Postmortem studies in mood disorders indicate altered numbers of neurons and glial cells

Arnsten, 1998, Noise stress impairs prefrontal cortical cognitive function in monkeys, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 55, 362, 10.1001/archpsyc.55.4.362

Arnsten, 1999, alpha-1 noradrenergic receptor stimulation impairs prefrontal cortical cognitive function, Biol Psychiatry, 45, 26, 10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00296-0

Banki, 1987, CSF corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in depression and schizophrenia, Am J Psychiatry, 144, 873, 10.1176/ajp.144.7.873

Bremner, 2000, Hippocampal volume reduction in major depression, Am J Psychiatry, 157, 115, 10.1176/ajp.157.1.115

Cameron, 1994, Adult neurogenesis is regulated by adrenal steroids in the dentate gyrus, Neuroscience, 61, 203, 10.1016/0306-4522(94)90224-0

Celada, 1996, Local infusion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor modifies the firing pattern of dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons, Brain Res, 712, 293, 10.1016/0006-8993(95)01469-1

Chen G, Rajkowska G, Seraji-Bozorgzad N, Du F, Manji HK (in press): Enhancement of hippocampal neurogenesis by lithium. J Neurochem.

Chen, 1999, The mood-stabilizing agents lithium and valproate robustly increase the levels of the neuroprotective protein bcl-2 in the CNS, J Neurochem, 72, 879, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.720879.x

Cohen, 1989, Evidence for common alterations in cerebral glucose metabolism in major affective disorders and schizophrenia, Neuropsychopharmacology, 2, 241, 10.1016/0893-133X(89)90028-6

Cotter, 2000, Reduced glial density and neuronal volume in major depressive disorder and schizophrenia in the anterior cingulate cortex, Schizophr Res, 41, 105, 10.1016/S0920-9964(00)90552-8

Drevets, 1997, Subgenual prefrontal cortex abnormalities in mood disorders, Nature, 386, 824, 10.1038/386824a0

Duman, 1999, The neurochemistry of mood disorders, 333

Elkis, 1996, Increased prefrontal sulcal prominence in relatively young patients with unipolar major depression, Psychiatry Res, 67, 123, 10.1016/0925-4927(96)02744-8

Friedman, 1991, Cells that express brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA in the developing postnatal brain, Eur J Neurosci, 3, 688, 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1991.tb00854.x

Frolkis, 1982, Vasopressin and cardiovascular system in aging, Gerontology, 28, 290, 10.1159/000212546

Fuster, 1997

Ghosh, 1994, Requirement for BDNF in activity-dependent survival of cortical neurons, Science, 263, 1618, 10.1126/science.7907431

Gould, 1999, Neurogenesis in the neocortex of adult primates, Science, 286, 548, 10.1126/science.286.5439.548

Gould, 1999, Stress and hippocampal neurogenesis, Biol Psychiatry, 46, 1472, 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00247-4

Griffith, 1996, Reactive astrocyte formation in vivo is regulated by noradrenergic axons, J Comp Neurol, 371, 362, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19960729)371:3<362::AID-CNE2>3.0.CO;2-0

Gundersen, 1988, The new stereological tools, APMIS, 96, 857, 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1988.tb00954.x

Heninger, 1987, Mechanisms of action of antidepressant treatments, 535

Herman, 1995, Regulatory changes in neuroendocrine stress-integrative circuitry produced by a variable stress paradigm, Neuroendocrinology, 61, 180, 10.1159/000126839

Herman, 1997, Neurocircuitry of stress, Trends Neurosci, 20, 78, 10.1016/S0166-2236(96)10069-2

Herman, 1996, Neuronal circuit regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical stress axis, Crit Rev Neurobiol, 10, 371, 10.1615/CritRevNeurobiol.v10.i3-4.50

Hollister, 1993, New antidepressants, Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 33, 165, 10.1146/annurev.pa.33.040193.001121

Holsboer, 1992, The role of corticotropin-releasing hormone in the pathogenesis of Cushing’s disease, anorexia nervosa, alcoholism, affective disorders and dementia, Prog Brain Res, 93, 385, 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)64586-0

Hoogendijk, 1985, Activation of vasopressin neurons in the human supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus in senescence and senile dementia, J Neurol Sci, 69, 291, 10.1016/0022-510X(85)90141-8

Hughes, 1995, trkC may be an inducible transcription factor target gene, Neuroreport, 6, 465, 10.1097/00001756-199502000-00015

Huntley, 1992, Developmental expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor mRNA by neurons of fetal and adult monkey prefrontal cortex, Brain Res Dev Brain Res, 70, 53, 10.1016/0165-3806(92)90103-4

Hyman, 1996, Initiation and adaptation, Am J Psychiatry, 153, 151, 10.1176/ajp.153.2.151

Jessel, 2000, The generation and survival of nerve cells, 1041

Kathol, 1985, Etiologic implications of corticosteroid changes in affective disorder, Psychiatr Med, 3, 135

Kawamoto, 1999, Cellular localization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor-like immunoreactivity in adult monkey brain, Brain Res, 821, 341, 10.1016/S0006-8993(99)01082-3

Klimek, 1997, Reduced levels of norepinephrine transporters in the locus coeruleus in major depression, J Neurosci, 17, 8451, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-21-08451.1997

Koenderink, 1994, Postnatal maturation of the layer III pyramidal neurons in the human prefrontal cortex, Brain Res, 653, 173, 10.1016/0006-8993(94)90387-5

Kostovic, 1988, Acetylcholinesterase in the human frontal associative cortex during the period of cognitive development, Neurosci Lett, 90, 107, 10.1016/0304-3940(88)90795-1

Krishnan, 1991, Hippocampal abnormalities in depression, J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 3, 387, 10.1176/jnp.3.4.387

Kritzer, 1999, Regionally selective effects of gonadectomy on cortical catecholamine innervation in adult male rats are most disruptive to afferents in prefrontal cortex, Cereb Cortex, 9, 507, 10.1093/cercor/9.5.507

Kritzer, 1999, Ovarian hormones differentially influence immunoreactivity for dopamine beta-hydroxylase, choline acetyltransferase, and serotonin in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of adult rhesus monkeys, J Comp Neurol, 409, 438, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19990705)409:3<438::AID-CNE8>3.0.CO;2-5

Lopez, 1999, Neural circuits mediating stress, Biol Psychiatry, 46, 1461, 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00266-8

Lopez, 1998, A.E. Bennett Research Award. Regulation of serotonin1A, glucocorticoid, and mineralocorticoid receptor in rat and human hippocampus, Biol Psychiatry, 43, 547, 10.1016/S0006-3223(97)00484-8

Lopez JF, Little KY, Watson SJ (2000, May): Corticosteroid receptor regulation in the brain of suicide victims. Abstract presented at the 55th annual convention of the Society of Biological Psychiatry, Chicago.

Lucassen, 1994, Activation of vasopressin neurons in aging and Alzheimer’s disease, J Neuroendocrinol, 6, 673, 10.1111/j.1365-2826.1994.tb00634.x

Maisonpierre, 1990, NT-3, BDNF, and NGF in the developing rat nervous system, Neuron, 5, 501, 10.1016/0896-6273(90)90089-X

Mamounas, 1995, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor promotes the survival and sprouting of serotonergic axons in rat brain, J Neurosci, 15, 7929, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-12-07929.1995

Manji, 1999, Ziskind-Somerfeld Research Award. Protein kinase C signaling in the brain, Biol Psychiatry, 46, 1328, 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00235-8

Manji, 1999, Lithium at 50, Biol Psychiatry, 46, 929, 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00165-1

Manji HK, Moore GJ, Rajkowska G, Chen G (in press): Neuroplasticity and cellular resilience in mood disorders. Mol Psychiatry.

Mazer, 1997, Serotonin depletion during synaptogenesis leads to decreased synaptic density and learning deficits in the adult rat, Brain Res, 760, 68, 10.1016/S0006-8993(97)00297-7

McEwen, 1991, Stress and hippocampus. An update on current knowledge, Presse Med, 20, 1801

McEwen, 1997, Possible mechanisms for atrophy of the human hippocampus, Mol Psychiatry, 2, 255, 10.1038/sj.mp.4000254

Merriam, 1999, Prefrontal cortical dysfunction in depression determined by Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance, Am J Psychiatry, 156, 780, 10.1176/ajp.156.5.780

Miguel-Hidalgo JJ, Baucom C, Dilley G, et al (in press): GFAP immunoreactivity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex separates young from old adults with major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry.

Miguel-Hidalgo, 1999, Immunohistochemistry of neural markers for the study of the laminar cytoarchitecture in celloidin sections from the human cerebral cortex, J Neurosci Methods, 93, 69, 10.1016/S0165-0270(99)00114-4

Milner, 1998, Hippocampal alpha2a-adrenergic receptors are located predominantly presynaptically but are also found postsynaptically and in selective astrocytes, J Comp Neurol, 395, 310, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19980808)395:3<310::AID-CNE4>3.0.CO;2-5

Mizoguchi, 2000, Chronic stress induces impairment of spatial working memory because of prefrontal dopaminergic dysfunction, J Neurosci, 20, 1568, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-04-01568.2000

Moore, 2000, Lithium increases N-acetyl-aspartate in the human brain, Biol Psychiatry, 48, 1, 10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00252-3

Moore GJ, Bebchuk JM, Wilds IB, Chen G, Manji HK (in press): Pharmacologic increase in human gray matter. Lancet.

Mrzljak, 1992, Prenatal development of neurons in the human prefrontal cortex. II. A quantitative golgi study, J Comp Neurol, 316, 485, 10.1002/cne.903160408

Mrzljak, 1990, Neuronal development in human prefrontal cortex in prenatal and postnatal stages, Prog Brain Res, 85, 185, 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)62681-3

Murer, 1999, An immunohistochemical study of the distribution of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the adult human brain, with particular reference to Alzheimer’s disease, Neuroscience, 88, 1015, 10.1016/S0306-4522(98)00219-X

Murphy, 1991, Steroids and depression, J Steroid Biochem, 38, 537, 10.1016/0960-0760(91)90312-S

Nibuya, 1995, Regulation of BDNF and trkB mRNA in rat brain by chronic electroconvulsive seizure and antidepressant drug treatments, J Neurosci, 15, 7539, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-11-07539.1995

Ohgoh, 1998, Apoptotic cell death of cultured cerebral cortical neurons induced by withdrawal of astroglial trophic support, Exp Neurol, 149, 51, 10.1006/exnr.1997.6719

Ongur, 1998, Glial reduction in the subgenual prefrontal cortex in mood disorders, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 95, 13290, 10.1073/pnas.95.22.13290

Pandey, 1999, Low phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C activity and expression of phospholipase C beta 1 protein in the prefrontal cortex of teenage suicide subjects, Am J Psychiatry, 156, 1895, 10.1176/ajp.156.12.1895

Purba, 1996, Increased number of vasopressin- and oxytocin-expressing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in depression, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 53, 137, 10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830020055007

Raadsheer, 1994, Increased numbers of corticotropin-releasing hormone expressing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of depressed patients, Neuroendocrinology, 60, 436, 10.1159/000126778

Raadsheer, 1995, Corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA levels in the paraventricular nucleus of patients with Alzheimer’s disease and depression, Am J Psychiatry, 152, 1372, 10.1176/ajp.152.9.1372

Rajkowska, 2000, Histopathology of the prefrontal cortex in major depression, Prog Brain Res, 126, 397, 10.1016/S0079-6123(00)26026-3

Rajkowska, 1999, Morphometric evidence for neuronal and glial prefrontal cell pathology in major depression, Biol Psychiatry, 45, 1085, 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00041-4

Rajkowska, 1998, Neuronal and glial somal size in the prefrontal cortex, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 55, 215, 10.1001/archpsyc.55.3.215

Rubinow, 1995, The neuroendocrinology of menstrual cycle mood disorders, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 771, 648, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb44717.x

Sapolsky, 1991, Long-term adrenalectomy causes loss of dentate gyrus and pyramidal neurons in the adult hippocampus, Exp Neurol, 114, 246, 10.1016/0014-4886(91)90041-A

Sapolsky, 1990, Hippocampal damage associated with prolonged glucocorticoid exposure in primates, J Neurosci, 10, 2897, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.10-09-02897.1990

Seamans, 1998, D1 receptor modulation of hippocampal-prefrontal cortical circuits integrating spatial memory with executive functions in the rat, J Neurosci, 18, 1613, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-04-01613.1998

Selemon, 1995, Abnormally high neuronal density in the schizophrenic cortex, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 52, 805, 10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950220015005

Shah, 1998, Cortical grey matter reductions associated with treatment-resistant chronic unipolar depression. Controlled magnetic resonance imaging study, Br J Psychiatry, 172, 527, 10.1192/bjp.172.6.527

Shankaranarayana Rao, 1999, Chronic (−) deprenyl administration alters dendritic morphology of layer III pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex of adult Bonnett monkeys, Brain Res, 821, 218, 10.1016/S0006-8993(98)01362-6

Sheline, 1996, Hippocampal atrophy in recurrent major depression, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 93, 3908, 10.1073/pnas.93.9.3908

Sheline, 1999, Depression duration but not age predicts hippocampal volume loss in medically healthy women with recurrent major depression, J Neurosci, 19, 5034, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-12-05034.1999

Shimizu, 1996, Chronic antidepressant exposure enhances 5-hydroxytryptamine7 receptor-mediated cyclic adenosine monophosphate accumulation in rat frontocortical astrocytes, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 279, 1551

Siuciak, 1998, BDNF induction of tryptophan hydroxylase mRNA levels in the rat brain, J Neurosci Res, 52, 149, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19980415)52:2<149::AID-JNR3>3.0.CO;2-A

Steckler, 1999, Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor subtypes and emotion, Biol Psychiatry, 46, 1480, 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00170-5

Stockmeier, 1999, Morphometric evaluation of the midbrain dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) in suicide victims with major depression (MD), Abstr Soc Neurosci, 25, 2098

Swaab, 1993, Functional neuroanatomy and neuropathology of the human hypothalamus, Anat Embryol (Berl), 187, 317, 10.1007/BF00185889

Swayze, 1990, Structural brain abnormalities in bipolar affective disorder. Ventricular enlargement and focal signal hyperintensities, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 47, 1054, 10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810230070011

Tanapat, 1998, Stress inhibits the proliferation of granule cell precursors in the developing dentate gyrus, Int J Dev Neurosci, 16, 235, 10.1016/S0736-5748(98)00029-X

Tsacopoulos, 1996, Metabolic coupling between glia and neurons, J Neurosci, 16, 877, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-03-00877.1996

Underwood, 1999, Morphometry of the dorsal raphe nucleus serotonergic neurons in suicide victims, Biol Psychiatry, 46, 473, 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00043-8

Vaccarino, 1999, Changes in cerebral cortex size are governed by fibroblast growth factor during embryogenesis, Nat Neurosci, 2, 246, 10.1038/6350

Vaidya, 1997, 5-HT2A receptor-mediated regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA in the hippocampus and the neocortex, J Neurosci, 17, 2785, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-08-02785.1997

Watanabe, 1992, Phenytoin prevents stress- and corticosterone-induced atrophy of CA3 pyramidal neurons, Hippocampus, 2, 431, 10.1002/hipo.450020410

West, 1993, New stereological methods for counting neurons, Neurobiol Aging, 14, 275, 10.1016/0197-4580(93)90112-O

Whitaker-Azmitia, 1993, Localization of 5-HT1A receptors to astroglial cells in adult rats, Synapse, 14, 201, 10.1002/syn.890140303

Wilkin, 1991, Receptor activation and its biochemical consequences in astrocytes, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 633, 475, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb15637.x