Tính Hợp Pháp Của Cảnh Sát Và Quy Tắc Hợp Tác: Sử Dụng Mô Hình Tác Động Kết Hợp Địa Điểm-Quy Mô Để Ước Tính Cường Độ Của Các Quy Tắc Xã Hội Ở Quy Mô Không Gian Nhỏ
Tóm tắt
Thử nghiệm xem liệu sự hợp tác với cảnh sát có thể được mô hình hóa như một quy tắc dựa trên địa phương có cường độ khác nhau từ khu phố này sang khu phố khác. Ước lượng xem liệu sự hợp pháp của cảnh sát được cảm nhận có thể dự đoán sự sẵn sàng hợp tác của cá nhân trong các khu vực có quy tắc yếu, nhưng không phải trong các khu vực có quy tắc mạnh, nơi hầu hết mọi người hoặc sẵn sàng hoặc không sẵn sàng hợp tác, bất kể cảm nhận của họ về sự hợp pháp của cảnh sát.
Từ khóa
#hợp tác #tính hợp pháp #quy tắc xã hội #khu phố #mô hình tác động hỗn hợp #quy tắc dựa trên địa phươngTài liệu tham khảo
Anderson E (1990) Streetwise: race, class, and change in an urban community. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Anderson E (1999) Code of the street: decency, violence, and the moral life of the inner city. W.W. Norton, New York
Antrobus E, Bradford B, Murphy K, Sargeant E (2015) Community norms, procedural justice and the public’s perceptions of police legitimacy. J Contemp Crim Justice 31(2):151–170
Berg MT, Slocum LA, Loeber R (2013) Illegal behavior, neighborhood context, and police reporting by victims of violence. J Res Crime Delinq 50(1):75–103
Boateng FD (2017) Police legitimacy in Africa: a multilevel multinational analysis. Polic Soc 28:1–16
Bolger PC, Walters GD (2019) The relationship between police procedural justice, police legitimacy, and people’s willingness to cooperate with law enforcement: a meta-analysis. J Crim Justice 60:93–99
Bottoms A, Tankebe J (2012) Beyond procedural justice: a dialogic approach to legitimacy in criminal justice. J Crim Law Criminol 102:119–170
Bradford B, Murphy K, Jackson J (2014a) Officers as mirrors: policing, procedural justice and the (re) production of social identity. Br J Criminol 54(4):527–550
Bradford B, Huq A, Jackson J, Roberts B (2014b) What price fairness when security is at stake? Police legitimacy in South Africa. Regul Gov 8:246–268
Bradford B, Jackson J, Hough M (2014c) Police legitimacy in action: Lessons for theory and practice. In: Reisig M, Kane R (eds) The Oxford handbook of police and policing. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 551–570
Brennan G, Eriksson L, Goodin RE, Southwood N (2013) Explaining norms. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Browning CR, Dirlam J, Boettner B (2016) From heterogeneity to concentration: latino immigrant neighborhoods and collective efficacy perceptions in Los Angeles and Chicago. Soc Forces 95:779–807
Brunton-Smith I, Jackson J, Sutherland A (2014) Bridging structure and perception. Br J Criminol 54(4):503–526
Brunton-Smith I, Sturgis P, Leckie G (2018) How collective is collective efficacy? The importance of consensus in judgments about community cohesion and willingness to intervene. Criminology 56(3):608–637
Brunton-Smith I, Sanchez JP, Li G (2020) Re-assessing the consistency of sentencing decisions in cases of Assault: allowing for within court inconsistencies. Br J Criminol. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaa030
Carr PJ, Napolitano L, Keating J (2007) We never call the cops and here is why: a qualitative examination of legal cynicism in three Philadelphia neighborhoods. Criminology 45(2):445–480
Charlton CMJ, Michaelides DT, Parker RMA, Cameron B, Szmaragd C, Yang HY, Browne WJ (2013) Stat‐JR Version 1.0. Southampton, U.K.: Centre for Multilevel Modelling, University of Bristol and Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton
Desmond D, Papachristos A, Kirk D (2016) Police violence and citizen crime reporting in the black community. Am Sociol Rev 81(5):857–876
Dirikx A, Van den Bulck J (2013) Media use and the process-based model for police cooperation: an integrative approach towards explaining adolescents’ intentions to cooperate with the police. Br J Criminol 54(2):344–365
Ewick P, Silbey SS (1998) The common place of law: Stories from everyday life. University of Chicago Press
Gau JM (2015) Procedural justice, police legitimacy, and legal cynicism: a test for mediation effects. Police Pract Res 16(5):402–415
Gau JM, Corsaro N, Stewart EA, Brunson RK (2012) Examining macro-level impacts on procedural justice and police legitimacy. J Crim Justice 40(4):333–343
Gerber M, Jackson J (2017) Justifying violence: legitimacy, ideology and public support for police use of force. Psychol Crime Law 23(1):79–95
Gerber MM, Gonzalez R, Carvacho H, Jimenez-Moya G, Moray C, Jackson J (2018) On the justification of intergroup violence: the roles of procedural justice, police legitimacy and group identity in attitudes towards violence among indigenous people. Psychol Violence 8(3):379–389
Goudriaan H, Wittebrood K, Nieuwbeerta P (2006) Neighborhood characteristics and reporting crime: effects of social cohesion, confidence in police effectiveness and socio-economic disadvantage. Br J Criminol 46(4):719–742
Groff ER, Ratcliffe JH, Haberman CP, Sorg ET, Joyce NM, Taylor RB (2015) Does what police do at hot spots matter? The Philadelphia policing tactics experiment. Criminology 53(1):23–53
Hamm JA, Trinkner R, Carr JD (2017) Fair process, trust, and cooperation: moving toward an integrated framework of police legitimacy. Crim Justice Behav 0093854817710058
Hawdon J (2008) Legitimacy, trust, social capital, and policing styles: a theoretical statement. Police Q 11:182–201. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611107311852
Hedeker D, Mermelstein RJ, Demirtas H (2008) An application of a mixed-effects location scale model for analysis of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data. Biometrics 64:627–634
Hipp JR (2007) Block, tract, and levels of aggregation: neighborhood structure and crime and disorder as a case in point. Am Sociol Rev 72(5):659–680
Hipp JR, Faris RW, Boessen A (2012) Measuring “neighborhood”: constructing network neighborhoods. Social Netw 34(1):128–140
Hipp JR, Corcoran J, Wickes R, Li T (2014) Examining the social porosity of environmental features on neighborhood sociability and attachment. PLoS ONE 9(1):xxx
Hipp JR, Williams S, Boessen A (2018) Disagreement in assessing neighboring and collective efficacy: the role of social distance. Socius 4:1–16
Huq AZ, Tyler TR, Schulhofer SJ (2011) Mechanisms for eliciting cooperation in counterterrorism policing: a study of British Muslims. J Empir Legal Stud 8:728–761
Huq A, Jackson J, Trinkner R (2017) Legitimating practices: revisiting the predicates of police legitimacy. Br J Criminol 57(5):1101–1122
Ilan J (2018) Scumbags! An ethnography of the interactions between street-based youth and police officers. Polic Soc 28(6):684–696
Jackson J (2018) Norms, normativity, and the legitimacy of justice institutions: international perspectives. Annu Rev Law Social Sci 14:145–165
Jackson J, Bradford B (2019) Blurring the distinction between empirical and normative legitimacy? A methodological commentary on “Police legitimacy and citizen cooperation in china”’. Asian J Criminol 14(4):265–289
Jackson J, Gau JM (2015) Carving up concepts? Differentiating between trust and legitimacy in public attitudes towards legal authority. In: Shockley E, Neal TMS, PytlikZillig LM, Bornstein BH (eds) Interdisciplinary perspectives on trust: towards theoretical and methodological integration. Springer, New York
Jackson J, Bradford B, Hough M, Myhill A, Quinton P, Tyler TR (2012) Why do people comply with the law? Legitimacy and the influence of legal institutions. Br J Criminol 52:1051–1071
Jackson J, Bradford B, Stanko B, Hohl K (2013a) Just Authority? Trust in the police in England and Wales. Routledge, London
Jackson J, Huq A, Bradford B, Tyler TR (2013b) Monopolizing force? Police legitimacy and public attitudes towards the acceptability of violence. Psychol Publ Policy Law 19(4):479–497
Kirk D, Papachristos A (2011) Cultural mechanisms and the persistence of violence. Am J Sociol 116(4):1190–1233
Kochel TR (2018a) Police legitimacy and resident cooperation in crime hotspots: effects of victimisation risk and collective efficacy. Polic Soc 28(3):251–270
Kochel TR (2018b) Applying police legitimacy, cooperation, and collective security hypotheses to explain collective efficacy and violence across neighborhoods. Int J Comp Appl Crim Justice 42(4):253–272
Leckie G, French R, Charlton C, Browne WJ (2014) Modeling heterogeneous variance-covariance components in two-level models. J Educ Behav Stat 39:307–332
Madon NS, Murphy K, Cherney A (2016) Promoting community collaboration in counterterrorism: do social identities and perceptions of legitimacy mediate reactions to procedural justice policing? Br J Criminol 57(5):1144–1164
Mazerolle L, Antrobus E, Bennett S, Tyler TR (2013) Shaping citizen perceptions of police legitimacy: a randomized field trial of procedural justice. Criminology 51:33–63
Murphy K, Sargeant E, Cherney A (2015) The importance of procedural justice and police performance in shaping intentions to cooperate with the police: Does social identity matter? Eur J Criminol 12(6):719–738
Murphy K, Madon NS, Cherney A (2017) Promoting Muslims’ cooperation with police in counter-terrorism: the interaction between procedural justice, police legitimacy and law legitimacy. Polic Int J 40(3):544–559
Papachristos AV, Smith CM, Scherer ML, Fugiero MA (2011) More coffee, less crime? The relationship between gentrification and neighborhood crime rates in Chicago, 1991 to 2005. City Commun 10(3):215–240
Posch K, Jackson J, Bradford B, MacQueen S (forthcoming).”Truly free consent”? Clarifying the nature of police legitimacy using causal mediation analysis. J Exp Criminol
President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing (2015) Final Report of the President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing. Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/pdf/taskforce/taskforce_finalreport.pdf. Accessed 8 Aug 2016
Reisig MD, Bratton J, Gertz MG (2007) The construct validity and refinement of process-based policing measures. Crim Justice Behav 34:1005–1027
Sampson A (2012) Great American City: Chicago and the enduring neighborhood effect. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Sampson RJ (1997) Collective regulation of adolescent misbehavior: Validation results from eighty Chicago neighborhoods. J Aadolesc Res 12(2):227–244
Sampson RJ, Raudenbush SW, Earls F (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: a multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277(5328):918–924
Sampson RJ, Bartusch DJ (1998) Legal cynicism and (subcultural?) tolerance of deviance: the neighborhood context of racial differences. Law Soc Rev 32:777–804
Sampson RJ, Raudenbush SW, Earls F (1997) Neighborhoods and violence crime: a multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science 227:918–924
Sidebottom A, Tompson L, Thornton A, Bullock K, Tilley N, Bowers K, Johnson SD (2018) Gating alleys to reduce crime: a meta-analysis and realist synthesis. Justice Q 35(1):55–86
Slocum AL, Taylor TJ, Brick BT, Esbensen FA (2010) Neighborhood structural characteristics, individual-level attitudes, and youths’ crime reporting intentions. Criminology 48(4):1063–1100
Spiegelhalter DJ, Best NG, Carlin BP, van der Linde A (2002) Bayesian measures of model complexity and fit. J R Stat Soc B 64:583–639
Stoutland S (2001) The multiple dimensions of trust in resident/police relations in Boston. J Res Crime Delinq 38(1):226–256
Sunshine J, Tyler TR (2003) The role of procedural justice and legitimacy in public support for policing. Law Soc Rev 37:513–548
Sutherland A, Brunton-Smith I, Jackson J (2013) Collective efficacy, deprivation and violence in London. Br J Criminol 53(6):1050–1074
Trinkner R (2019) Clarifying the contours of the police legitimacy measurement debate: a response to Cao and Graham. Asian J Criminol 14(4):309–335
Trinkner R, Jackson J, Tyler TR (2018) Bounded authority: expanding “appropriate” police behavior beyond procedural justice. Law Hum Behav 42(3):280–293
Tsushima M, Koichi H (2015) Public cooperation with the police in Japan: testing the legitimacy model. J Contemp Crim Justice 31(2):212–228
Tyler TR (2006b) Psychological perspectives on legitimacy and legitimation. Annu Rev Psychol 57:375–400
Tyler TR (2013) Why people cooperate: the role of social motivations. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Tyler TR, Fagan J (2008) Why do people cooperate with the police? Ohio State J Crim Law 6:231–275
Tyler TR, Huo YJ (2002) Trust in the law: encouraging public cooperation with the police and courts. New York: Russell-Sage Foundation
Tyler TR, Jackson J (2013) Future challenges in the study of legitimacy and criminal justice. In: Tankebe J, Liebling A (eds) Legitimacy and criminal justice: an international exploration. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 83–104
Tyler TR, Jackson J (2014) Popular legitimacy and the exercise of legal authority: motivating compliance, cooperation and engagement. Psychol Public Policy Law 20:78–95
Tyler TR, Trinkner R (2018) Why children follow rules: legal socialization and the development of legitimacy. Oxford University Press, New York
Warner BD (2007) Directly intervene or call the authorities? A study of forms of neighborhood social control within a social disorganization framework. Criminology 45(1):99–129
White MD, Mulvey P, Dario LM (2016) Arrestees’ perceptions of the police: exploring procedural justice, legitimacy, and willingness to cooperate with police across offender types. Crim Justice Behav 43:343–364
Wickes R, Zahnow R, Corcoran J, Hipp JR (2019) Neighbourhood social conduits and resident social cohesion. Urban stud 56(1):226–248