Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic Performance
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Deakin, 2015, Measuring nutritional status of athletes: Clinical and research perspectives, 27
Manore, 2015, Energy requirements of the athlete: Assessment and evidence of energy efficiency, 114
Spriet, 2014, New insights into the interaction of carbohydrate and fat metabolism during exercise, Sports Med, 44, S87, 10.1007/s40279-014-0154-1
Cunningham, 1980, A reanalysis of the factors influencing basal metabolic rate in normal adults, Am J Clin Nutr, 33, 2372, 10.1093/ajcn/33.11.2372
Roza, 1984, The Harris Benedict equation reevaluated: Resting energy requirements and the body cell mass, Am J Clin Nutr, 40, 168, 10.1093/ajcn/40.1.168
Guebels, 2014, Active women before/after an intervention designed to restore menstrual function: Resting metabolic rate and comparison of four methods to quantify energy expenditure and energy availability, Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 24, 37, 10.1123/ijsnem.2012-0165
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2005
Loucks, 2013, Energy balance and energy availability, 72
Mountjoy, 2014, The IOC consensus statement: Beyond the female athlete triad—Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S), Br J Sports Med, 48, 491, 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093502
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Sundgot-Borgen, 2013, How to minimise the health risks to athletes who compete in weight-sensitive sports review and position statement on behalf of the Ad Hoc Research Working Group on Body Composition, Health and Performance, under the auspices of the IOC Medical Commission, Br J Sports Med, 47, 1012, 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092966
Stellingwerff, 2011, Nutrition for power sports: Middle-distance running, track cycling, rowing, canoeing/kayaking, and swimming, J Sport Sci, 29, S79, 10.1080/02640414.2011.589469
O'Connor, 2011, Losing, gaining and making weight for athletes, 210
Sundgot-Borgen, 2011, Elite athletes in aesthetic and Olympic weight-class sports and the challenge of body weight and body compositions, J Sport Sci, 29, S101, 10.1080/02640414.2011.565783
Steffes, 2013, Prevalence of metabolic syndrome risk factors in high school and NCAA division I football players, J Strength Conditiong Res, 27, 1749, 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31827367cd
Ackland, 2012, Current status of body composition assessment in sport: Review and position statement on behalf of the ad hoc research working group on body composition health and performance, under the auspices of the I.O.C. Medical Commission, Sports Med, 42, 227, 10.2165/11597140-000000000-00000
Santos, 2014, Reference values for body composition and anthropometric measurements in athletes, PloS ONE, 9, e97846, 10.1371/journal.pone.0097846
Turocy, 2011, National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement: Safe weight loss and maintenance practices in sport and exercise, J Athletic Train, 46, 322, 10.4085/1062-6050-46.3.322
Slater, 2014, Body mass management of lightweight rowers: Nutritional strategies and performance implications, Br J Sports Med, 48, 1529, 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093918
Wilson, 2014, Weight-making strategies in professional jockeys: Implications for physical and mental health and well-being, Sports Med, 44, 785, 10.1007/s40279-014-0169-7
Garthe, 2011, Effect of two different weight-loss rates on body composition and strength and power-related performance in elite athletes, Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 21, 97, 10.1123/ijsnem.21.2.97
Mettler, 2010, Increased protein intake reduces lean body mass loss during weight loss in athletes, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 42, 326, 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181b2ef8e
Thomas, 2013, Can a weight loss of one pound a week be achieved with a 3500-kcal deficit? Commentary on a commonly accepted rule, Int J Obes (Lond), 37, 1611, 10.1038/ijo.2013.51
Hopkins, 1999, Design and analysis of research on sport performance enhancement, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 31, 472, 10.1097/00005768-199903000-00018
Maughan, 2010
Hawley, 2011, Nutritional modulation of training-induced skeletal muscle adaptations, J Appl Physiol, 110, 834, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00949.2010
Cole, 2014, Improved gross efficiency during long duration submaximal cycling following a short-term high carbohydrate diet, Int J Sports Med, 35, 265
Philp, 2012, More than a store: Regulatory roles for glycogen in skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 302, E1343, 10.1152/ajpendo.00004.2012
Bartlett, 2014, Carbohydrate availability and exercise training adaptation: Too much of a good thing?, Eur J Sport Sci, 1
Stellingwerff, 2013, Contemporary nutrition approaches to optimize elite marathon performance, Int J Sports Physiol Perform, 8, 573, 10.1123/ijspp.8.5.573
Lee, 2014, Validity of consumer-based physical activity monitors, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 46, 1840, 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000287
Burke, 2011, Carbohydrates for training and competition, J Sports Scis, 29, S17, 10.1080/02640414.2011.585473
Cox, 2010, Daily training with high carbohydrate availability increases exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during endurance cycling, J Appl Physiol, 109, 126, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00950.2009
Burke, 2010, Fueling strategies to optimize performance: Training high or training low?, Scan J Med Sci Sports, 20, 48, 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01185.x
Phillips, 2011, Dietary protein for athletes: From requirements to optimum adaptation, J Sports Sci, 29, S29, 10.1080/02640414.2011.619204
Phillips, 2012, Dietary protein requirements and adaptive advantages in athletes, Br J Nutr, 108, S158
Miller, 2005, Coordinated collagen and muscle protein synthesis in human patella tendon and quadriceps muscle after exercise, J Physiol, 567, 1021, 10.1113/jphysiol.2005.093690
Babraj, 2002, Sequential extracts of human bone show differing collagen synthetic rates, Biochem Soc Transact, 30, 61, 10.1042/bst0300061
Churchward-Venne, 2012, Supplementation of a suboptimal protein dose with leucine or essential amino acids: Effects on myofibrillar protein synthesis at rest and following resistance exercise in men, J Physiol, 590, 2751, 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.228833
Burd, 2011, Enhanced amino acid sensitivity of myofibrillar protein synthesis persists for up to 24 h after resistance exercise in young men, J Nutr, 141, 568
World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, United Nations University. Joint WHOFAOUNUEC. Protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition. World Health Organization Technical Report Series. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2007(935):1-265, back cover.
Rosenbloom, 2012
Moore, 2015, Protein, 94
Areta, 2014, Reduced resting skeletal muscle protein synthesis is rescued by resistance exercise and protein ingestion following short-term energy deficit, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 306, E989, 10.1152/ajpendo.00590.2013
Rodriguez, 2007, Dietary protein, endurance exercise, and human skeletal-muscle protein turnover, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 10, 40, 10.1097/MCO.0b013e3280115e3b
Wall, 2015, Strategies to maintain skeletal muscle mass in the injured athlete: Nutritional considerations and exercise mimetics, Eur J Sport Sci, 15, 53, 10.1080/17461391.2014.936326
Phillips, 2007, A critical examination of dietary protein requirements, benefits, and excesses in athletes, Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 17, S58, 10.1123/ijsnem.17.s1.s58
Tipton, 2007, Protein requirements and recommendations for athletes: Relevance of ivory tower arguments for practical recommendations, Clin Sports Medicine, 26, 17, 10.1016/j.csm.2006.11.003
Beelen, 2010, Nutritional strategies to promote postexercise recovery, Int Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 20, 515, 10.1123/ijsnem.20.6.515
Moore, 2009, Ingested protein dose response of muscle and albumin protein synthesis after resistance exercise in young men, Am J Clin Nutr, 89, 161, 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26401
Areta, 2013, Timing and distribution of protein ingestion during prolonged recovery from resistance exercise alters myofibrillar protein synthesis, J Physiol, 591, 2319, 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.244897
Schoenfeld, 2014, Effects of different volume-equated resistance training loading strategies on muscular adaptations in well-trained men, J Strength Condition Res, 28, 2909, 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000480
Josse, 2010, Body composition and strength changes in women with milk and resistance exercise, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 42, 1122, 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181c854f6
Phillips, 2014, A brief review of critical processes in exercise-induced muscular hypertrophy, Sports Med, 44, S71, 10.1007/s40279-014-0152-3
Tipton, 2007, Stimulation of net muscle protein synthesis by whey protein ingestion before and after exercise, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 292, E71, 10.1152/ajpendo.00166.2006
Hartman, 2007, Consumption of fat-free fluid milk after resistance exercise promotes greater lean mass accretion than does consumption of soy or carbohydrate in young, novice, male weightlifters, Am J Clin Nutr, 86, 373, 10.1093/ajcn/86.2.373
Josse, 2011, Increased consumption of dairy foods and protein during diet- and exercise-induced weight loss promotes fat mass loss and lean mass gain in overweight and obese premenopausal women, J Nutr, 141, 1626
Pennings, 2011, Whey protein stimulates postprandial muscle protein accretion more effectively than do casein and casein hydrolysate in older men, Am J Clin Nutr, 93, 997, 10.3945/ajcn.110.008102
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Phinney, 1983, The human metabolic response to chronic ketosis without caloric restriction: Preservation of submaximal exercise capability with reduced carbohydrate oxidation, Metab Clin Experiment, 32, 769, 10.1016/0026-0495(83)90106-3
Volek, 2014, Rethinking fat as a fuel for endurance exercise, Eur J Sport Sci, 1
Havemann, 2006, Fat adaptation followed by carbohydrate loading compromises high-intensity sprint performance, J Appl Physiol, 100, 194, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00813.2005
Stellingwerff, 2006, Decreased PDH activation and glycogenolysis during exercise following fat adaptation with carbohydrate restoration, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 290, E380, 10.1152/ajpendo.00268.2005
Burke, 2015, Re-examining high-fat diets for sports performance: Did we call the “nail in the coffin” too soon?, Sports Med, 45, 33, 10.1007/s40279-015-0393-9
Barnes, 2014, Alcohol: Impact on sports performance and recovery in male athletes, Sports Med, 44, 909, 10.1007/s40279-014-0192-8
Lourenco, 2012, The effect of current and lifetime alcohol consumption on overall and central obesity, Eur J Clin Nutr, 66, 813, 10.1038/ejcn.2012.20
Burke, 2003, Effect of alcohol intake on muscle glycogen storage after prolonged exercise, J Appl Physiol, 95, 983, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00115.2003
Hobson, 2010, Hydration status and the diuretic action of a small dose of alcohol, Alcohol Alcoholism, 45, 366, 10.1093/alcalc/agq029
Parr, 2014, Alcohol ingestion impairs maximal post-exercise rates of myofibrillar protein synthesis following a single bout of concurrent training, PloS ONE, 9, e88384, 10.1371/journal.pone.0088384
Burke, 1988, A study of dietary patterns of elite Australian football players, Can J Sport Sci, 13, 15
Graham, 1981, Alcohol ingestion and man's ability to adapt to exercise in a cold environment, Can J Appl Sport Sci, 6, 27
Verster, 2008, The alcohol hangover—A puzzling phenomenon, Alcohol Alcoholism, 43, 124, 10.1093/alcalc/agm163
Farajian, 2004, Dietary intake and nutritional practices of elite Greek aquatic athletes, Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 14, 574, 10.1123/ijsnem.14.5.574
Lukaski, 2004, Vitamin and mineral status: Effects on physical performance, Nutrition, 20, 632, 10.1016/j.nut.2004.04.001
Volpe, 2012, Vitamins, minerals, and exercise, 75
Woolf, 2006, B-vitamins and exercise: Does exercise alter requirements?, Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 16, 453, 10.1123/ijsnem.16.5.453
Haymes, 2006, Iron, 203
McClung, 2009, Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of iron supplementation in female soldiers during military training: Effects on iron status, physical performance, and mood, Am J Clin Nutr, 90, 124, 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27774
DellaValle, 2013, Iron supplementation for female athletes: Effects on iron status and performance outcomes, Curr Sports Med Rep, 12, 234, 10.1249/JSR.0b013e31829a6f6b
Cowell, 2003, Policies on screening female athletes for iron deficiency in NCAA division I-A institutions, Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 13, 277, 10.1123/ijsnem.13.3.277
Peeling, 2008, Athletic induced iron deficiency: New insights into the role of inflammation, cytokines and hormones, Eur J Appl Physiol, 103, 381, 10.1007/s00421-008-0726-6
Sim, 2014, Iron regulation in athletes: Exploring the menstrual cycle and effects of different exercise modalities on hepcidin production, Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 24, 177, 10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0067
Peeling, 2014, Iron status and the acute post-exercise hepcidin response in athletes, PloS ONE, 9, e93002, 10.1371/journal.pone.0093002
Burden, 2015, Is iron treatment beneficial in, iron-deficient but non-anaemic (IDNA) endurance athletes? A meta-analysis, Br J Sports Med, 49, 1389, 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093624
Pojednic, 2014, The emerging biomolecular role of vitamin D in skeletal muscle, Exerc Sport Sci Rev, 42, 76, 10.1249/JES.0000000000000013
Sinha, 2013, Improving the vitamin D status of vitamin D deficient adults is associated with improved mitochondrial oxidative function in skeletal muscle, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 98, E509, 10.1210/jc.2012-3592
Ruohola, 2006, Association between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and bone stress fractures in Finnish young men, J Bone Mineral Res, 21, 1483, 10.1359/jbmr.060607
Larson-Meyer, 2010, Vitamin D and athletes, Curr Sports Med Rep, 9, 220, 10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181e7dd45
Cannell, 2009, Athletic performance and vitamin D, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 41, 1102, 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181930c2b
Halliday, 2011, Vitamin D status relative to diet, lifestyle, injury, and illness in college athletes, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 43, 335, 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181eb9d4d
Lagowska, 2014, Effects of dietary intervention in young female athletes with menstrual disorders, J Int Soc Sports Nutr, 11, 21, 10.1186/1550-2783-11-21
Lewis, 2013, The effects of season-long vitamin D supplementation on collegiate swimmers and divers, Int J Sports Nutr Exerc Metab, 23, 431, 10.1123/ijsnem.23.5.431
Nickols-Richardson, 2006, Eating restraint is negatively associated with biomarkers of bone turnover but not measurements of bone mineral density in young women, J Am Diet Assoc, 106, 1095, 10.1016/j.jada.2006.04.018
Nattiv, 2007, American College of Sports Medicine position stand. The female athlete triad, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 39, 1867
Peternelj, 2011, Antioxidant supplementation during exercise training: Beneficial or detrimental?, Sports Med, 41, 1043, 10.2165/11594400-000000000-00000
Watson, 2005, Oxidative stress and antioxidants in athletes undertaking regular exercise training, Int J Sports Nutr Exerc Metab, 15, 131, 10.1123/ijsnem.15.2.131
Draeger, 2014, Controversies of antioxidant vitamins supplementation in exercise: Ergogenic or ergolytic effects in humans?, J Int Soc Sports Nutr, 11, 4, 10.1186/1550-2783-11-4
Sawka, 2007, American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 39, 377
Shirreffs, 2011, Fluid and electrolyte needs for training, competition, and recovery, J Sports Sci, 29, S39, 10.1080/02640414.2011.614269
Kenefick, 2012, Hydration for recreational sport and physical activity, Nutr Rev, 70, S137, 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00523.x
Armstrong, 2007, American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exertional heat illness during training and competition, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 39, 556, 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31802fa199
Goulet, 2012, Dehydration and endurance performance in competitive athletes, Nutr Rev, 70, S132, 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00530.x
Jeukendrup, 2015, Competition fluid and fuel, 377
Garth, 2013, What do athletes drink during competitive sporting activities?, Sports Med, 43, 539, 10.1007/s40279-013-0028-y
Mountjoy, 2012, Hyperthermic-related challenges in aquatics, athletics, football, tennis and triathlon, Br J Sports Med, 46, 800, 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091272
Koehle, 2014, Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine position statement: Athletes at high altitude, Clin J Sports Med, 24, 120, 10.1097/JSM.0000000000000024
Jeukendrup, 2011, Nutrition for endurance sports: Marathon, triathlon, and road cycling, J Sports Sci, 29, S91, 10.1080/02640414.2011.610348
Hew-Butler, 2015, Statement of the Third International Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia Consensus Development Conference, Carlsbad, California, 2015, Clin J Sports Med, 25, 303, 10.1097/JSM.0000000000000221
Bergeron, 2007, Exertional heat cramps: Recovery and return to play, J Sport Rehab, 16, 190
Cermak, 2013, The use of carbohydrates during exercise as an ergogenic aid, Sports Med, 43, 1139, 10.1007/s40279-013-0079-0
Burke, 2004, Carbohydrates and fat for training and recovery, J Sports Sci, 22, 15, 10.1080/0264041031000140527
Hawley, 1997, Carbohydrate-loading and exercise performance. An update, Sports Med, 24, 73, 10.2165/00007256-199724020-00001
Ormsbee, 2014, Pre-exercise nutrition: The role of macronutrients, modified starches and supplements on metabolism and endurance performance, Nutrients, 6, 1782, 10.3390/nu6051782
Rehrer, 1992, Gastrointestinal complaints in relation to dietary intake in triathletes, Int J Sports Nutr, 2, 48, 10.1123/ijsn.2.1.48
Foster, 1979, Effects of preexercise feedings on endurance performance, Med Sci Sports, 11, 1
Coyle, 1991, Timing and method of increased carbohydrate intake to cope with heavy training, competition and recovery, J Sports Sci, 9, 29, 10.1080/02640419108729865
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Stellingwerff, 2014, Systematic review: Carbohydrate supplementation on exercise performance or capacity of varying durations, Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 39, 998, 10.1139/apnm-2014-0027
Burke, 2014, The Governor has a sweet tooth—Mouth sensing of nutrients to enhance sports performance, Eur J Sport Sci, 1
Jeukendrup, 2010, Carbohydrate and exercise performance: The role of multiple transportable carbohydrates, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 13, 452, 10.1097/MCO.0b013e328339de9f
Betts, 2010, Short-term recovery from prolonged exercise: exploring the potential for protein ingestion to accentuate the benefits of carbohydrate supplements, Sports Med, 40, 941, 10.2165/11536900-000000000-00000
Berardi, 2008, Recovery from a cycling time trial is enhanced with carbohydrate-protein supplementation vs. isoenergetic carbohydrate supplementation, J Int Soc Sports Nutr, 5, 24, 10.1186/1550-2783-5-24
Tipton, 2001, Timing of amino acid-carbohydrate ingestion alters anabolic response of muscle to resistance exercise, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 281, E197, 10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.2.E197
van Essen, 2006, Failure of protein to improve time trial performance when added to a sports drink, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 38, 1476, 10.1249/01.mss.0000228958.82968.0a
Ivy, 2003, Effect of a carbohydrate-protein supplement on endurance performance during exercise of varying intensity, Int J Sports Nutr Exerc Metab, 13, 382, 10.1123/ijsnem.13.3.382
Etheridge, 2008, A single protein meal increases recovery of muscle function following an acute eccentric exercise bout, Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 33, 483, 10.1139/H08-028
Hoffman, 2010, Effect of a proprietary protein supplement on recovery indices following resistance exercise in strength/power athletes, Amino Acids, 38, 771, 10.1007/s00726-009-0283-2
Beelen, 2008, Protein coingestion stimulates muscle protein synthesis during resistance-type exercise, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 295, E70, 10.1152/ajpendo.00774.2007
van Loon, 2014, Is there a need for protein ingestion during exercise?, Sports Med, 44, S105, 10.1007/s40279-014-0156-z
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Braun, 2009, Dietary supplement use among elite young German athletes, Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 19, 97, 10.1123/ijsnem.19.1.97
Maughan, 2014, Risks and rewards of dietary supplement use by athletes
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Burke, 2015, Supplements and sports foods, 493
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Astorino, 2010, Efficacy of acute caffeine ingestion for short-term high-intensity exercise performance: A systematic review, J Strength Conditioning Res, 24, 257, 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c1f88a
Burke, 2013
Carr, 2011, Effects of acute alkalosis and acidosis on performance: A meta-analysis, Sports Med, 41, 801, 10.2165/11591440-000000000-00000
Quesnele, 2014, The effects of beta-alanine supplementation on performance: A systematic review of the literature, Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 24, 14, 10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0007
Jones, 2014, Influence of dietary nitrate on the physiological determinants of exercise performance: A critical review, Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 39, 1019, 10.1139/apnm-2014-0036
Craig, 2009, Position of the American Dietetic Association: Vegetarian diets, J Am Diet Assoc, 109, 1266, 10.1016/j.jada.2009.05.027
Berning, 2014, The vegetarian athlete, 382
Burke, 2003, Effect of creatine and weight training on muscle creatine and performance in vegetarians, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 35, 1946, 10.1249/01.MSS.0000093614.17517.79
Wentz, 2012, Dietary and training predictors of stress fractures in female runners, Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 22, 374, 10.1123/ijsnem.22.5.374
Ross, 2015, Heat and altitude, 767
Bergeron, 2012, International Olympic Committee consensus statement on thermoregulatory and altitude challenges for high-level athletes, Br J Sports Med, 46, 770, 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091296
Cheuvront, 2014, Environment and exercise, 425