Potential for an underwater glider component as part of the Global Ocean Observing System

Methods in Oceanography - Tập 17 - Trang 50-82 - 2016
T. Liblik1,2, J. Karstensen1, P. Testor3, P. Alenius4, D. Hayes5, S. Ruiz6, K.J. Heywood7, S. Pouliquen8, L. Mortier3, E. Mauri9
1GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
2Marine Systems Institute at Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
3CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 06), UMR 7159, Laboratoire d'Océanographie et de Climatologie: Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Paris, France
4Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
5Oceanography Centre at University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
6Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, IMEDEA, Esporles, Illes Balears, Spain
7Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
8Numerical and Marine Infrastructures Department, IFREMER, Plouzané, France
9Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale, Trieste, Italy

Tài liệu tham khảo

Abrahamsen, 2014, Sustaining observations in the polar oceans, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 372, 2025, 10.1098/rsta.2013.0337 Ainley, 2015, Trophic cascades in the western Ross Sea, Antarctica: revisited, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 534, 1, 10.3354/meps11394 Albretsen, 2012, Climatic variability in the Skagerrak and coastal waters of Norway, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 69, 758, 10.1093/icesjms/fsr187 Alford, 2012, Internal waves on the Washington continental shelf, Oceanography, 25, 66, 10.5670/oceanog.2012.43 Alvarez, 2013, Mapping sub-surface geostrophic currents from altimetry and a fleet of gliders, Deep Sea Res. I, 10.1016/j.dsr.2012.10.014 Alvarez, 2012, Oceanographic field estimates from remote sensing and glider fleets, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 29, 1657, 10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00015.1 1998, 32 Asper, 2011, Using gliders to study a phytoplankton bloom in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, OCEANS, 19 Baird, 2012, The southward transport of sub-mesoscale lenses of Bass Strait Water in the centre of anti-cyclonic mesoscale eddies, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L02603, 10.1029/2011GL050643 Baird, 2011, The effect of surface flooding on the physical–biogeochemical dynamics of a warm-core eddy off southeast Australia, Deep Sea Res., 58, 592, 10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.002 Bakker, 2012, Global data products help assess changes to the ocean carbon sink, Eos. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 93, 125, 10.1029/2012EO120001 Baumgartner, 2008, Diel periodicity in both sei whale vocalization rates and the vertical migration of their copepod prey observed from ocean gliders, Limnol. Oceanogr., 53, 2151 Baumgartner, 2008, Low frequency vocalizations attributed to sei whales (Balaenoptera borealis), J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 124, 1339, 10.1121/1.2945155 Beaird, 2012, Dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy inferred from seagliders: An application to the eastern nordic seas overflows, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 42, 2268, 10.1175/JPO-D-12-094.1 Beaird, 2013, Overflow waters at the Iceland-Faroe ridge observed in multiyear seaglider surveys, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 43, 2334, 10.1175/JPO-D-13-029.1 Beszczynska-Möller, 2011, A synthesis of exchanges through the main oceanic gateways to the Arctic Ocean, Oceanography, 24, 82, 10.5670/oceanog.2011.59 Biddle, 2015, Ocean glider observations of iceberg-enhanced biological production in the northwestern Weddell Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 459, 10.1002/2014GL062850 Boettger, 2015, Characterizing the semidiurnal internal tide off Tasmania using glider data, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 120, 3730, 10.1002/2015JC010711 Bork, 2008, The legal regulation of floats and gliders—In quest of a new regime?, Ocean Dev. Int. law, 39, 298, 10.1080/00908320802235338 Bosse, 2015, Spreading of Levantine intermediate waters by submesoscale coherent vortices in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea as observed with gliders, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 120, 1599, 10.1002/2014JC010263 Bouffard, 2010, Coastal and mesoscale dynamics characterization using altimetry and gliders: a case study in the Balearic Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C10029, 10.1029/2009JC006087 Bouffard, 2012, Sub-surface small scale eddy dynamics from multi-sensor observations and modelling, Prog. Oceanogr., 106, 62, 10.1016/j.pocean.2012.06.007 Bourrin, 2015, Glider monitoring of shelf suspended particle dynamics and transport during storm and flooding conditions, Cont. Shelf Res., 109, 135, 10.1016/j.csr.2015.08.031 Breivik, 2013, Advances in search and rescue at sea, Ocean Dyn., 63, 83, 10.1007/s10236-012-0581-1 Briggs, 2011, High resolution observations of aggregate flux during a sub-polar North Atlantic spring bloom, Deep Sea Res. Part I, 58, 1031, 10.1016/j.dsr.2011.07.007 Brito, 2014, Underwater glider reliability and implications for survey design, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 31, 2858, 10.1175/JTECH-D-13-00138.1 Brown, 2012, Mapping the Mid-Atlantic cold pool evolution and variability with ocean gliders and numerical models, Oceans, 2012 Castelao, 2010, Temperature, salinity, and density variability in the central Middle Atlantic Bight, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C10005, 10.1029/2009JC006082 Castelao, 2008, Seasonal evolution of hydrographic fields in the central Middle Atlantic Bight from glider observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 10.1029/2007GL032335 Chao, 2008, Synergistic applications of autonomous underwater vehicles and regional oceanmodeling system in coastal ocean forecasting, Limnol. Oceanogr., 53, 2251, 10.4319/lo.2008.53.5_part_2.2251 Cole, 2012, The spatial distribution and annual cycle of upper ocean thermohaline structure, J. Geophys. Res., 10.1029/2011JC007033 Couvelard, 2008, Barotropic zonal jets induced by Islands in the Southwest Pacific, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 2185, 10.1175/2008JPO3903.1 Cronin, 2015, Estimating diffusivity from the mixed layer heat and salt balances in the North Pacific, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 120, 7346, 10.1002/2015JC011010 Davis, 2010, On the coastal-upwelling overturning cell, J. Mar. Res., 68, 369, 10.1357/002224010794657173 Davis, 2012, Gliders measure western boundary current transport from the South Pacific to the equator, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 42, 2001, 10.1175/JPO-D-12-022.1 Davis, 2008, Glider surveillance of physics and biology in the southern California Current System, Limnol. Oceanogr., 53, 2151, 10.4319/lo.2008.53.5_part_2.2151 de Madron, 2013, Interaction of dense shelf water cascading and open-sea convection in the northwestern Mediterranean during winter 2012, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40 Dobricic, 2008, An oceanographic three-dimensional variational data assimilation scheme, Ocean Modell., 22, 89, 10.1016/j.ocemod.2008.01.004 Dobricic, 2010, Impact of data assimilation of glider observations in the Ionian Sea (Eastern Mediterranean), Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 50, 78, 10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2010.01.001 Domingues, 2015, Upper ocean response to Hurricane Gonzalo (2014): Salinity effects revealed by targeted and sustained underwater glider observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 7131, 10.1002/2015GL065378 Durack, 2016, Keeping the lights on for global ocean salinity observation, Nat. Clim. Change, 6, 228, 10.1038/nclimate2946 Evans, 2013, A regression modeling approach for studying carbonate system variability in the northern Gulf of Alaska, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 118, 476, 10.1029/2012JC008246 Evans, 2013, Impact of tropical instability waves on nutrient and chlorophyll distributions in the equatorial Pacific, Deep Sea Res. Part I, 56, 178, 10.1016/j.dsr.2008.08.008 Fan, 2013, Observations of Irminger Sea Anticyclonic Eddies, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 43, 805, 10.1175/JPO-D-11-0155.1 Farrar, 2015, Salinity and temperature balances at the SPURS central mooring during fall and winter, Oceanography, 28, 56, 10.5670/oceanog.2015.06 Fedak, 2013, The impact of animal platforms on polar ocean observation, Deep-Sea Res. II, 88–89, 7, 10.1016/j.dsr2.2012.07.007 Feely, R.C., Cosca, C., Alin, S., Lebon, G., 2012. Sea Surface and Atmospheric fCO2 measurements in the Pacific Ocean during VOS project line onboard the M/S Natalie Schulte. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. http://dx.doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_NATALIE_SCHULTE_LINES, http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/oceans/VOS_Natalie_Schulte_Lines/. Fer, 2014, Microstructure Measurements from an Underwater Glider in the Turbulent Faroe Bank Channel Overflow, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 31, 1128, 10.1175/JTECH-D-13-00221.1 Frajka-Williams, 2011, Determining vertical water velocities from seaglider, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 28, 1641, 10.1175/2011JTECHO830.1 Frajka-Williams, 2009, Physical controls and mesoscale variability in the Labrador Sea spring phytoplankton bloom observed by Seaglider, Deep Sea Res., 56, 2144, 10.1016/j.dsr.2009.07.008 Gangopadhyay, 2013, Multi-scale forecasting in the western north Atlantic: Sensitivity of model forecast skill to glider data assimilation, Cont. Shelf Res., 63, 159, 10.1016/j.csr.2012.09.013 Garzoli, 2010, Progressing towards global sustained deep ocean observations Glenn, 2008, Glider observations of sediment resuspension in a Middle Atlantic Bight fall transition storm, Limnol. Oceanogr., 53, 2180, 10.4319/lo.2008.53.5_part_2.2180 Goni, 2010, The ship of opportunity program Gourdeau, 2008, Zonal jets entering the Coral Sea, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 714, 10.1175/2007JPO3780.1 Gower, 2013, The Malaspina dragon: A newly-discovered pattern of the early spring bloom in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada, ProgOceanogr, 115, 181 GROOM. 2014. Deliverable 5.7. Report describing costs to build and operate the glider observatory infrastructure. Available from: http://www.groom-fp7.eu/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=public:deliverables:groom_d5.7_cnrs.pdf. GROOM. 2015. Deliverable 5.2. Sensors for gliders: existing, under development, and future sensors. Available from: http://www.groom-fp7.eu/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=public:deliverables:groom_d5.2_ucy_rev.pdf. Gruber, 2010, Adding oxygen to Argo: Developing a global in situ observatory for ocean deoxygenation and biogeochemistry Guihen, 2014, An assessment of the use of ocean gliders to undertake acoustic measurements of zooplankton: the distribution and density of Antarctic krill (Euphausiasuperba) in the Weddell Sea, Limnol. Oceanogr.-Methods, 12, 373, 10.4319/lom.2014.12.373 Gulev, 2010, Surface energy, CO2 fluxes and sea ice Häkkinen, 2008, Sea ice drift in the Arctic since the 1950s, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L19704, 10.1029/2008GL034791 Haley, 2009, Forecasting and Reanalysis in the Monterey Bay/California Current Region for the Autonomous Ocean Sampling Network-II Experiment. Special issue on AOSN-II, Deep-Sea Res. II, 10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.08.010 Hátún, 2007, Buoyant eddies entering the Labrador Sea observed with gliders and altimetry, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, 2,838, 10.1175/2007JPO3567.1 Hayes, 2016, Operational Assimilation of glider temperature and salinity in a mesoscale flow field: Eastern Mediterranean test case, Ocean Sci. Discuss., 10.5194/os-2016-43 Hayes, D., Hannides, A., Testor, P., Gildor, H., Zodiatis, G., Georgiou, G., 2014. Description of the Long-lived Subsurface Mesoscale Eddy South of Cyprus. 6th EGO Meeting 16–17 June, Kiel, Germany. Hayes, D., Zodiatis, G., Konnaris, G., Hannides, A., Solovyov, D., Testor, P., 2011. Glider transects in the Levantine Sea: Characteristics of the warm core Cyprus eddy. Presented at the Oceans 2011 IEEE, IEEE, Santander, Spain, p. Paper PID1762407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/Oceans-Spain.2011.6003393. Hernandez, 2014, SMOS salinity in the subtropical North Atlantic salinity maximum: 1. Comparison with Aquarius and in situ salinity, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 119, 8878, 10.1002/2013JC009610 Heslop, 2012, Autonomous underwater gliders monitoring variability at choke points in our ocean system: A case study in the Western Mediterranean Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L20604, 10.1029/2012GL053717 Heywood, 2014, Ocean processes at the Antarctic continental slope, Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. Ser. A, 372, 20130047, 10.1098/rsta.2013.0047 Hill, 2010, The Australian integrated marine observing system: delivering data streams to address national and international research priorities, Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 44, 65, 10.4031/MTSJ.44.6.13 Hodges, 2009, A thin layer of phytoplankton observed in the Philippine Sea with a synthetic moored array of autonomous gliders, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 114, 10.1029/2009JC005317 Hofmann, 2015, The operation of gliders under the international law of the sea, Ocean Dev. Int. Law, 46, 167, 10.1080/00908320.2015.1053374 Holliday, 2013, The extended Ellett line discoveries from 65 years of marine observations west of the UK, Oceanography, 26, 156, 10.5670/oceanog.2013.17 Hood, 2010, Ship-based repeat hydrography: A strategy for a sustained global program Houghton, 2012, The GOOS at 20 years, the origin achievement and future development of the Global Climate Observing System, Weather, 67, 10.1002/wea.1964 Houpert, 2014, Observations of the mixed layer, the seasonal thermocline and the upper-ocean heat storage rate to estimate the seasonal cycle of the net heat flux over the Mediterranean Sea, Prog. Oceanogr. Høydalsvik, 2013, Transport estimates of the Western Branch of the Norwegian Atlantic Current from glider surveys, Deep Sea Res. Part I, 79, 86, 10.1016/j.dsr.2013.05.005 Hristova, 2014, Mesoscale variability and its seasonality in the Solomon and Coral Seas, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 4669, 10.1002/2013JC009741 Hydes, 2010, The way forward in developing and integrating ferrybox technologies IOC. 1997. Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS) implementation plan -1997. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Technical Series, No. 50, 91 & Annexes. Jacox, 2015, The potential for improving remote primary productivity estimates through subsurface chlorophyll and irradiance measurement, Deep-Sea Res. II, 112, 107, 10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.12.008 Johnston, 2015, Trapped diurnal internal tides, propagating semidiurnal internal tides, and mixing estimates in the California Current System from sustained glider observations, 2006–2012, Deep Sea Res. Part II, 112, 61, 10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.03.009 Johnston, 2013, Internal tidal energy fluxes in the South China Sea from density and velocity measurements by gliders, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 118, 3939, 10.1002/jgrc.20311 Johnston, 2015, Standing internal tides in the tasman sea observed by gliders, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 45, 2715, 10.1175/JPO-D-15-0038.1 Jones, 2012, Assimilation of glider and mooring data into a coastal ocean model, Ocean Modell., 47, 1, 10.1016/j.ocemod.2011.12.009 Juza, 2013, Origin and pathways of Winter Intermediate Water in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea using observations and numerical simulation, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 6621, 10.1002/2013JC009231 Kahl, 2010, Autonomous gliders reveal water column features associated with Adélie penguin foraging, Integr. Comp. Biol., 10.1093/icb/icq098 Karstensen, 2014, Summer upwelling at the Boknis Eck time-series station (1982 to 2012)—a combined glider and wind data analysis, Biogeosciences, 11, 3603, 10.5194/bg-11-3603-2014 Kaufman, 2014, Biogeochemical variability in the Southern Ross Sea as observed by a glider deployment, Deep-Sea Res. I, 92, 93, 10.1016/j.dsr.2014.06.011 Kaufman, 2014, Biogeochemical variability in the southern Ross Sea as observed by a glider deployment, Deep-Sea Res. I, 92, 93, 10.1016/j.dsr.2014.06.011 Keeley, 2010, Data management system for surface drifters Kent, 2010, The voluntary observing ship (VOS) scheme Kessler, 2013, ENSO and Short-Term variability of the South equatorial current entering the coral sea, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 43, 956, 10.1175/JPO-D-12-0113.1 Kessler, 2013, Mean circulation of the Coral Sea, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 118, 6385, 10.1002/2013JC009117 Klatt, 2007, A profilin float’s sense of ice, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 24, 1301, 10.1175/JTECH2026.1 Klinck, 2012, Near-real-time acoustic monitoring of beaked whales and other cetaceans using a seaglider™, PLoS One, 7, e36128, 10.1371/journal.pone.0036128 Klinck, 2012, Near-real-time acoustic monitoring of beaked whales and other cetaceans using a SeagliderTM, PLoS One, 7, e36128, 10.1371/journal.pone.0036128 Kohut, 2013, Small-scale variability of the cross-shelf flow over the outer shelf of the Ross Sea, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 118, 1863, 10.1002/jgrc.20090 Lee, 2010, Autonomous platforms in the arctic observing network Legler, 2015, The current status of the real-time in situ Global Ocean Observing System for operational oceanography, J. Oper. Oceanogr., 8, 189 Leppäranta, 2001, Sea-ice kinematics measured with GPS drifters, Ann. Glaciol., 33, 151, 10.3189/172756401781818789 Le Traon, 2015, Use of satellite observations for operational oceanography: recent achievements and future prospects, J. Oper. Oceanogr., 8, s12 L’Hévéder, 2013, A glider network design study for a synoptic view of the oceanic mesoscale variability, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 30, 1472, 10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00053.1 Li, 2013, Impacts of distinct observations during the 2009 Prince William Sound field experiment: a data assimilation study, Cont. Shelf Res., 63, 209, 10.1016/j.csr.2012.06.018 Lindstrom, E., 2012. A framework for ocean observing. (UNESCO). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5270/OceanObs09-FOO. Lips, 2011, Vertical dynamics of summer phytoplankton in a stratified estuary (Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea), Ocean Dyn., 61, 903, 10.1007/s10236-011-0421-8 Lubchenco, 2012, Science in support of the Deepwater Horizon response, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 109, 20212, 10.1073/pnas.1204729109 Lumpkin, 2016, Fulfilling observing system implementation requirements with the global drifter array, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 33, 685, 10.1175/JTECH-D-15-0255.1 Lumpkin, 2008 Many, 2016, Particle assemblage characterization in the Rhone River ROFI, J. Mar. Syst., 157, 39, 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2015.12.010 Martin, 2009, Kinematics of a Gulf of Alaska Eddy as Observed with Seaglider, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C12021, 10.1029/2008JC005231 Matsumoto, 2011, Mapping the sound field of an erupting submarine volcano using an acoustic glider, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 129, 94, 10.1121/1.3547720 Mazzini P., 2014, Buoyancy-driven coastal currents off Oregon during fall and winter, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 44, 2854, 10.1175/JPO-D-14-0012.1 McClatchie, 2012, Resolution of fine biological structure including small narcomedusae across a front in the Southern California Bight, J. Geophys. Res., 117, C04020, 10.1029/2011JC007565 Melet, 2012, Potential outcomes of glider data assimilation in the Solomon Sea: control of the water mass properties and parameter estimation, J. Mar. Syst., 94, 232, 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2011.12.003 Mensi, B., Rowe, R., Dees, S., Bryant, D., Jones, D., Carr, R., 2014. Operational glider monitoring, piloting, and communications. 2014 IEEE/OES Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV), Oxford, MS, pp. 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/AUV.2014.7054415. Merckelbach, 2010, Vertical water velocities from underwater gliders, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 3, 547, 10.1175/2009JTECHO710.1 Miles, 2013, Temporal and spatial variability in fall storm induced sediment resuspension on the Mid-Atlantic Bight, Coast. Ocean Obs. Syst., 63, 36 Miles, 2015, Glider observations and modeling of sediment transport in Hurricane Sandy, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 120, 1771, 10.1002/2014JC010474 Monteiro, 2015, Intraseasonal variability linked to sampling alias in air-sea CO2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 8507, 10.1002/2015GL066009 Mourre, 2012, Benefit assessment of glider adaptive sampling in the Ligurian Sea, Deep-Sea Res., 68, 68, 10.1016/j.dsr.2012.05.010 Mourre, 2014, A comparison of the performance of the 3-D super-ensemble and an ensemble Kalman filter for short-range regional ocean prediction, Tellus Ser. A-Dyn. Meteorol. Oceanogr., 66 Ngodock, 2014, A 4DVAR system for the navy coastal ocean model. Part II: Strong and weak constraint assimilation experiments with real observations in Monterey Bay, Mon. Weather Rev., 142, 2108, 10.1175/MWR-D-13-00220.1 Nicholson, 2008, Net community production in the deep euphotic zone of the subtropical North Pacific gyre from glider surveys, Limnol. Oceanogr., 53, 2226, 10.4319/lo.2008.53.5_part_2.2226 Nicholson, 2015, Quantifying subtropical North Pacific gyre mixed layer primary productivity from Seaglider observations of diel oxygen cycles, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 4032, 10.1002/2015GL063065 Niewiadomska, 2008, Submesoscale physical–biogeochemical coupling across the Ligurian Current (northwestern Mediterranean) using a bio-optcal glider, Limnol. Oceanogr., 53, 2210, 10.4319/lo.2008.53.5_part_2.2210 Ohman, 2013, Autonomous ocean measurements in the California current ecosystem, Oceanography, 26, 18, 10.5670/oceanog.2013.41 Oke, 2009, A comparison of shelf observation platforms for assimilation into an eddy-resolving ocean model, Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 48, 121, 10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2009.04.002 Olita, 2014, Observations of a phytoplankton spring bloom onset triggered by a density front in NW Mediterranean, Ocean Sci., 10, 657, 10.5194/os-10-657-2014 Oliver, 2013, Shrinking the haystack: using AUV in an integrated ocean observatory to map Atlantic Sturgeon in the coastal ocean, Fisheries, 38, 210, 10.1080/03632415.2013.782861 Omand, 2015, Eddy-driven subduction exports particulate organic carbon from the spring bloom, Science, 348, 222, 10.1126/science.1260062 Palmer, 2010, Future observations for monitoring global ocean heat content Palmer, 2015, Turbulence and mixing by internal waves in the Celtic Sea determined from ocean glider microstructure measurements, J. Mar. Syst., 144, 57, 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.11.005 Pan, 2014, Comparisons of different ensemble schemes for glider data assimilation on West Florida Shelf, Ocean Modell., 81, 13, 10.1016/j.ocemod.2014.06.005 Pascual, 2010, Combining new and conventional sensors to study the Balearic current, Sea Technol., 51, 32 Pattiaratchi, 2010, 2009 Pattiaratchi, 2011, Dense shelf water formation along the south-west Australian inner shelf, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L10609, 10.1029/2011GL046816 Pelland, 2013, Subthermocline eddies over the washington continental slope as observed by seagliders, 2003–09, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10.1175/JPO-D-12-086.1 Pelland, 2014, Fortuitous encounters between seagliders and adult female northern fur seals (Callorhinusursinus) off the Washington (USA) Coast: Upper Ocean variability and links to top predator behavior, Plos One, 9 Perry, 2008, Seaglider observations of blooms and subsurface chloropyll maxima off the Washington coast, Limnol. Oceanogr., 53, 2169, 10.4319/lo.2008.53.5_part_2.2169 Pierce, 2012, Declining oxygen in the northeast pacific, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 42, 495, 10.1175/JPO-D-11-0170.1 Piero, 2014, Buoyancy-driven coastal currents off Oregon during fall and winter, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 44, 2854, 10.1175/JPO-D-14-0012.1 Pietri, 2013, Fine scale vertical structure of the upwelling system ofSouthern Peru as observed from glider data, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 43, 631, 10.1175/JPO-D-12-035.1 Powell, 2012, Use of glider-class acoustic Doppler profilers for estimating zooplankton biomass, J. Plankton Res., 34, 563, 10.1093/plankt/fbs023 Powell, 2015, Covariability of zooplankton gradients with glider-detected density fronts in the Southern California Current System, Deep-Sea Res. II, 112, 79, 10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.04.002 Purokoski, 2013, First long-term deployment of Argo float in the Baltic Sea, Sea Technol., 54, 41 Qiu, 2015, Sea surface cooling in the Northern South China Sea observed using Chinese sea-wing underwater glider measurements, Deep-Sea Res. I, 105, 111, 10.1016/j.dsr.2015.08.009 Queste, 2012, Deployments in extreme conditions: Pushing the boundaries of Seaglider capabilities, 1 Queste, 2015, Dissolved oxygen dynamics during a phytoplankton bloom in the Ross Sea polynya, Antarct. Sci., 27, 362, 10.1017/S0954102014000881 Rainville, 2013, Propagation of internal tides generated near Luzon Strait: Observations from autonomous gliders, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 118, 4125, 10.1002/jgrc.20293 Ramp, 2009, Preparing to predict: the second autonomous ocean sampling network (AOSN-II) experiment on the Monterey Bay, Deep-Sea Res. II, 56, 68, 10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.08.013 Ramp, 2011, Oceanographic and atmospheric conditions on the continental shelf north of the Monterey Bay during August 2006, Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 52, 192, 10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2011.04.005 Rantajärvi E. (Ed.) 2003. Alg@line in 2003: 10 years of innovative plankton monitoring and research and operational information service in the Baltic Sea—Meri—Report Series of the Finnish Institute of Marine Research No. 48. p. -55. Rayburn, 2013, Comparison of the observed mixed layer depth in the lee of the Hawaiian island to the modeledmoxed layer depth of the Regional Navy Coastal Model, Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 47, 55, 10.4031/MTSJ.47.1.3 Reid, 2010, A global continuous plankton recorder programme Renaud, 2003, Oceanographic information superiority through battlespace characterization, Sea Technol., 44, 7 Rintoul, 2010, Deep circulation and meridional overturning: Recent progress and a strategy for sustained observations Rintoul, 2010, Southern ocean observing system (SOOS): Rationale and strategy for sustained observations of the southern ocean Riser, 2016, Fifteen years of ocean observations with the global Argo array, Nature Clim. Change, 6, 145, 10.1038/nclimate2872 Roemmich, D., Zilberman, N., Sutton, P., Davis, R., Gilson, J., Grindley, K., Janzen, C., Johnson, G., Kobayashi, T., Larson, N., et al. 2014. Development of the Deep Argo Program. Abstract in Ocean Surface Topography meeting, Lake Constance, Germany, 28 October–31 October 2014. Rossby, 2001, The near-surface velocity and potential vorticity structure of the Gulf Stream, J. Mar. Res., 59, 949, 10.1357/00222400160497724 Rudnick, 2015, Ocean research enabled by underwater gliders, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 2016, 9.1 Rudnick, 2011, On sampling the ocean using underwater gliders, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C08010, 10.1029/2010JC006849 Rudnick, 2015, Cyclonic eddies in the Gulf of Mexico: observations by underwater gliders and simulations by numerical model, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10.1175/JPO-D-14-0138.1 Rudnick, 2013, High-frequency internal waves near the Luzon Strait observed by underwater gliders, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 118, 774, 10.1002/jgrc.20083 Ruhl, 2011, Societal need for improved understanding of climate change, anthropogenic impacts, and geo-hazard warning drive development of ocean observatories in European Seas, Prog. Oceanogr., 91, 1, 10.1016/j.pocean.2011.05.001 Ruiz, 2009, Mesoscale dynamics of the Balearic front integrating glider, ship and satellite data, J. Mar. Syst., 78, S3, 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2009.01.007 Ruiz, 2009, Vertical motion in the upper-ocean from glider and altimetry data, Geophys. Res. Lett., L14607, 10.1029/2009GL038569 Ruiz, 2012, Underwater glider observations and modeling of an abrupt mixing event in the upper ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L01603, 10.1029/2011GL050078 Schaap, 2010, SeaDataNet—Pan-European infrastructure for marine and ocean data management: unified access to distributed data sets, Int. J. Digital Earth, 3, 50, 10.1080/17538941003660974 Schaeffer, 2015, Influence of a western boundary current on shelf dynamics and upwelling from repeat glider deployments, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 121, 10.1002/2014GL062260 Schaeffer, 2014, Observed bottom boundary layer transport and uplift on the continental shelf adjacent to a western boundary current, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 119, 4922, 10.1002/2013JC009735 Schlundt, 2014, Mixed layer heat and salinity budgets during the onset of the 2011 Atlantic cold tongue, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 119, 7882, 10.1002/2014JC010021 Schofield, 2010, A regional slocum glider network in the Mid-Atlantic Bight leverages broad community engagement, Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 44, 185, 10.4031/MTSJ.44.6.20 Schönau, 2015, Glider observations of the North Equatorial Current in the western tropical Pacific, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 120, 3586, 10.1002/2014JC010595 Schönau, 2015, The Mindanao current: Mean structure and connectivity, Oceanography, 28, 34, 10.5670/oceanog.2015.79 Seegers, 2015, Subsurface seeding of surface harmful algal blooms observed through the integration of autonomous gliders, moored environmental sample processors, and satellite remote sensing in southern California, Limnol. Oceanogr., 60, 754, 10.1002/lno.10082 Send, 2010, A global boundary current circulation observing network Send, 2013, SeaCycler: A moored open-ocean profiling system for the upper ocean in extended self-contained deployments, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 30, 1555, 10.1175/JTECH-D-11-00168.1 Send, 2010, OceanSITES Sharma, N., Brickley, P., Owen, G., Coholan, P., 2010. Use of air-deployed drogued drifting Buoys for oil spill tracking. In: Oceans-IEEE, Washington State Vongerence and Trade Center, Seattle, WA, Sep 20–23 2010. Sherwin, 2015, Deep drivers of mesoscale circulation in the central Rockall Trough, Ocean Sci., 11, 343, 10.5194/os-11-343-2015 Sherwin, 2012, The impact of changes in North Atlantic Gyre distribution on water mass characteristics in the Rockall Trough, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 69, 751, 10.1093/icesjms/fsr185 Shulman, 2010, Comparisons of upwelling and relaxation events in the Monterey Bay area, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C06016, 10.1029/2009JC005483 Shulman, 2009, Impact of glider data assimilation on the Monterey Bay model, Deep Sea Res. Part II, 56, 188, 10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.08.003 Simonetti, 1992 Smith, 2010, Automated underway oceanic and atmospheric measurements from ships Stanev, 2011, Coastal observing and forecasting system for the German Bight—estimates of hydrophysical states, Ocean Sci., 7, 569, 10.5194/os-7-569-2011 Stommel, 1963, The varieties of oceanographic experience, Science, 139, 572, 10.1126/science.139.3555.572 Stommel, 1989, The Slocum Mission, Oceanography, 10.5670/oceanog.1989.26 Stumpf, 2010, Integration of data for nowcasting of harmful algal blooms Summerhayes, 2002, Technical tools for regional seas management: the role of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS), Ocean Coast. Manage., 45, 777, 10.1016/S0964-5691(02)00106-0 Sun, 2003, Comparisons of surface meteorology and turbulent heat fluxes over the Atlantic: NWP model analyses versus moored buoy observations, J. Clim., 16, 679, 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0679:COSMAT>2.0.CO;2 Swart, 2014, The seasonal cycle of mixed layer dynamics and phytoplankton biomass in the Sub-Antarctic Zone: A high-resolution glider experiment, J. Mar. Syst. Testor, 2010, Gliders as a component of future observing systems Thomalla, 2015, High-resolution view of the spring bloom initiation and net community production in the Subantarctic Southern Ocean using glider data, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 72, 1999, 10.1093/icesjms/fsv105 Thompson, 2014, Eddy transport as a key component of the Antarctic overturning circulation, Nat. Geosci., 10.1038/ngeo2289 Thompson, 2009, Surface circulation at the Tip of the Antarctic Peninsula from Drifters, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 39, 3, 10.1175/2008JPO3995.1 Thomsen, 2016, The formation of a subsurface anticyclonic eddy in the Peru-Chile Undercurrent and its impact on the near-coastal salinity, oxygen, and nutrient distributions, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 121, 476, 10.1002/2015JC010878 Timmermans, 2013, Scales of horizontal density structure in the Chukci Sea surface layer, Cont. Shelf Res., 52, 39, 10.1016/j.csr.2012.10.015 Tintoré, 2013, SOCIB: The Balearic Islands coastal ocean observing and forecasting system responding to science, technology and society needs, Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 47, 101, 10.4031/MTSJ.47.1.10 Todd, 2015, Potential vorticity structure in the North Atlantic Western boundary current from underwater glider observations, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 327, 10.1175/JPO-D-15-0112.1 Todd, 2009, Monitoring the greater San Pedro Bay region using autonomous underwater gliders during fall 2006, J. Geophys. Res., 114 Todd, 2011, Underwater gliders reveal rapid arrival of El Niño effects off California’s coast, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38 Todd, 2012, Thermohaline structure in the California Current System: Observations and modeling of spice variance, J. Geophys. Res., 117, C02008, 10.1029/2011JC007589 Todd, 2011, Poleward flows in the southern California Current System: Glider observations and numerical simulation, J. Geophys. Res., 116 Trtanj, 2014, Climate variability and change data and information for global public health Ullgren, 2014, Interaction of the Faroe Bank Channel overflow with Iceland Basin intermediate waters, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 228, 10.1002/2013JC009437 Venables, 2014, Feedbacks between ice cover, ocean stratification, and heat content in Ryder Bay, western Antarctic Peninsula, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 119, 5323, 10.1002/2013JC009669 Vranes, 2005, Comparison of Indonesian Throughflow transport observations, Makassar Strait to eastern Indian Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L10606, 10.1029/2004GL022158 Wall, 2012, Shelf-scale mapping of sound production by fishes in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, using autonomous glider technology, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 449, 55, 10.3354/meps09549 Weingartner, 2013, Hydrographic variability over the north eastern Chukchi Sea shelf in summer-fall 2008–2010, Cont. Shelf Res., 67, 5, 10.1016/j.csr.2013.03.012 White, 1994, Design a global observing system for gyre-scale upper ocean temperature variability, Prog. Oceanogr., 36, 169, 10.1016/0079-6611(95)00017-8 Willis, Z., 2013. US Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS (R)) delivering benefits and the Global HF Radar and Glider Initiative. 2013 MTS/IEEE OCEANS—Bergen, JUN 10–14 2013. Wilkin, 2013, An assessment of the skill of real-time models of Mid-Atlantic Bight continental shelf circulation, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 118, 2919, 10.1002/jgrc.20223 Woodworth, 2008, The permanent service for mean sea level: An update to the 21st century, J. Coast. Res., 19, 287 Worley, 2005, ICOADS release 2.1 data and products, Int. J. Climatol., 25, 823, 10.1002/joc.1166 Xu, 2011, Seasonal variability of chlorophyll a in the Mid-Atlantic Bight, Cont. Shelf Res., 31, 1640, 10.1016/j.csr.2011.05.019 Zhang, 2010, Towards an integrated observation and modeling system in the New York Bight using variational methods. Part II: Representer-based observing strategy evaluation, Ocean Modell., 35, 134, 10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.06.006 Zhao, 2013, Three-dimensional structure of a Karenia brevis bloom: Observations from gliders, satellites, and field measurements, Harmful Algae, 29, 22, 10.1016/j.hal.2013.07.004 Zhou, 2013, Characterization of double diffusive convection steps and heat budget in the deep Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 118, 6672, 10.1002/2013JC009141