Pollination intensity and nutrient availability interactively shape directional selection on flower size in an orchid herb
Tóm tắt
Quantifying the importance of pollination intensity and nutrient availability in influencing phenotypic selection on floral traits is an essential step to understanding floral evolutionary responses in complex environments. We quantified phenotypic selection on four floral traits (flowering start date, angle between adjacent flowers, corolla size and number of flowers) in Spiranthes sinensis by manipulating both pollination intensity and N–P–K nutrient availability under a factorial design: pollination intensity (low, medium and high levels, by manipulating the number of days the flowers were open to insect pollination) × N–P–K nutrient addition (low and high, representing natural nutrient levels and nutrient addition, respectively). There was an interactive effect of pollination intensity and nutrient availability on directional selection on corolla size. Selection for larger corolla size through female fitness was observed at medium and low pollination intensities. Selection for larger corolla size through pollen removal was observed in the treatment combining of low level of pollination intensity and natural nutrient levels. Selection for a greater number of flowers was observed in all treatment combinations through both female fitness and pollen removal functions. The results demonstrated that pollination intensity and nutrient availability influenced the opportunity for selection. The opportunity for selection increased in the low level of pollination intensity treatment, but high nutrient addition treatment reduced it. Our study suggests the context-dependence of natural selection in driving floral evolution and emphasizes the need for more studies with a combined focus on abiotic and biotic factors.
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