Policing Pakistani Style in the Theatre of Terror
Tóm tắt
A NATO air strike killed 24 Pakistani Army members who were patrolling the Afghanistan border with Pakistan, and, although the US use of drones in Pakistan have been controversial, this latest incident enraged and inflamed public and political opinion in Pakistan as thousands of people protested across Pakistani cities as well as media channels using solemn music to portray the soldiers as martyrs massacred in the interests of the US. The incident has arguably fuelled anti-US/UK sentiments which do not make it easier for the Pakistani police service, already struggling with strategic, resource and geographic challenges, to counter the threat from terrorist groups. In the fight against Al-Qaeda and the Taliban, such incidents will only add to the antipathy and propaganda used by those organisations to play upon disaffected Pakistani’s and use such moments as a recruitment tool both in the UK and in Pakistan. In light of this, it is important to explore and examine the repercussions upon law enforcement agencies such as the Pakistani police and the methods which they have to employ in combating and dealing with terror threats, since those operations will have a direct impact in Britain. In an age of terror, the Pakistani police force must adopt a more focused community policing model that will help tackle such developing terrorist ideologies .
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abbas, H. (2007). Transforming Pakistan’s frontier corps. The Jamestown Foundation Washington, DC: Terrorism Monitor, 5(6), 30.
Abbas, H. (2009). Police & law enforcement reform in Pakistan: Crucial for counterinsurgency and counterterrorism success. Washington, DC: Institute for Social Policy and Understanding (Internet). Available from: http://www.ispu.org/pdfs/ISPU%20-%20Police%20Reforms%20in%20Pakistan%20Report.pdf. Accessed 10 Mar 2013.
Abbas, H. (2011). Reforming Pakistan‘s police and law enforcement infrastructure: Is it too flawed to fix? Special Report United States Institute for Peace (Internet). Available from: http://www.usip.org/publications/reforming-pakistan-s-police-and-law-enforcement-infrastructure. Accessed 13 Mar 2013.
Ahmed, L. (2011). Pakistan’s contribution to the war on terror House of Lords Debate, 1 December 2011: Column 381 (Internet). Available from: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201011/ldhansrd/text/111201-0001.htm. Accessed 2 Dec 2011.
Ashraf, T. (2008a). The Pakistan frontier corps in the war on terrorism-part one. The Jamestown Foundation, Global Terrorism Analysis Washington, DC: Terrorism Monitor, 6(15), 25. (Internet). Available from: http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=5053&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=167&no_cache=1.
Ashraf, T. (2008b). Pakistan’s Army and the war on terrorism in the Post-Musharraf era. The Jamestown Foundation, Global Terrorism Analysis, 6(17), 4.
Bajoria, J. (2009a). Backgrounder: Pakistan’s Security Forces. New York, Council on foreign relations, 18.
Bajoria, J. (2009b). Realigning Pakistan’s Security Forces. New York. Council on Foreign Relations, 18.
BBC News (2008). Pact targets Pakistan terror link (Internet). Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7782125.stm. Accessed 15 Dec 2011.
BBC News (2000). Pakistan after the coup: Special Report (Internet). Available from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/472968.stm. Accessed 30 Nov 2011.
BBC News (2011a). Pakistan buries 24 troops killed in Nato airstrike (Internet). Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15908760. Accessed 29 Nov 2011.
BBC News (2011b). Pakistan suicide bomber kills two policemen in Nowshera (Internet). Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-15490158. Accessed 10 Nov 2011.
BBC News (2011c). Taliban in Pakistan ‘police killing’ video (Internet). Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14181938. Accessed 15 Nov 2011.
BBC News (2011d). Bhutto murder: Pakistan police and Taliban charged (Internet). Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15605565. Accessed 20 Nov 2011.
Bhatt, C. (2010). Special issue: migrant politics and mobilization: exclusion, engagements, incorporation, the ‘British jihad’ and the curves of religious violence. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 33(1), 39–59.
Blom, A. (2011). Pakistan: the ground zero of terrorism. Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism, 6(2), 179–183.
Bray, J. (1991). Nawaz Sharif’s new order in Pakistan. The Round Table, 80(318), 179–190.
Chawla, C. (2001). Recent developments in Pakistan. Strategic Analysis, 25(2), 285–294.
Cohen, S. (2006). The idea of Pakistan. Washington D.C: Brookings Institution.
Dawn News (2010). Pakistani police most frequent recipients of bribes: TI Survey (Internet). Available from: http://dawn.com/2010/12/10/pakistani-police-most-frequent-recipients-of-bribes-ti-survey-2/. Accessed 30 Nov 2011.
Dawn News (2011a). Five terrorists killed after police chase in Karachi (Internet). Available from: http://www.dawn.com/tag/karachi-blast. Accessed 22 Nov 2011.
Dawn News (2011b). Burqa-clad Taliban kill 10 police in Pakistan siege (Internet). Available from: http://www.dawn.com/2011/06/25/three-dead-in-pakistan-police-station-attack.html. Accessed 20 Nov 2011.
Dawn News (2011c). Munter praises Pakistani police sacrifices in terror war (Internet). Available from: http://dawn.com/2011/07/29/munter-praises-pakistani-police-sacrifices-in-terror-war/. Accessed 13 Mar 2013.
Dawn News (2011d). Court Orders seizure of Musharraf’s property (Internet). Available from: http://www.dawn.com/2011/08/28/court-orders-seizure-of-musharrafs-property.html. Accessed 13 Jan 2012.
Dawn News (2011e). Christians across Pakistan protest Bhatti’s killing (Internet). Available from: http://www.dawn.com/2011/03/03/christians-across-pakistan-protest-bhattis-killing.html. Accessed 21 Nov 2011.
Dressler, J. (2010). Key terrorist groups in Pakistan-fact sheet Institute for the Study of War (May).
Evans, A. (2011). Pakistan and the shadow of 9/11. The RUSI Journal, 156(4), 64–70.
Fair, C. (2011). Lashkar-e-tayiba and the Pakistani state. Survival, 53(4), 29–52.
Fair, C. & Seth, G. (2010). Pakistan’s war within. Survival, 51(6), 161–188.
Fair, C., & Shuja, N. (2010). The changing Pakistan Army Officer Corps. Washington, DC: Atlantic Council’s South Asia Center; Center for Peace and Security Studies, Georgetown University.
Fair, C., Blair, G., Malhotra, N., & Shapiro, J. N. (2011). Poverty and support for militant politics: Evidence from Pakistan (Internet). Available from: http://www.princeton.edu/∼jns/papers/Poverty_Support_For_Militancy_24MAR11.pdf. Accessed 20 Dec 2011.
Farhana, A. (2007). Rethinking US counter–terrorism strategies: a Muslim perspective. Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism, 2(2), 30–47.
Fasihuddin, F. (2010). Editorial. Pakistan Journal of Criminology Special Issue ‘Terrorism, Organized Crime and Law Enforcement, 2(1), i–ii.
Gautam, D. (1993). The Indian police: A study in fundamentals. New Delhi: Mittal.
Gearty, C. (2005). 11 September 2001, Counter-terrorism, and the Human Rights Act. Journal of Law and Society, 32(1), 18–33.
Geo News (2011). CM takes notice of torture on boy, 2 suspended (Internet). Available from: http://www.thenews.com.pk/NewsDetail.aspx?ID=26447&title=Geo-News-Impact:-CM-takes-notice-of-torture-on-boy,-2-suspended. Accessed 22 Nov 2011.
Ghosh, S. (1988). Keeping the peace: For whom the bell tolls. New Delhi: Ashish.
Gillani, S., Rehman, H., & Gill, A. (2009). Unemployment, poverty, inflation and crime nexus: cointegration and causality analysis of Pakistan. Pakistan Economic and Social Review, 47(1), 79–98.
Grare, F. (2010). Political Dimensions of Police Reform in Pakistan. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Gujranwala (2011). Places in the World (Internet). Available from: http://www.places-in-the-world.com/1177662-pk-place-gujranwala.html. Accessed 2 Dec 2011.
Gunaratna, R. (2008). The Islamabad Marriott in flames: the attack on the world’s most protected hotel. Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism, 3(2), 99–116.
Harnisch, C., Charlie, S., & Ashley, L. (2009). Order of battle: Pakistani Military in FATA and Northwest Frontier Province. Washington D.C: Critical Threats; American Enterprise Institute.
Hassan, N. (2010). Allah, army and America in Pakistan. Critical Asian Studies, 42(1), 145–163.
Hekmat, K. (2009). Understanding the role of the media in facilitating the spread of the extremist message in Afghanistan. Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism, 4(1), 76–86.
Iftikhar, H. (2010). Pakistan: weathering the storm. Intelligence and National Security, 25(3), 394–401.
International Crisis Group. (2008). Reforming Pakistan’s police. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
Ishtiaq, A. (2010). The U.S. Af-Pak strategy: challenges and opportunities for Pakistan. Asian Affairs: An American Review, 37(4), 191–209.
Jagadish, V. (2009). Reconsidering American strategy in South Asia: destroying terrorist sanctuaries in Pakistan’s tribal areas. Small Wars & Insurgencies, 20(1), 36–65.
Jamal, A. (2010). Police Organisations in Pakistan, Human Rights Commission of Pakistan Report.
Jones, S., & Libicki, M. (2008). How terrorist groups end implications for countering al Qaida, RAND Corporation (Internet). Available from: http://www.m.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2008/RAND_MG741-1.pdf. Accessed 30 Nov 2011.
Karachi Kops (1993). Crescent films, British TV Production Company, Broadcast on Channel 4 (Internet). Available from: www.crescentfilms.co.uk/index.php?page=previous-productions. Accessed 20 Nov 2011.
Khan, F. (2007). Corruption and the decline of the state in Pakistan. Asian Journal of Political Science, 15(2), 219–247.
Khan, A. (2010a). Strategic response to suicide terrorism in Pakistan, Pakistan Institute for Peace Studies, December (Internet). Available from: http://san-pips.com/download.php?f=66.pdf. Accessed 10 Nov 2011.
Khan, A. (2011b). Legality of targeted killings by drone attacks in Pakistan, Pakistan Institute for Peace Studies, February (Internet), Available from: http://www.san-pips.com/download.php?f=76.pdf. Accessed 30 Nov 2011.
Kleiner, J. (2007). Pakistan: an unsettled nation. Diplomacy & Statecraft, 18(1), 1–25.
Krishnamurthy, S. (1996). Human rights and the Indian police (2nd ed.). Bangalore: R.R. Publishers.
Lorenzo, C. (2010). Bomb statistics for Pakistan in 2010, Institute for Conflict Management and Population Census Organisation, Statistics Division, South Asia Net.
Mehtab, A. (2005). Sectarianism-A threat to human security: a case study of Pakistan. The Round Table, 94(382), 613–628.
Mitra, R., & Mohanty, S. (1992). Police and social change in India. New Delhi: Ashish
Nadeem, A. H. (2004). Pakistan: The political economy of lawlessness. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
Niaz, I. (2011). Provincial administration in Pakistan and the crisis of order and development. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, 34(2), 232–254.
Nossiter, T. (1981). Pakistan’s elusive quest for identity: Is it too late? Third World Quarterly, 3(4), 684–688.
Onwudiwe, I. D. (2009). Community policing: The case of informal policing in Nigeria. In D. Wisler & I. D. Onwudiwe (Eds.), Community policing: International patterns and comparative perspectives (pp. 81–102) Boca Raton: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis.
Pakistan Institute for Peace Studies (2010). PIPS-Security Report Annual (Internet). Available from: http://www.victimsofterror.info/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/PIPS-Security-Reports_Annual_2.pdf. Accessed 24 Nov 2011.
Pakistan Security Research Unit and Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford. (2009). Insurrection, Terrorism, and the Pakistani Army. Bradford, England: Pakistan Security Research Unit; Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford.
Pakistan: National Corruption Perception Survey (2009). Karachi, June 16, Transparency International: the global coalition against corruption (Internet). Available from: http://www.transparency.org/news_room/lateste_news/press_releases_nc/2009/2009_06_17_pakistan_cpos_2009. Accessed 30 Nov 2011.
Petzschmann, P. (2010). Police reform in Pakistan: a victim of foreign security aid. Pakistan Journal of Criminology: Special Issue-Terrorism, Organized Crime and Law Enforcement, 2(1), 41–46.
Rais, R. (2007). Identity politics and minorities in Pakistan. Journal of South Asian Studies, 30(1), 111–125.
Ras, J. (2010). Policing the northwest frontier Province of Pakistan: practical remarks from a South African perspective. Pakistan Journal of Criminology: Special Issue-‘Terrorism, Organized Crime and Law enforcement, 2(1), 107–122.
Riaz, H. (1985). Islamization: an analysis of religious, political and social change in Pakistan. Middle Eastern Studies, 21(3), 263–284.
Riaz, H. (2011). Suicide bombings. London: Routledge.
Richards, J. (2007). Contemporary terrorist threats in the UK: the Pakistan dimension. Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism, 2(1), 7–33.
Shah, G. (1992). The Indian police: A retrospect. Bombay: Himalayan Publishing.
Shah, Z. (2009a). Community policing, with a vengeance, New York Times (Internet). Available from: http://atwar.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/27/community-policing-with-a-vengeance/. Accessed 22 Nov 2011.
Shah, Z. (2009b). Community policing: An early setback, New York Times, (Internet). Available from: http://atwar.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/31/community-policing-an-early-setback/. Accessed 22 Nov 2011.
Singh, D. (2009). Responses to terrorism in Southeast Asia. Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism, 4(1), 15–28.
South Asia Terrorism Portal (2011). Annual Fatalities in Terrorist Violence in Pakistan, 2003-2011 (Internet). Available from: http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/database/casualties.htm. Accessed 30 Nov 2011.
Spalek, B. (2010). Community policing, trust, and Muslim communities in relation to new terrorism. Politics & Policy, 38(4), 789–815.
Swat Valley (2011). Swat Valley-A paradise on Earth (Internet). Available from: http://www.swatvalley.com/swat/. Accessed 2 Dec 2011.
The Guardian (2011a). Pakistan's foreign minister defends country’s record on fighting terror’ (Internet). Available from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/sep/27/pakistan-foreign-minister-us-terror. Accessed 21 Nov 2011.
The Guardian (2011b). Pakistan troops caught on film shooting unarmed teenager dead (Internet). Available from: http://m.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jun/11/pakistan-sarfaraz-shah-shooting?cat=world&type=article. Accessed 5 Dec 2011.
The Heritage Foundation (2009). The Pakistan-Britain terror connection: Lessons and warnings from the United States (Internet). Available from: http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2009/11/the-pakistan-britain-terror-connection-lessons-and-warnings-for-the-united-states. Accessed 2 Jan 2011.
The Telegraph (2011). Myth Busted: Pakistan Aid Does Not Reduce Islamic Terrorism, (Internet). Available from: http://undhimmi.com/2011/06/06/myth-busted-pakistan-aid-does-not-reduce-islamic-terrorism/. Accessed 20 Dec 2011.
Trojanowicz, R., & Bucqueroux, B. (1990). Community policing: A contemporary perspective. Cincinnati: Anderson.
Ungerer, C., Williams, C., Kumar, R., Kamarulnizam, A., & Milad, G. (2011). Spotlight on the death of Osama bin Laden. Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism, 6(2), 151–167.
Vincentnathan, S., & Vincentnathan, L. (2009). The police, community, and community justice institutions in India. In D. Wisler & I. D. Onwudiwe (Eds.), Community policing: International and comparative perspectives (pp. 257–287). Boca Raton: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis.
Whitehead, T., & Gardham, D. (2013). Fears of new generation of terrorists who found the ‘heart of the beast’ of al-Qaeda (Internet). Available from: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/9886397/Fears-of-new-generation-of-terrorists-who-found-the-heart-of-the-beast-of-al-Qaeda.html. Accessed 13 Mar 2013.
Wisler, D., & Onwudiwe, I. (Eds.). (2009). Community policing: International patterns and comparative perspectives. Boca Raton: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis.
Wong, K. C. (2009). A Chinese theory of community policing. In D. Wisler & I. D. Onwudiwe (Eds.), Community policing: International patterns and comparative perspectives (pp. 215–256). Boca Raton: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis.
Yateendra, J. (2005). Defeating terrorism: a study of operational strategy and tactics of police forces in Jammu & Kashmir (India). Police Practice and Research, 6(2), 141–164.
Yusufzai, A. (2010). Police pay heavy toll in fight against terrorism. Rome: Inter Press Service.