Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis—Rational diagnosis and treatment predicated on disordered prostaglandin metabolism

Bruce, 1888, Senile rheumatic gout, British Medical Journal, 11, 811, 10.1136/bmj.2.1450.811 Jennings, 1938, Arteritis of the temporal vessels, Lancet, 1, 424, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)86182-6 Parsons-Smith, 1952, Ophthalmic manifestations of temporal arteritis, British Journal of Ophthalmology, 36, 615, 10.1136/bjo.36.11.615 Barber, 1957, Myalgic syndrome with constitutional effects polymyalgia rheumatica, Ann Rheum Dis, 16, 230, 10.1136/ard.16.2.230 Palm, 1958, The ocular crisis of the temporal arteritis syndrome (Horton), Acta Ophthal, 36, 208, 10.1111/j.1755-3768.1958.tb07708.x Wagener, 1958, The ocular lesions of temporal arteritis, American Journal Ophthalmology, 45, 617, 10.1016/0002-9394(58)92165-2 Simmons, 1962, Occult temporal arteritis, Arch Ophthalmol, 68, 8, 10.1001/archopht.1962.00960030012004 Birkhead, 1963, Treatment of temporal arteritis with adrenal corticosteroids: Results in fifty-five cases in which lesion was proved at biopsy, JAMA, 163, 821, 10.1001/jama.1957.02970450023007 Hambin, 1965, Involvement of large vessels in polymyalgia arteritica, Lancet, 1, 1193 Kinmont, 1965, The aetiology, pathology and course of giant-cell arteritis: The possible role of light sensitivity, British Journal Dermatology, 77, 193, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1965.tb14630.x Bruk, 1967, Articular and vascular manifestations of polymyalgia rheumatica, Ann Rheum Dis, 26, 103, 10.1136/ard.26.2.103 Meadows, 1967, Giant-cell arteritis and blindness, Brit J Hosp Med, 1, 835 Harrison, 1967, Early symptoms of temporal arteritis, Lancet, 2, 638, 10.1016/S0140-6736(67)90684-8 Hamilton, 1971, Giant cell arteritis: Including temporal arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica, Medicine, 50, 1, 10.1097/00005792-197101000-00001 Fauchald, 1972, Temporal arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: Clinical and biopsy findings, Ann Int Med, 77, 845, 10.7326/0003-4819-77-6-845 Hamrin, 1972, Polymyalgia Arteritica, Acta Med Scand, 533, 1 Soderstrom, 1976, Bilateral scalp necrosis in temporal arteritis: a rare complication of Horton's disease, Am J Med, 61, 541, 10.1016/0002-9343(76)90335-1 Goodman, 1979, Temporal arteritis, Am J Med, 67, 839, 10.1016/0002-9343(79)90744-7 Graham, 1981, Prognosis in giant-cell arteritis, British Medical Journal, 282, 269, 10.1136/bmj.282.6260.269 Olbrich, 1948, Blood changes in the aged, Edinburgh Med J, 55, 100 Ansell, 1958, The “unexplained” high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, British Medical Journal, 1, 372, 10.1136/bmj.1.5067.372 Hilder, 1964, The effect of age on normal values of the Westergren sedimentation rate, J Clin Path, 17, 292, 10.1136/jcp.17.3.292 Boyd, 1966, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate in elderly hospital in-patients, British Medical Journal, 1, 901, 10.1136/bmj.1.5492.901 Bottiger, 1967, Normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate and age, British Medical Journal, 2, 85, 10.1136/bmj.2.5544.85 Hayes, 1976, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and age, Arch Ophthal, 94, 939, 10.1001/archopht.1976.03910030473007 Andersen, 1947, Arteritis temporalis (Horton). (A symptom of generalized vascular disease): a survey and a case with glaucoma, Acta Med Scand, 128, 153 Heptinstall, 1954, Giant-cell (temporal) arteritis, J Path Bact, 67, 507, 10.1002/path.1700670224 Finlayson, 1955, Giant-cell arteritis of the legs, British Medical Journal, 2, 1595, 10.1136/bmj.2.4956.1595 Russell, 1958, Giant-cell arteritis: A review of 35 cases, Quart J Med, 28, 471 Paulley, 1960, Giant-cell arteritis, or arteritis of the aged, British Medical Journal, 2, 1566, 10.1136/bmj.2.5212.1562 Cullen, 1963, Occult temporal arteritis, Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK, 83, 725 Alestig, 1963, Giant-cell arteritis: A biopsy study of polymyalgia rheumatica, including one case of Takayasu's disease, Lancet, 1, 1228, 10.1016/S0140-6736(63)91861-0 Bethlenfalvay, 1964, Temporal arteritis, Arch Int Med, 114, 487, 10.1001/archinte.1964.03860100069005 Kent, 1967, Aneurysm of the aorta due to giant cell aortitis: Successful surgical correction, J Thoracic Cardiovasc Surg, 53, 572, 10.1016/S0022-5223(19)43186-3 Hart, 1967, Formed visual hallucinations: A symptom of cranial arteritis, British Medical Journal, 2, 643, 10.1136/bmj.3.5566.643 Cohen, 1975, Temporal arteritis: A spectrum of ophthalmic complications, Ann Ophthal, 7, 1045 Fisher, 1980, Pulmonary edema in giant cell arteritis, Ann Ophthal, 12, 779 Horton, 1934, Arteritis of the temporal vessels: A previously undescribed form, Arch Int Med, 53, 400, 10.1001/archinte.1934.00160090077007 Gilmour, 1941, Giant-cell chronic arteritis, J Path Bact, 53, 263, 10.1002/path.1700530210 Harris, 1968, Dissecting aneurysm of the aorta due to giant cell arteritis, Br Heart J, 30, 840, 10.1136/hrt.30.6.840 Bevan, 1968, Clinical and biopsy findings in temporal arteritis, Ann Rheum Dis, 27, 271, 10.1136/ard.27.3.271 Reinecke, 1969, Temporal arteritis: Smooth muscle cell involvement, Arch Ophthal, 82, 446, 10.1001/archopht.1969.00990020448004 Kuwabara, 1970, Temporal arteritis: Electron microscopic study on consecutive biopsies, Arch Ophthal, 83, 692, 10.1001/archopht.1970.00990030692003 Healey, 1971, Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis, Arthritis Rheumat, 14, 138, 10.1002/art.1780140120 Ostberg, 1972, Morphological changes in the large arteries in polymyalgia arteritica, Acta Medica Scandinavia, 533, 135, 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1972.tb15615.x Klein, 1975, Large artery involvement in giant cell (temporal) arteritis, Ann Int Med, 83, 806, 10.7326/0003-4819-83-6-806 Klein, 1976, Skip lesions in temporal arteritis, 51, 504 Cullen, 1976, Ophthalmic complications of giant cell arteritis, Surg Ophthal, 20, 247, 10.1016/0039-6257(76)90224-1 Sun FF. Experimental Biology Division UpJohn Co, Kalamazoo, Michigan. Personal Communication. Feb 9, 1981. Goetzl, 1977, Stimulation of human eosinophil and neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis and random migration by 12-L-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, J Clin Invest, 59, 179, 10.1172/JCI108617 Nalbandian, 1978, Platelet-endothelial cell interactions: Metabolic maps of structures and actions of prostaglandins, prostacyclin, thromboxane and cyclic AMP, 5, 87 Gorman, 1978, Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and prostacyclin, biochemistry and mode of action of hormones II, Volume 20 Goetzl, 1978, Chemotactic and chemokinetic stimulation of human eosinophil and neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes by 12-L-Hydroxy-5,8,10-Heptadecatrienoic acid (HHT), J Immunology, 120, 526, 10.4049/jimmunol.120.2.526 Moncada, 1978, Unstable metabolities or arachidonic acid and their role in haemostasis and thrombosis, Br Med Bull, 34, 129, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a071482 Kuehl, 1980, Prostaglandins, arachidonic acid, and inflammation, Science, 210, 978, 10.1126/science.6254151 Dahlen, 1980, Leukotrienes are potent constrictors of human bronchi, Nature, 288, 484, 10.1038/288484a0 Nathan, 1980, The macrophage as an effector cell, New Eng J Med, 303, 622, 10.1056/NEJM198009113031106 Goetzl, 1980, Mediators of immediate hypersensitivity derived from arachidonic acid, New Eng J Med, 303, 822, 10.1056/NEJM198010023031421 Siegel, 1981, The production of 5-HETE and leukotriene-B in rat neutrophils from carrageenan pleural exudates, Prostaglandins, 21, 123, 10.1016/0090-6980(81)90202-1 Spector, 1975, The dynamics of granulomas and the significance of epithelioid cells, Path Biol (Paris), 23, 437 Lieberman, 1975, Elevation of serum angiotension-converting-enzyme (ACE) level in sarcoidosis, Am J Med, 59, 365, 10.1016/0002-9343(75)90395-2 Lieberman, 1976, The specificity and nature of serum-angiotensin-converting enzyme (serume ACE) elevations in sarcoidosis, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 278, 488, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1976.tb47061.x Silverstein, 1976, Elevation of angiotensin-converting enzyme in granulomatous lymph nodes and serum in sarcoidosis clinical and possible pathogenic significance, Annals NY Acad Sci, 278, 498, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1976.tb47062.x Silverstein, 1976, Markedly elevated angiotensin converting enzyme in lymph nodes containing non-necrotizing granulomas in sarcoidosis, 73, 2137 Schmitt, 1977, Monocyte recruitment in tuberculosis and sarcoidosis, Br J Haem, 35, 11, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1977.tb00557.x Silverstein, 1977, Elevation of granulomatous lymph-node and serum lysozyme in sarcoidosis and correlation with angiotensin-converting enzyme, Am J Clin Path, 68, 219, 10.1093/ajcp/68.2.219 Studdy, 1978, Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (SACE) in sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders, Lancet, 2, 1331, 10.1016/S0140-6736(78)91972-4 Lieberman, 1979, Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme for diagnosis and therapeutic evaluation of sarcoidosis, Am Rev Resp Dis, 120, 329 1980, Lancet, 1, 804 DeRemee, 1980, Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in evaluating the clinical course of sarcoidosis, Ann Int Med, 92, 361, 10.7326/0003-4819-92-3-361 Nosal, 1979, Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme and gallium scan in noninvasive evaluation of sarcoidosis, Ann Int Med, 90, 328, 10.7326/0003-4819-90-3-328 Lieberman, 1980, Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme: Elevations in diabetes mellitus, Ann Int Med, 93, 825, 10.7326/0003-4819-93-6-825 Spector, 1980, Epithelioid cells, giant cells, and sarcoidosis, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 278, 3, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1976.tb47010.x Rohatgi, 1981, Value of serial measurement of serum angiotensin converting enzyme in the management of sarcoidosis, Am J Med, 70, 44, 10.1016/0002-9343(81)90410-1 Weinreb, 1980, Uveitis associated with sarcoidosis and angiotensin converting enzyme, Am J Ophth, 89, 180, 10.1016/0002-9394(80)90109-9 Erdos, 1976, Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, Am J Med, 60, 749, 10.1016/0002-9343(76)90889-5 Laragh, 1978, Converting enzyme, angiotensin II and hypertensive disease, Am J Med, 64, 147, 10.1016/0002-9343(78)90191-2 1965, Lancet, 1, 642 Nuessle, 1966, Polymyalgia rheumatica, giant-cell arteritis and blindness: A review and case report, J Am Geriatrics Soc, 14, 566, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1966.tb04087.x Easterbrook, 1967, Temporal arteritis developing during indomethacin therapy of polymyalgia rheumatica, Canad Med Assoc J, 97, 296 1967, Lancet, 2, 926 Fessel, 1967, Polymyalgia rheumatica and blindness, New Eng J Med, 276, 1403, 10.1056/NEJM196706222762503 Wadman, 1967, Therapeutic hazards of phenylbutazone and oxyphen-butazone in polymyalgia rheumatica, Lancet, 1, 597, 10.1016/S0140-6736(67)90444-8 Woodbury, 1975, Analgesic-antipyretics, anti-inflammatory agents, and drugs employed in the therapy of gout, 326