Polyunsaturated fatty acids. Is there a role in postmenopausal osteoporosis prevention?

Lufkin, 1992, Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with transdermal estrogen, Ann. Intern. Med., 117, 1, 10.7326/0003-4819-117-1-1

Grodstein, 2000, A prospective, observational study of postmenopausal hormone therapy and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease, Ann. Inter. Med., 133, 933, 10.7326/0003-4819-133-12-200012190-00008

Sherwin, 1997, Estrogen effects on cognition in menopausal women, Neurology, 48, S21, 10.1212/WNL.48.5_Suppl_7.21S

Purdie, 1996, The technical and logistical feasibility of population densitometry using DXA and directed HRT intervention: 2-year prospective study, Osteoporos. Int., 3, S31, 10.1007/BF01623762

Eisenberg, 1993, Unconventional medicine in the United States. Prevalence, cost and pattern of use, New Engl. J. Med., 328, 246, 10.1056/NEJM199301283280406

Johnston, 1997, One third of nation's adults use herbal remedies, Herbal Gram, 40, 49

Nahin, 2001, Research into complementary and alternative medicine: problem and potential, Br. Med. J., 322, 161, 10.1136/bmj.322.7279.161

Kim, 1995, Fish oil, atherogenesis, and thrombogenesis, Ann. New York Acad. Sci., 748, 474, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb17343.x

Iso, 2001, Intake of fish and omega-3 fatty acids and risk of stroke in women, J. Am. Med. Assoc., 285, 304, 10.1001/jama.285.3.304

Kruger, 1998, Calcium, gamma-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid supplementation in senile osteoporosis, Aging (Milan), 10, 385

Su, 2000, Are omega 3 fatty acids beneficial in depression but not mania.?, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 57, 716, 10.1001/archpsyc.57.7.716

Clealand, 2000, Fish oil and reumathoid arthritis: antinflammatory and collateral health benefit, J. Rheumatol., 27, 10

Adlercreutz, 1997, Phytoestrogens and western disease, Ann. Intern. Med., 29, 95, 10.3109/07853899709113696

Hirai, 1984, Eicosapentaenoic acid and platelet function in Japanese, 231

Bang, 1980, The composition of Eskimo food in North western Greenland, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 33, 2657, 10.1093/ajcn/33.12.2657

Terry, 2001, Fatty acids consumption and risk of prostate cancer, Lancer, 357, 1764, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04889-3

Simopoulos, 1991, Omega-3 fatty acids in health and disease, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 54, 438, 10.1093/ajcn/54.3.438

Pittenger, 1999, Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells, Science, 284, 143, 10.1126/science.284.5411.143

Aspen, 2001, Osteoarthritis and systemic disorders including stromal cell differentiation and lipid metabolism, Lancet, 357, 1118, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04264-1

Nuttal, 1998, Human trabecular bone cells are able to express both osteoblastic and adipocytic phenotype: implication for osteopenic disorders, J. Bone Mineral Res., 13, 317, 10.1359/jbmr.1998.13.3.371

Vogel, 1999, Cholesterol-lowering drugs may boost bone, Science, 286, 1825, 10.1126/science.286.5446.1825a

Duplus, 2000, Fatty acids regulation of gene transcription, J. Biol. Chem., 275, 30749, 10.1074/jbc.R000015200

de Gomez Dumm, 1975, Oxidative desaturation of alfa-linolenic, linoleic, and stearic acid by human liver microsomes, Lipids, 10, 315, 10.1007/BF02532451

Singer, 1984, Defective desaturation and elongation of n-6 and n-3 fatty acid in hypertensive patients, Prostaglandins Leukot. Med., 15, 159, 10.1016/0262-1746(84)90173-2

Honigmann, 1982, Influence of a diet rich in linolenic acid on lipids, thrombocyte aggregation and prostaglandins in type I (insulin dependent) diabetes, Diabetologia (Abstract), 23, 175

Poulos, 1995, Very long chain fatty acids in higher animals—a review, Lipids, 30, 1, 10.1007/BF02537036

Murphy, 1990, J Dietary fatty acids and membrane-protein function, J. Nutr. Biochem., 1, 68, 10.1016/0955-2863(90)90052-M

Weber, 1986, Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and eicosanoid formation in man, 49

1992

Gester H, Can adults adequately convert α-linolenic acid (183 n-3) to eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3)?1998;68:159–73.

Jones, 1999, 67

Ratnayake, 1997, Influence of dietary protein and fat on serum lipids and metabolism on essential fatty acid on rats, Br. J. Nutr., 78, 459, 10.1079/BJN19970163

Baylink, 1993, Growth factors to stimulate bone formation, J. Bone Mineral Res., 8, S565, 10.1002/jbmr.5650081326

Jee, 1990, Prostaglandin -E2 enhances cortical bone mass and activate intracortical bone remodelling in intact and ovariectomized female rats, Bone, 11, 253, 10.1016/8756-3282(90)90078-D

Mori, 1990, Effects of prostaglandin -E2 on production of new cancellous bone in the axial skeleton of ovariectomized rats, Bone, 11, 103, 10.1016/8756-3282(90)90057-6

Raisz, 1990, Biphasic effects of prostaglandin -E2 on bone formation in cultured fetal-rat calvariae interaction with cortisol, Endocrinology, 126, 1654, 10.1210/endo-126-3-1654

Watkins, 2001, Bioactive fatty acids: role in bone biology and bone cell function, Progress Lipid Res., 40, 125, 10.1016/S0163-7827(00)00016-3

Igarashi, 1994, Role of endogenous PGE(2) in osteoblastic functions of a clonal osteoblastic-like cell MC3T3-E1, Prostaglandin Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 50, 169, 10.1016/0952-3278(94)90140-6

Igarashi, 1997, Effects of bisphosphonates on alkaline phosphatase activity, mineralization, and prostaglandin E(2) synthesis in the clonal osteoblast-like cell line MC3T3-E1, Prostaglandin Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 56, 121, 10.1016/S0952-3278(97)90508-1

Lorenzo, 1987, Comparison of the bone-resorbing activity in the supernatant from phyohemagglutinin-stimulated human peripheral-blood mononuclear-cells with that of cytokines through the use of antiserum to inteleukin-1, Endocrinology, 121, 1164, 10.1210/endo-121-3-1164

Borland, 1931, Effects of a fat free diet on the structure of the kidney in rats, Arch. Pathol., 11, 687

Alfin-Slater, 1958, Changes in tissue lipids and tissue histology resulting from essential fatty acid deficiency in rats, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 6, 613, 10.1093/ajcn/6.6.613

Claassen, 1995, Supplemented gamma-linolenic acid and eicosopentaenoic acid influence bone status in young male rats: effects on free urinary collagen crosslinks, total urinary hydroxyproline and bone calcium content, Bone, 16, 385S, 10.1016/S8756-3282(95)80481-1

Kruger, 1996, Essential fatty acids supplementation and calcium retention in the ovariectomized rat, Osteoporos. Int. (Abstract), 6, 101, 10.1007/BF02499944

Judex, 2000, Dietary fish oil supplementation adversely affects cortical bone morphology and biomechanics in growing rabbits, Calc. Tissue Int., 66, 443, 10.1007/s002230010089

Harris, 1997, N-3 fatty acids and serum lipoproteins: animal studies, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 65, 1611S, 10.1093/ajcn/65.5.1611S

Yong, 1999, Dietary conjugated linoleic acids alter serum IGF-I and IGF binding protein concentration and reduce bone formation in rat fer (n-6) or (n-3) fatty acids, J. Bone Mineral Res., 14, 1153, 10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.7.1153

Kruger, 1995, Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation increases calcium balance, Nutr. Res., 15, 211, 10.1016/0271-5317(95)92587-A

Coetzer, 1994, Calcium transport by isolated brush border and basolateral membrane vescicles. Role of essential fatty acid supplementation, Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 50, 251, 10.1016/0952-3278(94)90164-3

Buck, 1991, The protective role of eicosapentaenoic acid in the pathogenesis of nephrolithiasis, J. Urol., 146, 188, 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)37750-9

Yamada, 1995, Effects of eicosopentaenoic acid and docosohexaenoic acid on diabetic osteopenia, Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., 30, 37, 10.1016/0168-8227(95)01139-0

Hay, 1985, Essential fatty acid restriction inhibits vitamin D-dependent calcium absorption, Lipids, 15, 251, 10.1007/BF02535835

Kruger, 1998, Calcium, gamma-linolenic acid and eicosopentaenoic acid supplementation in senile osteoporosis, Aging Clin. Exp. Res., 10, 385, 10.1007/BF03339885

Vanpapendorp, 1995, Biochemical profile of osteoporotic patients on essential fatty-acids supplementation, Nutr. Res., 15, 325, 10.1016/0271-5317(95)00002-X

Bassey, 2000, Lack of effects of supplementation with essential fatty acids on bone mineral density in healthy pre and post menopausal women: two randomized controlled trial of Efacal® v calcium alone, Br. J. Nutr., 83, 629, 10.1017/S0007114500000805

Brouns, 2000, Functional food ingredients for reducing the risk of osteoporosis, Trends Food Sci. Technol., 11, 22, 10.1016/S0924-2244(99)00052-7

Raisz, 1993, Prostaglandins: mechanism of action and regulation of production in bone, Osteoporos. Int., 1, S136, 10.1007/BF01621888