-12-3109-2012 Zhang, 2015, An inventory of glacial lakes in the Third Pole region and their changes in response to global warming, Glob Planet Change, 131, 148, 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.05.013 Rounce, 2017, Identification of hazard and risk for glacial lakes in the Nepal Himalaya using satellite imagery from 2000–2015, Remote Sens, 9, 654, 10.3390/rs9070654 Wang, 2013, Glacial lakes change and current status in the central Chinese Himalayas from 1990 to 2010, J Appl Remote Sens, 7, 73459, 10.1117/1.JRS.7.073459 Wang, 2017, Glacial lake outburst flood disasters and integrated risk management in China, Int J Disaster Risk Sci, 8, 493, 10.1007/s13753-017-0152-7 Fujita, 2013, Potential flood volume of Himalayan glacial lakes, Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci, 13, 1827, 10.5194/nhess-13-1827-2013 Wang, 2015, Moraine-dammed lake distribution and outburst flood risk in the Chinese Himalaya, J Glaciol, 61, 115, 10.3189/2015JoG14J097 Wang, 2015, Rapid expansion of glacial lakes caused by climate and glacier retreat in the Central Himalayas, Hydrol Process, 29, 859, 10.1002/hyp.10199 Zhang, 2002, A discussion on the boundary and area of the Tibetan Plateau in China, Geogr Res-Earth Surf Process, 21, 1 Huggel, 2008, Evaluation of ASTER and SRTM DEM data for lahar modeling: a case study on Popocatépetl volcano, J Volcanol Geoth Res, 17, 99, 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.09.005 Wang, 2018, Integrated hazard assessment of Cirenmaco glacial lake in Zhangzangbo valley, Central Himalayas, Geomorphology, 306, 292, 10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.08.013 Romstad, 2009, A GIS method for assessment of rock slide tsunami hazard in all Norwegion lakes and reservoirs, Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci, 9, 353, 10.5194/nhess-9-353-2009 Outburst, 2015 Allen, 2016, Glacial lake outburst flood risk in Himachal Pradesh, India: an integrative and anticipatory approach considering current and future threats, Nat Hazards, 84, 1741, 10.1007/s11069-016-2511-x Allen, 2011, Rock avalanches and other landslides in the central Southern Alps of New Zealand: a regional study considering possible climate change impacts, Landslides, 8, 33, 10.1007/s10346-010-0222-z Fischer, 2012, On the influence of topographic, geological and cryospheric factors on rock avalanches and rockfalls in high-mountain areas, Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci, 12, 241, 10.5194/nhess-12-241-2012 Noetzli, 2003, Mountain permafrost and recent Alpine rock-fall events: a GIS-based approach to determine critical factors, vol. 2, 827 Worni, 2012, Analysis and dynamic modeling of a moraine failure and glacier lake outburst flood at Ventisquero Negro, Patagonian Andes (Argentina), J Hydrol, 444–445, 134, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.04.013 Carson, 1977, Angles of repose, angles of shearing resistance and angles of talus slopes, Earth Surf Process, 2, 363, 10.1002/esp.3290020408 Liu, 2014, Glaciers in China and their variations, 583 Veh, 2018, Detecting Himalayan glacial lake outburst floods from Landsat time series, Remote Sens Environ, 207, 84, 10.1016/j.rse.2017.12.025 IPCC, 2014 O’Callaghan, 1984, The extraction of drainage networks from digital elevation data, Comput Vision, Graph Image Process, 28, 323, 10.1016/S0734-189X(84)80011-0 Huggel, 2003, Regional-scale GIS-models for assessments of hazards from glacier lake outbursts: evaluation and application in the Swiss Alps, Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci, 3, 647, 10.5194/nhess-3-647-2003 Ives, 2010 Chen, 2007, Changes in glacial lakes and glaciers of post-1986 in the Poiqu River basin, Nyalam, Xizang (Tibet), Geomorphology, 88, 298, 10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.11.012 Khanal, 2015, A comprehensive approach and methods for glacial lake outburst flood risk assessment, with examples from Nepal and the transboundary area, Int J Water Resour Dev, 31, 219, 10.1080/07900627.2014.994116 Khanal, 2015, Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Risk in the Poiqu/Bhote Koshi/Sun Koshi River Basin in the Central Himalayas, Mt Res Dev, 35, 351, 10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-15-00009 Shrestha, 2010, Glacial lake outburst flood risk assessment of Sun Koshi basin, Nepal, Geomatics, Nat Hazards Risk, 1, 157, 10.1080/19475701003668968 Gruber, 2013, Regional-scale analysis of high-mountain multi-hazard and risk indicators in the Pamir (Tajikistan) with GRASS GIS, Hazards Earth Syst Sci, 13, 2779, 10.5194/nhess-13-2779-2013 Zou, 2017, A new map of permafrost distribution on the Tibetan Plateau, Cryosph, 11, 2527, 10.5194/tc-11-2527-2017 Fiddes, 2015, Large-area land surface simulations in heterogeneous terrain driven by global data sets: application to mountain permafrost, Cryosph, 9, 411, 10.5194/tc-9-411-2015 Allen, 2018, Translating the concept of climate risk into an assessment framework to inform adaptation planning: insights from a pilot study of flood risk in Himachal Pradesh, Northern India, Environ Sci Policy, 87, 1, 10.1016/j.envsci.2018.05.013 Hauck, 2013, New concepts in geophysical surveying and data interpretation for permafrost terrain, Permafr Periglac Process, 24, 131, 10.1002/ppp.1774 Bolch, 2018, Occurrence, evolution and ice content of ice-debris complexes in the Ak-Shiirak, Central Tien Shan revealed by geophysical and remotely-sensed investigations, Earth Surf Process Landforms, 44, 129, 10.1002/esp.4487 Tonkin, 2016, Ice-cored moraine degradation mapped and quantified using an unmanned aerial vehicle: a case study from a polythermal glacier in Svalbard, Geomorphology, 258, 1, 10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.12.019 Schneider, 2014, Mapping hazards from glacier lake outburst floods based on modelling of process cascades at Lake 513, Carhuaz, Peru, Adv Geosci, 35, 145, 10.5194/adgeo-35-145-2014 Haeberli, 2016, Increasing risks related to landslides from degrading permafrost into new lakes in de-glaciating mountain ranges, Geomorphology, 293, 405, 10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.02.009 Haeberli, 2016, New lakes in deglaciating high-mountain regions – opportunities and risks, Clim Change, 139, 201, 10.1007/s10584-016-1771-5 Linsbauer, 2016, Modelling glacier-bed overdeepenings and possible future lakes for the glaciers in the Himalaya-Karakoram region, Ann Glaciol, 57, 119, 10.3189/2016AoG71A627 Gautam, 2010, Climate change and environmental degradation in Tibet: implications for environmental security in South Asia, Strateg Anal, 34, 744, 10.1080/09700161.2010.501593