Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF): Actions and mechanisms in vascular smooth muscle

General Pharmacology: The Vascular System - Tập 27 Số 7 - Trang 1079-1089 - 1996
Alun D. Hughes1,2, Gerard F. Clunn1,2, J Refson1,2, Catherine Demoliou-Mason1,2
1Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, South Wharf Road, London W2 1NY, UK [Tel: 0171 725 1117
2Fax: 0171 725 6145

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Abedi, 1995, Differential effects of platelet-derived growth factor BB on p125 focal adhesion kinase and paxillin tyrosine phosphorylation and on cell migration in rabbit aortic vascular smooth muscle cells and Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts, J. Biol. Chem., 270, 11367, 10.1074/jbc.270.19.11367

Abedi, 1995, Signaling mechanism in the regulation of vascular cell migration, Cardiovasc. Res., 30, 544, 10.1016/0008-6363(95)00092-5

Albelda, 1990, Integrins and other cell adhesion molecules, FASEB J., 4, 2868, 10.1096/fasebj.4.11.2199285

Amento, 1991, Cytokines and growth factors positively and negatively regulate interstitial collagen gene expression in human vascular smooth muscle cells, Arterioscler. Thromb., 11, 1223, 10.1161/01.ATV.11.5.1223

Arvidsson, 1994, Tyr-716 in the platelet-derived growth factor β-receptor kinase insert is involved in GRB2 binding and ras activation, Mol. Cell Biol., 14, 6715, 10.1128/MCB.14.10.6715

Bar Sagi, 1993, SH3 domains direct cellular localization of signaling molecules, Cell, 74, 83, 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90296-3

Barrett, 1988, Platelet-derived growth factor gene expression in human atherosclerotic plaques and normal artery wall, 85, 2810

Battegay, 1990, TGF-beta induces bimodal proliferation of connective tissue cells via complex control of an autocrine PDGF loop, Cell, 63, 515, 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90448-N

Benjamin, 1994, Platelet-derived growth factor stimulates growth factor receptor binding protein-2 association with She in vascular smooth muscle cells, J. Biol. Chem., 269, 30911, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)47368-1

Bennett, 1995, Apoptosis of human vascular smooth muscle cells derived from normal vessels and coronary atherosclerotic plaques, J. Clin. Invest., 95, 2266, 10.1172/JCI117917

Berk, 1986, Vasoconstriction: a new activity for platelet-derived growth factor, Science, 232, 87, 10.1126/science.3485309

Berk, 1989, Vasoactive effects of growth factors, Biochem. Pharmacol., 38, 219, 10.1016/0006-2952(89)90030-0

Berk, 1993, Angiotensin II-induced vascular smooth muscle cell hypertrophy: PDGF A-chain mediates the increase in cell size, J. Cell Physiol., 154, 368, 10.1002/jcp.1041540221

Berra, 1993, Protein kinase C zeta isoform is critical for mitogenic signal transduction, Cell, 74, 555, 10.1016/0092-8674(93)80056-K

Betsholtz, 1986, cDNA sequence and chromosomal localization of human platelet-derived growth factor A-chain and its expression in tumour cell lines, Nature, 320, 695, 10.1038/320695a0

Bilato, 1995, Intracellular signaling pathways required for rat vascular smooth muscle cell migration, J. Clin. Invest., 96, 1905, 10.1172/JCI118236

Block, 1989, Ca2+-channel blockers inhibit the action of recombinant platelet-derived growth factor in vascular smooth muscle cells, 86, 2388

Bonthron, 1988, Platelet-derived growth factor A chain: gene structure, chromosomal location, and basis for alternative mRNA splicing, 85, 1492

Bornfeldt, 1994, Insulin-like growth factor-I and platelet-derived growth factor-BB induce directed migration of human arterial smooth muscle cells via signaling pathways that are distinct from those of proliferation, J. Clin. Invest., 93, 1266, 10.1172/JCI117081

Bourne, 1990, The GTPase super-family: conserved switch for diverse cell functions, Nature, 348, 125, 10.1038/348125a0

Bourne, 1991, The GTPase super-family: conserved structure and molecular mechanism, Nature, 349, 117, 10.1038/349117a0

Bowen Pope, 1989, Sera and conditioned media contain different isoforms of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) which bind to different classes of PDGF receptor, J. Biol. Chem., 264, 2502, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)81642-3

Bowen Pope, 1982, Platelet-derived growth factor. II. Specific binding to cultured cells, J. Biol. Chem., 257, 5161, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)34650-7

Case, 1994, SH-PTP2/Syp SH2 domain binding specificity is defined by direct interactions with platelet-derived growth factor beta-receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor, and insulin receptor substrate-1-derived phosphopeptides, J. Biol. Chem., 269, 10467, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)34083-8

Casey, 1995, Protein lipidation in cell signaling, Science, 268, 221, 10.1126/science.7716512

Chamley Campbell, 1979, The smooth muscle cell in culture, Physiol. Rev., 59, 1, 10.1152/physrev.1979.59.1.1

Chung, 1994, PDGF- and insulin-dependent pp70S6k activation mediated by phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase, Nature, 370, 71, 10.1038/370071a0

Claesson Welsh, 1989, cDNA cloning and expression of the human A-type platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor establishes structural similarity to the B-type PDGF receptor, 86, 4917

Claesson Welsh, 1989, Identification and structural analysis of the A type receptor for platelet-derived growth factor. Similarities with the B type receptor, J. Biol. Chem., 264, 1742, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)94249-3

Claesson-Welsh, 1994, Platelet-derived growth factor receptor signals, J. Biol. Chem., 269, 32023, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)31591-6

Clark, 1995, Integrins and signal transduction pathways: the road taken, Science, 268, 233, 10.1126/science.7716514

Clunn, 1995, Different effects of platelet derived growth factor isoforms on DNA synthesis and migration in human vascular smooth muscle cells, Biochem. Soc. Trans., 10.1042/bst023608s

Collins, 1987, Cultured human endothelial cells express platelet-derived growth factor A chain, Am. J. Pathol., 126, 7

Cooper, 1991, The role of actin polymerization in cell motility, Annu. Rev. Physiol., 53, 585, 10.1146/annurev.ph.53.030191.003101

Corjay, 1989, Differential effect of platelet-derived growth factor- versus serum-induced growth on smooth muscle alpha-actin and nonmuscle beta-actin mRNA expression in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells, J. Biol. Chem., 264, 10501, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)81649-0

Dekker, 1994, Protein kinase C—a question of specificity, T. I. B. S., 19, 73

Diliberto, 1991, Regional and mechanistic differences in platelet-derived growth factor-isoform-induced alterations in cytosolic free calcium in porcine vascular smooth muscle cells, J. Biol. Chem., 266, 12612, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)98943-X

Diliberto, 1991, Early PDGF-induced alterations in cytosolic free calcium are required for mitogenesis, Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol., 72, 3

Doolittle, 1983, Simian sarcoma virus one gene, v-sis, is derived from the gene (or genes) encoding a platelet-derived growth factor, Science, 221, 275, 10.1126/science.6304883

Drozdoff, 1991, Cellular response to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AB after down-regulation of PDGF alpha-receptors. Evidence that functional binding does not require alpha-receptors, J. Biol. Chem., 266, 17165, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)47354-7

Eriksson, 1992, PDGF alpha- and beta-receptors activate unique and common signal transduction pathways, EMBO J., 11, 543, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05085.x

Eriksson, 1995, Demonstration of functionally different interactions between phospholipase C-gamma and the two types of platelet-derived growth factor receptors, J. Biol. Chem., 270, 7773, 10.1074/jbc.270.13.7773

Fantl, 1992, Distinct phosphotyrosines on a growth factor receptor bind to specific molecules that mediate different signaling pathways, Cell, 69, 413, 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90444-H

Ferns, 1990, Relative platelet-derived growth factor receptor subunit expression determines cell migration to different dimeric forms of PDGF, Growth Factors, 3, 315, 10.3109/08977199009003674

Freidman, 1977, The effect of thrombocytopaenia on experimental arteriosclerosis lesion formation in rabbits: smooth muscle cell proliferation and reendothelialization, J. Clin. Invest., 60, 1191, 10.1172/JCI108872

Fukami, 1992, Requirement of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate for α-actinin function, Nature, 359, 150, 10.1038/359150a0

Glagov, 1987, Compensatory enlargement of human atherosclerotic coronary arteries, N. Engl. J. Med., 316, 1371, 10.1056/NEJM198705283162204

Hart, 1988, Two classes of PDGF receptor recognise different isoforms of PDGF, Science, 240, 1529, 10.1126/science.2836952

Heldin, 1995, Dimerization of cell surface receptors in signal transduction, Cell, 80, 213, 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90404-2

Heldin, 1982, Interaction of platelet-derived growth factor with its fibroblast receptor, 257, 4216

Heldin, 1988, Binding of different dimeric forms of PDGF to human fibroblasts: evidence for two separate receptor types, EMBO J., 7, 1387, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb02955.x

Hidaka, 1992, Inhibition of cultured vascular smooth muscle cell migration by simvastatin (MK-733), Atherosclerosis, 95, 87, 10.1016/0021-9150(92)90179-K

Homma, 1993, Evidence for involvement of phospholipase C-gamma 2 in signal transduction of platelet-derived growth factor in vascular smooth muscle cells, Biochem. J., 290, 649, 10.1042/bj2900649

Huang, 1991, Platelet-derived growth factor-mediated Ca2+ entry is blocked by antibodies to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate but does not involve heparin-sensitive inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors, J. Biol. Chem., 266, 4045, 10.1016/S0021-9258(20)64282-X

Hughes, 1995, Increase in tone and intracellular Ca2+ in rabbit isolated ear artery by platelet-derived growth factor, Br. J. Pharmacol., 114, 138, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1995.tb14917.x

Hughes, 1995, Calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle cells, J. Vasc. Res., 32, 353, 10.1159/000159111

Hughes, 1995, Comparison of the effects of platelet-derived growth factor isoforms on signaling and DNA synthesis of human cultured saphenous vein cells, J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., 25, 481, 10.1097/00005344-199503000-00020

Hughes, 1994, Hypertension and blood vessels, Br. Med Bull., 50, 356, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072896

Indolfi, 1995, Inhibition of cellular ras prevents smooth muscle cell proliferation after vascular injury in vivo, Nature Medicine, 1, 541, 10.1038/nm0695-541

Inui, 1993, Transduction of mitogenic activity of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) AB by PDGF-β receptor without participation of PDGF-α receptor in vascular smooth muscle cells, J. Biol. Chem., 268, 17045, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)85299-7

Inui, 1994, Differences in signal transduction between platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) alpha and beta receptors in vascular smooth muscle cells. PDGF-BB is a potent mitogen, but PDGF-AA promotes only protein synthesis without activation of DNA synthesis, J. Biol. Chem., 269, 30546, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)43848-3

Inui, 1994, Participation of diacylglycerol kinase in mitogenic signal transduction induced by platelet-derived growth factor in vascular smooth muscle cells, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 205, 1338, 10.1006/bbrc.1994.2812

Irani, 1994, Ras proteins regulate multiple mitogenic pathways in A10 vascular smooth muscle cells, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 202, 1252, 10.1006/bbrc.1994.2065

Iwamoto, 1995, Growth factor-induced phosphorylation and activation of aortic smooth muscle Na+/ Ca2+ exchanger, J. Biol. Chem., 270, 8996, 10.1074/jbc.270.15.8996

Kapeller, 1994, Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Bioessays, 16, 565, 10.1002/bies.950160810

Kariya, 1987, Possible involvement of protein kinase C in platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated DNA synthesis in vascular smooth muscle cells, Atherosclerosis, 63, 251, 10.1016/0021-9150(87)90128-6

Karlsson, 1995, Molecular interactions of the Src homology 2 domain proteins Shb with phosphotyrosine residues, tyrosine kinase receptors and Src homology 3 domain proteins, Oncogene, 10, 1475

Keating, 1987, Processing of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor. Biosynthetic and degradation studies using antireceptor antibodies, J. Biol. Chem., 262, 7932, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)47658-2

Kelly, 1991, Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulates PDGF receptor subunit dimerization and intersubunit trans-phosphorylation, J. Biol. Chem., 266, 8987, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)31541-2

Kemp, 1993, Inhibition of PDGF BB stimulated DNA synthesis in rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells by the expression of a truncated PDGF beta receptor, FEBS Lett., 336, 119, 10.1016/0014-5793(93)81623-8

Khachigian, 1992, Platelet-derived growth factor and alternative splicing: a review, Pathology, 24, 280, 10.3109/00313029209068882

Khalil, 1995, Phosphotyrosine-dependent targeting of mitogen-activated protein kinase in differentiated contractile vascular cells, Circ. Res., 76, 1101, 10.1161/01.RES.76.6.1101

Khalil, 1993, PKC-mediated redistribution of mitogen-activated protein kinase during smooth muscle cell activation, Am. J. Physiol., 265, C406, 10.1152/ajpcell.1993.265.2.C406

Kihara, 1989, Mitogensis by serum and PDGF is independent of PI degradation and PKC in VSMC, Am. J. Physiol., 256, C886, 10.1152/ajpcell.1989.256.4.C886

Ko, 1993, Action of dihydropyridine calcium antagonists on early growth response gene expression and cell growth in vascular smooth muscle cells, J. Hypertens., 11, 1171, 10.1097/00004872-199311000-00003

Ko, 1992, Inhibition of angiotensin II and platelet-derived growth factor-induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by calcium entry blockers, Clin. Investig., 70, 113, 10.1007/BF00227350

Kobayashi, 1994, Cytosolic Ca2+ transients are not required for platelet-derived growth factor to induce cell cycle progression of vascular smooth muscle cells in primary culture, J. Biol. Chem., 269, 9011, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)37069-2

Kohler, 1974, Platelets as a source of fibroblast growth-promoting activity, Exp. Cell Res., 87, 297, 10.1016/0014-4827(74)90484-4

Kondo, 1992, Phospholipase D mimics platelet-derived growth factor as a competence factor in vascular smooth muscle cells, J. Biol. Chem., 267, 23609, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)35882-4

Kondo, 1993, Differing signal transductions elicited by three isoforms of platelet-derived growth factor in vascular smooth muscle cells, J. Biol. Chem., 268, 4458, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)53631-0

Kovalenko, 1994, Selective platelet-derived growth factor receptor kinase blockers reverse sis-transformation, Cancer Res., 54, 6106

Koyama, 1992, Regulatory effects of platelet-derived growth factor-AA homodimer on migration of vascular smooth muscle cells, J. Biol. Chem., 267, 22806, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)50019-3

Koyama, 1994, Different functions of the platelet-derived growth factor-alpha and -beta receptors for the migration and proliferation of cultured baboon smooth muscle cells, Circ. Res., 75, 682, 10.1161/01.RES.75.4.682

Kundra, 1994, Regulation of chemotaxis by the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-b, Nature, 367, 474, 10.1038/367474a0

Kundra, 1995, The chemotactic response to PDGF-BB: evidence of a role for ras, J. Cell Biol., 130, 725, 10.1083/jcb.130.3.725

Lafleur, 1994, Cloning and characterization of alternatively spliced isoforms of rat tenascin. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB markedly stimulates expression of spliced variants of tenascin mRNA in arterial smooth muscle cells, J. Biol. Chem., 269, 20757, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)32057-4

Levitzki, 1995, Tyrosine kinase inhibition: an approach to drug development, Science, 267, 1782, 10.1126/science.7892601

Libby, 1988, Production of platelet-derived growth factor-like mitogen by smooth muscle cells from human atheroma, N. Engl. J. Med., 318, 1493, 10.1056/NEJM198806093182303

Liscovitch, 1994, Lipid second messengers, Cell, 77, 329, 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90148-1

Ma, 1994, Activation of Na+/H+ exchange by platelet-derived growth factor involves phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase and phospholipase C gamma, J. Biol. Chem., 269, 30734, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)43875-6

Majack, 1985, Platelet-derived growth factor and heparin-like glycosaminoglycans regulate thrombospondin synthesis and deposition in the matrix by smooth muscle cells, J. Cell Biol., 101, 1059, 10.1083/jcb.101.3.1059

Majack, 1990, Role of PDGF-A expression in the control of vascular smooth muscle cell growth by transforming growth factor-beta, J. Cell Biol., 111, 239, 10.1083/jcb.111.1.239

Majesky, 1990, Alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation of platelet-derived growth factor A-chain gene expression in rat aorta, J. Biol. Chem., 265, 1082, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)40161-0

Majesky, 1990, PDGF ligand and receptor gene expression during repair of arterial injury, J. Cell Biol., 111, 2149, 10.1083/jcb.111.5.2149

Majesky, 1990, Smooth muscle diversity in arterial wound repair, Toxicol. Pathol., 18, 554, 10.1177/019262339001804a05

Masuo, 1991, Growth-dependent alterations of intracellular Ca(2+)-handling mechanisms of vascular smooth muscle cells. PDGF negatively regulates functional expression of voltage-dependent, IP3-mediated, and Ca(2+)-induced Ca2+ release channels, Circ. Res., 69, 1327, 10.1161/01.RES.69.5.1327

Matuoka, 1993, Ash/Grb-2, a SH2/SH3-containing protein, couples to signaling for mitogenesis and cytoskeletal reorganization by EGF and PDGF, EMBO J., 12, 3467, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb06021.x

Miano, 1993, Smooth muscle cell immediate-early gene and growth factor activation follows vascular injury, 13, 211

Mogami, 1993, Stimulation of calcium entry is prerequisite for DNA synthesis induced by platelet-derived growth factor in vascular smooth muscle cells, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 196, 650, 10.1006/bbrc.1993.2299

Morgan, 1985, Alterations of excitation-contraction coupling by platelet-derived growth factor in enzymatically isolated and cultured vascular smooth muscle cells, Pflugers Arch., 405, 77, 10.1007/BF00591101

Morisaki, 1994, Platelet-derived growth factor is a potent stimulator of expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in human arterial smooth muscle cells, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 200, 612, 10.1006/bbrc.1994.1492

Mulcahy, 1985, Requirement for ras proto-oncogene function during serum-stimulated growth of NIH 3T3 cells, Nature, 313, 241, 10.1038/313241a0

Munro, 1994, Inhibition of human vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by lovastatin: the role of isoprenoid intermediates of cholesterol synthesis, Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 24, 766, 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1994.tb01074.x

Nakahara, 1992, Identification of three types of PDGF-A chain gene transcripts in rabbit vascular smooth muscle and their regulated expression during development and by angiotensin II, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 184, 811, 10.1016/0006-291X(92)90662-5

Nakano, 1993, Glucocorticoid inhibits thrombininduced expression of platelet-derived growth factor A-chain and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor in human aortic smooth muscle cells, J. Biol. Chem., 268, 22941, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)41617-1

Nakao, 1982, Comparative effect of lipoxygenase products of arachidonic acid on rat aortic smooth muscle cell migration, Atherosclerosis, 44, 339, 10.1016/0021-9150(82)90008-9

Nakao, 1983, Aortic smooth muscle cell migration caused by platelet-derived growth factor is mediated by lipoxygenase product(s) of arachidonic acid, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 112, 866, 10.1016/0006-291X(83)91697-2

Nakao, 1985, Mode of action of aortic smooth-muscle cell migration induced by 12-L-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid and platelet-derived growth factor, Adv. Prostaglandin Thromboxane Leukot. Res., 15, 681

Newby, 1995, Inhibition of rabbit aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation by selective inhibitors of protein kinase C, Br. J. Pharmacol., 114, 1652, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1995.tb14953.x

Nobes, 1995, Activation of the small GTP-binding proteins rho and rac by growth factor receptors, J. Cell Sci., 108, 225, 10.1242/jcs.108.1.225

Nomoto, 1988, Smooth muscle cell migration induced by inflammatory cell products and its inhibtion by a potent calcium antagonist, nilvadipine, Atherosclerosis, 72, 213, 10.1016/0021-9150(88)90083-4

O'Brien, 1994, Update on the biology and clinical study of restenosis, Trends Cardiovasc. Med., 4, 169, 10.1016/1050-1738(94)90054-X

Okada, 1991, Interaction between endothelin-induced Na+ and Ca2+kinetics in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells, J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., 17, S124, 10.1097/00005344-199100177-00033

Okada, 1992, The modulation of collagen synthesis in cultured arterial smooth muscle cells by platelet-derived growth factor, Cell Biol. Int. Rep., 16, 1015, 10.1016/S0309-1651(06)80054-8

Okada, 1993, Collagen synthesis of human arterial smooth muscle cells: effects of platelet-derived growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta 1 and interleukin-1, Acta Pathol. Jpn., 43, 160

Okazaki, 1992, Regulation of platelet-derived growth factor ligand and receptor gene expression by alpha-thrombin in vascular smooth muscle cells, Circ. Res., 71, 1285, 10.1161/01.RES.71.6.1285

Olson, 1995, An essential role for Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 GTPases in cell cycle progression through G1, Science, 269, 1270, 10.1126/science.7652575

Owen, 1984, Platelet-derived growth factor stimulates Na+ influx in vascular smooth muscle cells, Am. J. Physiol., 247, 501, 10.1152/ajpcell.1984.247.5.C501

Owens, 1995, Regulation of differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells, Pharmacol. Rev., 75, 487

Ozaki, 1986, A comparative study on the effects of inhibitors of the lipoxygenase pathway on neutrophil function, 35, 3481

Pauly, 1995, Role of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in the regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration, Circulation, 91, 1107, 10.1161/01.CIR.91.4.1107

Pawson, 1992, SH2 and SH3 domains: from structure to function, Cell, 71, 359, 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90504-6

Pekny, 1994, Differences in binding to the solid substratum and extracellular matrix may explain isoform-specific paracrine effects of platelet-derived growth factor, Growth Factors, 10, 77, 10.3109/08977199409010981

Pertile, 1995, Phosphatidyl-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate synthesis is required for activation of phospholipase D in U937 cells, J. Biol. Chem., 270, 5130, 10.1074/jbc.270.10.5130

Raines, 1989, Interleukin-1 mitogenic activity for fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells is due to PDGF-AA, Science, 243, 393, 10.1126/science.2783498

Rao, 1991, Uric acid stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by increasing platelet-derived growth factor A-chain expression, J. Biol. Chem., 266, 8604, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)93017-6

Richardson, 1995, Signal transduction throughh integrins: a central role for focal adhesion kinase?, Bioessays, 17, 229, 10.1002/bies.950170309

Ridley, 1992, The small GTP-binding protein rac regulates growth factorinduced membrane ruffling, Cell, 70, 401, 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90164-8

Ridley, 1992, The small GTP-binding protein rho regulates the assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers in response to growth factors, Cell, 70, 389, 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90163-7

Rodriguea-Viciana, 1994, Phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase as a direct target of Ras, Nature, 370, 527, 10.1038/370527a0

Rorsman, 1988, Structural characterization of the human platelet-derived growth factor A-chain cDNA and gene: alternative exon usage predicts two different precursor proteins, Mol. Cell Biol., 8, 571, 10.1128/MCB.8.2.571

Rorsman, 1992, Characterization of the mouse PDGF A-chain gene. Evolutionary conservation of gene structure, nucleotide sequence and alternative splicing, Growth Factors, 6, 303, 10.3109/08977199209021542

Ross, 1974, A platelet-dependent serum factor that stimulates the proliferation of arterial smooth muscle cells in vitro, 71, 1207

Ross, 1982, Growth factors from platelets, monocytes, and endothelium: their role in cell proliferation, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 397, 18, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1982.tb43413.x

Ross, 1986, The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis—an update, N. Engl. J. Med., 314, 488, 10.1056/NEJM198602203140806

Ross, 1986, The biology of platelet derived growth factor, Cell, 46, 155, 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90733-6

Ross, 1989, Platelet-derived growth factor, Lancet, 1, 1179, 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)92760-8

Ross, 1990, Platelet-derived growth factor and its role in health and disease, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Biol., 327, 155, 10.1098/rstb.1990.0051

Ross, 1993, The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a perspective for the 1990s, Nature, 362, 801, 10.1038/362801a0

Rothman, 1994, Immediate-early gene expression in response to hypertrophic and proliferative stimuli in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells, J. Biol. Chem., 269, 6399, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)37385-4

Rozakis Adcock, 1993, The SH2 and SH3 domains of mammalian Grb2 couple the EGF receptor to the Ras activator mSosl, Nature, 363, 83, 10.1038/363083a0

Rupp, 1994, A unique autophosphorylation site in the platelet-derived growth factor alpha receptor from a heterodimeric receptor complex, Eur. J. Biochem., 225, 29, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.00029.x

Sachinidis, 1990, The platelet-derived growth factor isomers, PDGF-AA, PDGF-AB and PDGF-BB, induce contraction of vascular smooth muscle cells by different intracellular mechanisms, FEBS Lett., 275, 95, 10.1016/0014-5793(90)81447-V

Sachinidis, 1990, Different effects of platelet-derived growth factor isoforms on rat vascular smooth muscle cells, J. Biol. Chem., 265, 10238, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)86937-X

Sachinidis, 1993, The induction of early response genes in rat smooth muscle cells by PDGF-AA is not sufficient to stimulate DNA-synthesis, FEBS Lett., 319, 221, 10.1016/0014-5793(93)80550-E

Sasaguri, 1993, Protein kinase C-mediated inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation: the isoforms that may mediate G 1/S inhibition, Exp. Cell Res., 208, 311, 10.1006/excr.1993.1251

Sato, 1991, The stimulatory effect of PDGF on vascular smooth muscle cell migration is mediated by the induction of endogenous basic FGF, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1260, 1266

Satoh, 1993, Ras proteins increase Ca(2+)-responsiveness of smooth muscle contraction, FEBS Lett., 324, 211, 10.1016/0014-5793(93)81395-G

Satoh, 1993, Platelet-derived growth factor receptor mediates activation of ras through different signaling pathways in different cell types, Mol. Cell Biol., 13, 3706, 10.1128/MCB.13.6.3706

Sauro, 1993, Tyrphostin attenuates platelet-derived growth factor-induced contraction in aortic smooth muscle through inhibtion of protein tyrosine kinase(s), J.Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 267, 1119

Schollmann, 1992, Basic fibroblast growth factor modulates the mitogenic potency of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) isoforms by specific upregulation of the PDGF alpha receptor in vascular smooth muscle cells, J. Biol. Chem., 267, 18032, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)37148-0

Schonherr, 1991, Effects of platelet-derived growth factor and transforming growth factorbeta 1 on the synthesis of a large versican-like chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan by arterial smooth muscle cells, J. Biol. Chem., 266, 17640, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)47419-X

Schonherr, 1993, Platelet-derived growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta 1 differentially affect the synthesis of biglycan and decorin by monkey arterial smooth muscle cells, Arterioscler. Thromb., 13, 1026, 10.1161/01.ATV.13.7.1026

Sgaragli, 1993, Calcium antagonist and antiperoxidant properties of some hindered phenols, Br. J. Pharmacol., 110, 369, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1993.tb13819.x

Shariff, 1992, Diacylglycerol-stimulated formation of actin nucleation sites at plasma membranes, Science, 256, 245, 10.1126/science.1373523

Sharma, 1993, PDGF-induced mitogenic signaling is not mediated through protein kinase C and c-fos pathway in VSM cells, Am. J. Physiol., 264, C71, 10.1152/ajpcell.1993.264.1.C71

Shekhonin, 1990, Visualization of apo B, fibrinogen/fibrin, and fibronectin in the intima of normal human aorta and large arteries and during atherosclerosis, Atherosclerosis, 82, 213, 10.1016/0021-9150(90)90043-I

Shimokado, 1985, A significant part of macrophage-derived growth factor consists of at least two forms of PDGF, Cell, 43, 277, 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90033-9

Shimokado, 1995, Tyrosine kinase inhibitors inhibit multiple steps of the cell cycle of vascular smooth muscle, Exp. Cell Res., 220, 266, 10.1006/excr.1995.1315

Singer, 1992, The cytoskeleton and mRNA localization, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 4, 15, 10.1016/0955-0674(92)90053-F

Sjolund, 1988, Arterial smooth muscle cells express platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) A chain mRNA, secrete a PDGF-like mitogen, and bind exogenous PDGF in a phenotype- and growth state-dependent manner, J. Cell Biol., 106, 403, 10.1083/jcb.106.2.403

Sjolund, 1990, Expression of PDGF alpha- and beta-receptors in rat arterial smooth muscle cells is phenotype and growth state dependent, Growth Factors, 3, 191, 10.3109/08977199009043904

Smith, 1994, Regulation of sodium calcium exchanger by glucocorticoids and growth factors in vascular smooth muscle, J. Biol. Chem., 269, 27527, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)47016-0

Sorkin, 1993, Pool of ligand-bound platelet-derived growth factor beta-receptors remain activated and tyrosine phosphorylated after internalization, J. Cell Physiol., 156, 373, 10.1002/jcp.1041560221

Soyombo, 1993, Endothelial control of vascular smooth muscle proliferation in an organ culture of human saphenous vein, Eur. Heart J., 14, 201

Stenman, 1988, Sublocalization of the human PDGF A-chain gene to chromosome 7, band q11.23, by in situ hybridization, Exp. Cell Res., 178, 180, 10.1016/0014-4827(88)90389-8

Sterpetti, 1994, Shear stress influences the release of platelet derived growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor by arterial smooth muscle cells, 8, 138

Stiko Rahm, 1992, Native and oxidized LDL enhances production of PDGF AA and the surface expression of PDGF receptors in cultured human smooth muscle cells, Arterioscler. Thromb., 12, 1099, 10.1161/01.ATV.12.9.1099

Stossel, 1993, On the crawling of animal cells, Science, 260, 1086, 10.1126/science.8493552

Stouffer, 1993, Thrombin-induced mitogenesis of vascular SMC is partially mediated by autocrine production of PDGF-AA, Am. J. Physiol., 265, C806, 10.1152/ajpcell.1993.265.3.C806

Stouffer, 1993, ANG II- or AVP-induced increases in protein synthesis are not dependent on autocrine secretion of PDGF-AA, Am. J. Physiol., 264, C390, 10.1152/ajpcell.1993.264.2.C390

Stoufferg, 1994, TGF-beta promotes proliferation of cultured SMC via both PDGF-AA-dependent and PDGF-AA-independent mechanisms, J. Clin. Invest., 93, 2048, 10.1172/JCI117199

Stull, 1991, Vascular smooth muscle contractile elements. Cellular regulation, Hypertension, 17, 723, 10.1161/01.HYP.17.6.723

Sun, 1995, The cysteine-knot growth factor superfamily, Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct., 24, 269, 10.1146/annurev.bb.24.060195.001413

Thyberg, 1987, The calcium antagonist nisoldipine and the calmodulin antagonist W-7 synergistically inhibit initiation of DNA synthesis in cultured arterial smooth muscle cells, Biol. Cell, 60, 125, 10.1111/j.1768-322X.1987.tb00552.x

Valius, 1993, Phospholipase C-γ1 and phosphatidyl-inositol 3 kinase are downstream mediators of the PDGF receptors mitogenic signal, Cell, 73, 321, 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90232-F

Vojtek, 1995, Rho family members: activators of MAP kinase cascades, Cell, 82, 527, 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90023-3

Walker, 1986, Production of platelet-derived growth factor-like molecules by cultured arterial smooth muscle cells accompanies proliferation after arterial injury, 83, 7311

Waterfield, 1983, Platelet-derived growth factor is structurally related to the putative transforming protein p28sis of simian sarcoma virus, Nature, 304, 35, 10.1038/304035a0

Weksler, 1987, Regulation of prostaglandin synthesis in human vascular cells, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 509, 142, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb30991.x

Wijetunge, 1995, Effect of platelet-derived growth factor on voltage-operated calcium channels in isolated rabbit ear artery cells, Br. J. Pharmacol., 115, 534, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1995.tb16367.x

Wilcox, 1988, Platelet-derived growth factor mRNA detection in human atherosclerotic plaques by in situ hybridization, J. Clin. Invest., 82, 1134, 10.1172/JCI113671

Williams, 1989, Signal transduction by platelet-derived growth factor receptor, Science, 243, 1564, 10.1126/science.2538922

Wilson, 1993, Mechanical strain induces growth of vascular smooth muscle cells via autocrine action of PDGF, J. Cell Biol., 123, 741, 10.1083/jcb.123.3.741

Winkles, 1991, Regulated expression of PDGF A-chain mRNA in human saphenous vein smooth muscle cells, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 180, 519, 10.1016/S0006-291X(05)81095-2

Yamaguchi, 1993, Heparin and dibutyryl cAMP modulate gene expression in stimulated human saphenous vein smooth muscle cells, In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. Anim., 29A, 867, 10.1007/BF02631365

Yanagi, 1991, Production of tissue collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase 1) by human aortic smooth muscle cells in response to platelet-derived growth factor, Atherosclerosis, 91, 207, 10.1016/0021-9150(91)90168-3

Yarden, 1986, Structure of the receptor for platelet-derived growth factor helps define a family of closely related growth factor receptors, Nature, 323, 226, 10.1038/323226a0

Zwijsen, 1992, Induction of platelet-derived growth factor chain A gene expression in human smooth muscle cells by oxidized low density lipoproteins, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 186, 1410, 10.1016/S0006-291X(05)81563-3