Police Stress: A Structural Model

Abdollahi MK (2001) The effects of organizational stress on line staff law enforcement officers. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Alliant International University, Fresno, California

Abdollahi MK (2002) Understanding police stress research. J Forensic Psychol Pract 2(2):1–24

Alexander C (1999). Police psychological burnout and trauma. In: Violanti JM, Paton D (eds) Police trauma: Psychological aftermath of civilian combat. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, pp 54–64

Anderson EM (1994) Stress and its correlates: An empirical investigation among North Dakota peace officers. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota

Anshel M (2000) A conceptual model and implications for coping with stressful events in police work. Crim Justice Behav 27:375–400

Anson RH, Johnson B, Anson NW (1997) Magnitude and source of general and occupation-specific stress among police and correctional officers. J Offender Rehabil 25(1–2):103–113

Bonifacio, P (1991) The psychological effects of police work: A psychodynamic approach. Plenum Press, New York

Boyd JS (1994) Police stress and police officer length of service. Unpublished doctoral dissertation Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas

Brodsky CM (1982) Work stress in correctional institutions. J Prison Jail Health 2(2):74–102

Cheek FE (1984) Stress management for correctional officers and their families. American Correctional Association, College Park, Maryland

Cheek FE, Miller MD (1982a) Prisoners of life. American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees, Washington, DC

Cheek FE, Miller MD (1982b) Managerial stress in correctional facilities handbook. New Jersey Department of Corrections, Trenton, New Jersey

Cheeseman Kelly A (2006) Correctional officer stress and job dissatisfaction: A new examination of an age old problem. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX

Cohen S, Williamson GM (1991) Stress and infectious disease in humans. Psychol Bull 109(1):5–24

Coyne JC, Downey G (1991) Social factors and psychopathology: Stress, social support, and coping processes. Annu Rev Psychol 42:401–425

Dantzker ML, Kubin B (1998) Job satisfaction: The gender perspective among police officers. Am J Crim Justice 23(1):19–31

Ellison John (2006) Community Policing: Implementation Issues Retrieved September 12, 2007 from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2194

Finn P, Tomz JE (1996) Developing a law enforcement stress program for officers and their spouses. National Institute of Justice, Washington, DC

Harpold JA, Feemster SL (2002) Negative influences of police stress. FBI Law Enforc Bull 71(9):1–7

Hart PM, Wearing AJ, Headey B (1995) Police stress and well-being: Integrating personality, coping and daily work experiences. JOOP 68(2):133–157

Hart PM, Wearing AJ, Headey B (1993) Assessing police work experiences: Development of the police daily hassles and uplift scales. J Crim Justice 21(6):553–572

Hepburn JR, Jurik JN (1986) Individual attributes, occupational conditions, and the job satisfaction of correctional security officers. Paper presented at the American Society of Criminology, Atlanta, GA

Katsampes PL (1975) Changing correction officers: A demonstration study. Int J Criminol Penol 3:123–144

Kenney Dennis Jay, Robert P, McNamara (eds) (1999) Police and Policing: Contemporary Issues. Praeger, Westport, CT

Kerley KR (2005) The costs of protecting and serving: Exploring the consequences of police officer stress. In: Copes K (ed) Policing and stress. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ

Kohan A, O’Connor BP (2002) Police officer job satisfaction in relation to mood, well-being, and alcohol consumption. J Psychol 136(3):307–319

Lazarus RS, Folkman S (1984) Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer, New York

Laufersweiler DL (1995) Organizational stress: A tri-level analysis of the factors which affect perceived stress. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia

Lord VB (1996) An impact of community policing: Reported stressors, social support, and strain among police officers in a changing police department. J Crim Justice 24:503–522

Lord VB (2005) The stress of change: The impact of changing a traditional police department to a community-oriented, problem-solving department. In: Copes K (ed) Policing and stress. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ

Lynch, James and William Sabol (1997) Did getting tough on crime pay? Retrived September 12, 2007 from http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?ID=307337

Mann JP, Neece J (1990) Workers’ compensation for law enforcement related post traumatic stress disorder. Behav Sci Law 8:447–456

Maslach C (1982) Burnout: The cost of caring. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey

Mearns J, Mauch TG (1998) Negative mood regulation expectancies predict anger among police officers and buffer the effects of job stress. J of Nerv Ment Dis 186(2):120–125

Messer IR (1994) Tactical police officer stress: An empirical investigation. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas

Morash M, Haarr RN (1995) Gender, workplace problems, and stress in policing. Justice Q 12(1):113–140

Morash M, Haarr R, Kwak D-H (2006) Multilevel influences on police stress. J Contemp Crim Justice 22(1):26–43

Oliver WM, Meier CA (2004) Stress in small town and rural law enforcement: Testing the assumptions. Am J Crim Justice 29(1):37–56

Patterson BL (1992) Job experience and perceived job stress among police, correctional, and probation/parole officers. Crim Justice Behav 19(3):260–285

Patterson GT (1998) The effects of social factors, socialization, and coping on psychological distress among police officers. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY

Pearlin LI (1989) The sociological study of stress. J Health Soc Behav 30:241–256

Pendergrass VE, Ostrove NM (1984) A survey of stress in women in policing. J Police Sci Adm 12(3):303–309

Pitts W (in press) Educational competency as an indicator of occupational stress for probation and parole officers. Am J Crim Justice

Poole ED, Regoli RM (1983) Professionalism, role conflict, work alienation and anomie: A look at prison management. Social Science Journal 20(1):63–70

Reiser M (1974) Some organizational stresses on policemen. J Police Sci Adm 2:156–159

Rodichok GJ (1995) A quantitative and qualitative survey of job stress among African-American police officers. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Selye H (1976) The stress of life. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York

Slate RN (1993) Stress levels and thoughts of quitting of correctional personnel: Do perceptions of participatory management make a difference? Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Claremont Graduate School, Claremont, California

Slate RN, Vogel RE (1997) Participative management and correctional personnel: A study of the perceived atmosphere for participation in correctional decision-making and its impact on employee stress and thoughts about quitting. J Crim Justice 25:397–408

Slate RN, Johnson WW, Wells T (2000) Probation officer stress: Is there an organizational solution? Fed Probat 64(1):56–60

Slate RN, Vogel RE, Johnson WW (2001) To quit or not to quit: Perceptions of participation in correctional decision-making and the impact of organizational stress. Correct Manag Q 5(2):68–78

Slate RN, Wells TL, Johnson WW (2003) Opening the manager’s door: State probation officer stress and perceptions of participation in workplace decision-making. Crime Delinq 49(4):519–541

Smith S, Meister E, Klofas J (1985) Participation in planning. Correct Today 47:140, 142, 146

Snipes DE (2005) Occupational wellness. Retrieved September 1, 2005, from http://www.police-counseling.com/POLICE%20COUNSELING%20OCCUPATIONAL.html

Spielberger CD, Westberry LG, Grier KS, Greenfield G (1981) The police stress survey: Sources of stress in law enforcement. Human Resources Institute. Tampa, FL

Stevens DJ (2005). Police officer stress and occupational stressors: Before and after 9/11. In: Copes K (ed) Policing and Stress. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ

Stinchcomb JB (2004) Searching for stress in all the wrong places: combating chronic organizational stressors in policing. Police Pract Res 5(3):259–278

Storch JE, Panzarella R (1996) Police stress: State-trait anxiety in relation to occupational and personal stressors. J Crim Justice 24:99–107

Swanson CR, Territo L, Taylor RW (1998) Stress and police personnel, Police administration: Structures, processes, and behavior (4th ed). Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp 297–326

Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS (1989) Using multivariate statistics, 2nd ed. Harper Collins, New York

Tang TL-P, Hammontree ML (1992) The effects of hardiness, police stress, and life stress on police officers’ illness and absenteeism. Public Pers Manage 21(4):493–511

Terry WC III (1983). Police stress as an individual and administrative problem: Some conceptual and theoretical difficulties. J Police Sci Adm 11:97–106

Thomas-Riddle, R. (1999). The relationship between life stress, work stress, and traumatic stress and burnout and cynicism in police officers. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, United States International University, San Diego, CA

Toch H (2002) Stress in policing. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC

Toch H, Klofas J (1982) Alienation and desire for job enrichment among correction officers. Fed Probat 46:35–44

Violanti JM (1983) Stress patterns in police work: a longitudinal study. J Police Sci Adm 11:211–216

Violanti JM (1996) Trauma and stress in police work. In: Paton, D, Violanti JM (eds) Traumatic stress in critical occupations: Recognition, consequences, and treatment. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas

Violanti JM (2005) Dying for the job: Psychological stress, disease, and mortality in police work. In: Copes K (ed) Policing and stress. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ

Violanti JM, Aron F (1994) Ranking police officers. Psychol Rep 75:824–826

Wahlgren E (2002) When job stress becomes disabling. Business Week Online. Retrieved May 22, 2005 from http://web5.epnet.com/citation.asp?tb=1&_ug=sid+47F3BAF9%2D3672%D41FB%2DAF.2

Wells T, Colbert S, Slate RN (2006) Gender matters: Differences in state probation officer stress. J Contemp Crim Justice 22(1):63–79

Wester SR, Lyubelsky J (2005) Supporting the thin blue line: Gender-sensitive therapy with male police officers. Prof Psychol Res Pract 36(1):51–58

Whisler PM (1994) A study of stress perception by selected state probation officers. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida

White JW, Lawrence PS, Biggerstaff C, Grubb TD (1985) Factors of stress among police officers. Crim Justice Behav 12(1):111–128

Whitehead JT (1981) The management of job stress in probation and parole. J Probat & Parol 13:29–32

Whitehead JT (1985) Job burnout in probation and parole: Its extent and intervention implications. Crim Justice Behav 12(1):91–110

Winter D (1993) Slot rattling from law enforcement to lawbreaking: A personal construct theory exploration of police stress. Int J Pers Constr Psychol 6:253–267

Zhao JS, He N, Lovrich N (2002) Predicting five dimensions of police officers stress: Looking more deeply into organizational settings for sources of police stress. Police Quarterly 5(1):43–63