Potential Maternal and Infant Outcomes from Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (SARS-CoV-2) Infecting Pregnant Women: Lessons from SARS, MERS, and Other Human Coronavirus Infections

Viruses - Tập 12 Số 2 - Trang 194
David A. Schwartz1, Ashley Graham2
1Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
2Department of Anthropology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA

Tóm tắt

In early December 2019 a cluster of cases of pneumonia of unknown cause was identified in Wuhan, a city of 11 million persons in the People’s Republic of China. Further investigation revealed these cases to result from infection with a newly identified coronavirus, initially termed 2019-nCoV and subsequently SARS-CoV-2. The infection moved rapidly through China, spread to Thailand and Japan, extended into adjacent countries through infected persons travelling by air, eventually reaching multiple countries and continents. Similar to such other coronaviruses as those causing the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the new coronavirus was reported to spread via natural aerosols from human-to-human. In the early stages of this epidemic the case fatality rate is estimated to be approximately 2%, with the majority of deaths occurring in special populations. Unfortunately, there is limited experience with coronavirus infections during pregnancy, and it now appears certain that pregnant women have become infected during the present 2019-nCoV epidemic. In order to assess the potential of the Wuhan 2019-nCoV to cause maternal, fetal and neonatal morbidity and other poor obstetrical outcomes, this communication reviews the published data addressing the epidemiological and clinical effects of SARS, MERS, and other coronavirus infections on pregnant women and their infants. Recommendations are also made for the consideration of pregnant women in the design, clinical trials, and implementation of future 2019-nCoV vaccines.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Hui, 2017, Epidemic and emerging coronaviruses (severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome), Clin. Chest Med., 38, 71, 10.1016/j.ccm.2016.11.007

Song, Z., Xu, Y., Bao, L., Zhang, L., Yu, P., Qu, Y., Zhu, H., Zhao, W., Han, Y., and Qin, C. (2019). From SARS to MERS, thrusting coronaviruses into the spotlight. Viruses, 11.

Cui, 2019, Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 17, 181, 10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9

ICTV 9th Report (2011) (2020, February 06). Coronaviridae. Available online: https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv-reports/ictv_9th_report/positive-sense-rna-viruses-2011/w/posrna_viruses/222/coronaviridae.

Perlman, S. (2020). Another decade, another coronavirus. N. Engl. J. Med.

Hui, 2019, Severe acute respiratory syndrome: Historical, epidemiologic, and clinical features, Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am., 33, 869, 10.1016/j.idc.2019.07.001

Li, Q., Guan, X., Wu, P., Wang, X., Zhou, L., Tong, Y., Ren, R., Leung, K.S.M., Lau, E.H.Y., and Wong, J.Y. (2020). Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. N. Engl. J. Med.

Zhu, N., Zhang, D., Wang, W., Li, X., Yang, B., Song, J., Zhao, X., Huang, B., Shi, W., and Lu, R. (2020). A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N. Engl. J. Med.

Cohen, J. (2020, January 31). Wuhan Seafood Market May Not Be Source of Novel Virus Spreading Globally. Available online: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/01/wuhan-seafood-market-may-not-be-source-novel-virus-spreading-globally.

Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J., and Gu, X. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet.

WHO (2020, January 30). Statement on the Second Meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee Regarding the Outbreak of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-nCoV).

WHO (2020, February 09). Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Situation Report–20. Available online: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200209-sitrep-20-ncov.pdf?sfvrsn=6f80d1b9_2.

Wee, S.-L., McNeil, D.G., and Hernández, J.C. (2020, January 31). W.H.O. Declares Global Emergency as Wuhan Coronavirus Spreads. Available online: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/30/health/coronavirus-world-health-organization.html.

Benedetti, 1982, Antepartum pneumonia in pregnancy, Obstet. Gynecol., 144, 413

Berkowitz, 1990, Risk factors associated with the increasing prevalence of pneumonia during pregnancy, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 163, 981, 10.1016/0002-9378(90)91109-P

Madinger, 1989, Pneumonia during pregnancy: Has modern technology improved maternal and fetal outcome?, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 161, 657, 10.1016/0002-9378(89)90373-6

Visscher, 1971, Indirect obstetric deaths in the state of Michigan 1960–1968, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 109, 1187, 10.1016/0002-9378(71)90664-8

Rigby, 1996, Pneumonia during pregnancy, Clin. Obstet. Gynecol., 39, 107, 10.1097/00003081-199603000-00011

Jamieson, 2006, Emerging infections and pregnancy, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 12, 1638, 10.3201/eid1211.060152

Reece, E.A., Hobbins., J.C., Mahoney, M.J., and Petrie, R.H. (1992). Immunobiologic adaptations of pregnancy. Medicine of the Fetus and Mother, JB Lippincott Company.

Nyhan, 1983, Acute respiratory failure in pregnancy due to staphylococcal pneumonia, Ir. Med. J., 76, 320

Weinberger, 1980, Pregnancy and the lung, Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., 121, 559, 10.1164/arrd.1980.121.3.559

Harris, 1919, Influenza occurring in pregnant women; a statistical study of thirteen hundred and fifty cases, JAMA, 72, 978, 10.1001/jama.1919.02610140008002

Eickhoff, 1961, Observations on excess mortality associated with epidemic influenza, JAMA, 176, 776, 10.1001/jama.1961.03040220024005

Government of Canada (2020, February 02). Learning from SARS: Renewal of Public Health in Canada—SARS in Canada: Anatomy of an Outbreak. Available online: https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/learning-sars-renewal-public-health-canada/chapter-2-sars-canada-anatomy-outbreak.html.

Peterson, M.J. (2020, February 02). Reporting Incidence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Appendix A: Chronology. Available online: https://www.umass.edu/sts/pdfs/SARS_AChrono.pdf.

WHO (2020, January 30). Consensus Document on the Epidemiology of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Available online: https://www.who.int/csr/sars/en/WHOconsensus.pdf.

Wong, 2003, Severe acute respiratory syndrome and pregnancy, BJOG, 110, 641, 10.1046/j.1471-0528.2003.03008.x

Wong, 2004, Pregnancy and perinatal outcomes of women with severe acute respiratory syndrome, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 191, 292, 10.1016/j.ajog.2003.11.019

Ng, 2003, Infection control for SARS in a tertiary neonatal centre, Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed., 88, F405, 10.1136/fn.88.5.F405

Ng, 2004, SARS in newborns and children, Biol. Neonate., 85, 293, 10.1159/000078174

Maxwell, 2017, No. 225-Management guidelines for obstetric patients and neonates born to mothers with suspected or probable severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can., 39, e130, 10.1016/j.jogc.2017.04.024

Lam, 2004, A case-controlled study comparing clinical course and outcomes of pregnant and non-pregnant women with severe acute respiratory syndrome, BJOG, 111, 771, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00199.x

Zhang, 2003, Clinical analysis of pregnancy in second and third trimesters complicated severe acute respiratory syndrome, Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi, 38, 516

Robertson, 2004, SARS and pregnancy: A case report, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 10, 345, 10.3201/eid1002.030736

Schneider, 2004, SARS in pregnancy, AWHONN Lifelines, 8, 122, 10.1177/1091592304265557

Stockman, 2004, SARS during pregnancy, United States, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 10, 1689, 10.3201/eid1009.040244

Yudin, 2005, Severe acute respiratory syndrome in pregnancy, Obstet. Gynecol., 105, 124, 10.1097/01.AOG.0000151598.49129.de

Shek, 2003, Infants born to mothers with severe acute respiratory syndrome, Pediatrics, 112, e254, 10.1542/peds.112.4.e254

Li, 2005, Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in neonates and children, Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed., 90, F461, 10.1136/adc.2005.075309

Ng, 2006, The placentas of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome: A pathophysiological evaluation, Pathology, 38, 210, 10.1080/00313020600696280

Poutanen, 2003, Identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Canada, N. Engl. J. Med., 348, 1995, 10.1056/NEJMoa030634

Seto, 2003, Effectiveness of precautions against droplets and contact in prevention of nosocomial transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome, Lancet, 361, 1519, 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13168-6

Hung, 2003, The SARS epidemic in Hong Kong: What lessons have we learned?, J. R. Soc. Med., 96, 374, 10.1177/014107680309600803

Maxwell, 2009, Management guidelines for obstetric patients and neonates born to mothers with suspected or probable severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can., 31, 358, 10.1016/S1701-2163(16)34155-X

WHO (2020, January 31). Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Background. Available online: https://www.who.int/emergencies/mers-cov/en/.

Assiri, 2016, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection during pregnancy: A report of 5 cases from Saudi Arabia, Clin. Infect. Dis., 63, 951, 10.1093/cid/ciw412

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2020, January 31). Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Fact Sheet, Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/mers/downloads/factsheet-mers_en.pdf.

Jeong, 2017, MERS-CoV infection in pregnant woman in Korea, J. Korean Med. Sci., 32, 1717, 10.3346/jkms.2017.32.10.1717

CDC (2020, January 31). Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Overview, Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/mers/index.html.

Memish, 2013, Family cluster of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections, N. Engl. J. Med., 368, 2487, 10.1056/NEJMoa1303729

Hijawi, 2013, Novel coronavirus infections in Jordan, April 2012: Epidemiological findings from a retrospective investigation, East. Mediterr. Health J., 19, S12, 10.26719/2013.19.supp1.S12

Oboho, 2015, 2014 MERS-CoV outbreak in Jeddah—A link to health care facilities, N. Engl. J. Med., 372, 846, 10.1056/NEJMoa1408636

Hunter, 2016, Transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections in healthcare settings, Abu Dhabi, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 22, 647, 10.3201/eid2204.151615

Oh, 2018, Middle East respiratory syndrome: What we learned from the 2015 outbreak in the Republic of Korea, Korean J. Intern. Med., 33, 233, 10.3904/kjim.2018.031

Mohd, 2016, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) origin and animal reservoir, Virol. J., 13, 87, 10.1186/s12985-016-0544-0

Hemida, 2017, Dromedary camels and the transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), Transbound. Emerg. Dis., 64, 344, 10.1111/tbed.12401

Alserehi, H., Wali, G., Alshukairi, A., and Alraddadi, B. (2016). Impact of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) on pregnancy and perinatal outcome. BMC Infect. Dis., 16.

Yadav, 2016, An Overview of the latest infectious diseases around the world, J. Comm. Health Manag., 3, 41

Malik, 2016, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus during pregnancy, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates 2013, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 22, 515, 10.3201/eid2203.151049

Alfaraj, 2019, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection during pregnancy: Report of two cases & review of literature, J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect., 52, 501, 10.1016/j.jmii.2018.04.005

Payne, 2014, Stillbirth during infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, J. Infect. Dis., 209, 1870, 10.1093/infdis/jiu068

Memish, 2017, Update on therapeutic options for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther., 15, 269, 10.1080/14787210.2017.1271712

Gagneur, 2007, Vertical transmission of human coronavirus. Prospective pilot study, Pathol. Biol., 55, 525, 10.1016/j.patbio.2007.07.013

Gagneur, 2008, Materno-fetal transmission of human coronaviruses: A prospective pilot study, Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 27, 863, 10.1007/s10096-008-0505-7

Subbarao, 2006, Emerging respiratory viruses: Challenges and vaccine strategies, Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 19, 614, 10.1128/CMR.00005-06

Wu, 2007, Duration of antibody responses after severe acute respiratory syndrome, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 13, 1562, 10.3201/eid1310.070576

Tseng, 2012, Immunization with SARS coronavirus vaccines leads to pulmonary immunopathology on challenge with the SARS virus, PLoS ONE, 7, 1, 10.1371/annotation/2965cfae-b77d-4014-8b7b-236e01a35492

Schwartz, D.A. (2018). Clinical trials and administration of Zika virus vaccine in pregnant women: Lessons (that should have been) learned from excluding immunization with the Ebola vaccine during pregnancy and lactation. Vaccines (Basel), 6.

Schwartz, D.A. (2020). Being pregnant during the Kivu Ebola virus outbreak in DR Congo: The rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine and its accessibility by mothers and infants during humanitarian crises and in conflict areas. Vaccines, 8.

Schwartz, 2019, Maternal and infant death and the rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine through three recent Ebola virus epidemics-West Africa, DRC Équateur and DRC Kivu: 4 years of excluding pregnant and lactating women and their infants from immunization, Curr. Trop. Med. Rep., 6, 213, 10.1007/s40475-019-00195-w

Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (2020, January 29). CEPI to Fund Three Programmes to Develop Vaccines against the Novel Coronavirus, nCoV-2019. 23 January 2020. Available online: https://cepi.net/news_cepi/cepi-to-fund-three-programmes-to-develop-vaccines-against-the-novel-coronavirus-ncov-2019/.

Pong, W. (2020, February 02). A Dozen Vaccine Programs Underway as WHO Declares Coronavirus Public Health Emergency. Biocentury. 30 January 2020. Available online: https://www.biocentury.com/article/304328/industry-and-academic-centers-are-rushing-to-create-new-vaccines-and-therapeutics-targeting-coronavirus.

WHO (2020, January 31). WHO Target Product Profiles for MERS-CoV Vaccines. Available online: https://www.who.int/blueprint/what/research-development/MERS_CoV_TPP_15052017.pdf?ua=1.

Graham, 2019, When is it acceptable to vaccinate pregnant women? Risk, ethics, and politics of governance in epidemic crises, Curr. Trop. Med. Rep., 6, 205, 10.1007/s40475-019-00190-1

Steinbuch, Y. (2020, February 09). Chinese Baby Tests Positive for Coronavirus 30 Hours after Birth. Available online: https://nypost.com/2020/02/05/chinese-baby-tests-positive-for-coronavirus-30-hours-after-birth/.

Woodward, A. (2020, February 08). A Pregnant Mother Infected with the Coronavirus Gave Birth, and Her Baby Tested Positive 30 Hours Later. Available online: https://www.businessinsider.com/wuhan-coronavirus-in-infant-born-from-infected-mother-2020-2.

Gillespie, T. (2020, February 08). Coronavirus: Doctors Fear Pregnant Women Can Pass on Illness after Newborn Baby Is Diagnosed. Available online: https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-doctors-fear-pregnant-women-can-pass-on-illness-after-newborn-baby-is-diagnosed-11926968.

Science Media Centre (2020, February 09). Expert Reaction to Newborn Baby Testing Positive for Coronavirus in Wuhan. Available online: https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-newborn-baby-testing-positive-for-coronavirus-in-wuhan/.

Alvarado, 2017, Zika virus infection in pregnancy, microcephaly and maternal and fetal health—What we think, what we know, and what we think we know, Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med., 141, 26, 10.5858/arpa.2016-0382-RA