Plastics as a stratigraphic marker in fluvial deposits

Alimi, 2018, Microplastics and nanoplastics in aquatic environments: aggregation, deposition, and enhanced contaminant transport, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 1704, 10.1021/acs.est.7b05559 Andrady, 2017, The plastic in microplastics: a review, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 119, 12, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.01.082 Bancone, 2020, The paleoecology of microplastic contamination, Front. Environ. Sci., 8, 8, 10.3389/fenvs.2020.574008 Barnes, 2009, Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci., 364, 1985, 10.1098/rstb.2008.0205 Bensaude-Vincent, 2021, Rethinking time in response to the Anthropocene: from timescales to timescapes, Anthr. Rev., 5, 371 Bergmann, 2017, High quantities of microplastic in Arctic deep-sea sediments from the HAUSGARTEN observatory, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 11000, 10.1021/acs.est.7b03331 Brand, 2018, Potential pollution risks of historic landfills on low-lying coasts and estuaries, WIREs Water, 5, 1264, 10.1002/wat2.1264 Brandon, 2019, Multidecadal increase in plastic particles in coastal ocean sediments, Sci. Adv., 5, 0587, 10.1126/sciadv.aax0587 Bridge, 2003 Brierley, 2007 Chamas, 2020, Degradation rates of plastics in the environment, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 8, 3494, 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06635 Chen, 2021, Used disposable face masks are significant sources of microplastics to environment, Environ. Pollut., 285, 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117485 Corcoran, 2014, An anthropogenic marker horizon in the future rock record, GSA Today, 4, 10.1130/GSAT-G198A.1 DeBoer, 2020, Heterogeneity of ecosystem function in an “Anthropocene” river system, Anthropocene, 31, 10.1016/j.ancene.2020.100252 De-la-Torre, 2021, New plastic formations in the Anthropocene, Sci. Total Environ., 754, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142216 de Souza Machado, 2018, Microplastics as an emerging threat to terrestrial ecosystems, Glob. Change Biol., 24, 1405, 10.1111/gcb.14020 de Souza Machado, 2018, Impacts of microplastics on the soil biophysical environment, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 9656, 10.1021/acs.est.8b02212 Dharmaraj, 2021, The COVID-19 pandemic face mask waste: a blooming threat to the marine environment, Chemosphere, 272, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129601 Dong, 2020, The rapid increases in microplastics in urban lake sediments, Sci. Rep., 10, 848, 10.1038/s41598-020-57933-8 Edgeworth, 2011, Fluid pasts: Archaeology of Flow Edgeworth, 2015, Diachronous beginnings of the Anthropocene: The lower bounding surface of anthropogenic deposits, Anthr. Rev., 2, 33 Ehlers, 2020, First record of ‘plasticrusts’ and ‘pyroplastic’ from the Mediterranean Sea, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 151, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110845 Ehlers, 2021, Plasticrusts derive from maritime ropes scouring across raspy rocks, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 172, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112841 Engdahl, 2018, Simulating the mobility of micro-plastics and other fiber-like objects in saturated porous media using constrained random walks, Adv. Water Resour., 121, 277, 10.1016/j.advwatres.2018.08.011 Evangeliou, 2020, Atmospheric transport is a major pathway of microplastics to remote regions, Nat. Commun., 11, 3381, 10.1038/s41467-020-17201-9 FAO, 2006, 97 Gałuszka, 2014, Assessing the Anthropocene with geochemical methods, Geol. Soc. Lond., Spec. Publ., 395, 221, 10.1144/SP395.5 Geyer, 2017, Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made, Sci. Adv., 3, 10.1126/sciadv.1700782 He, 2019, Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill: A source of microplastics? – Evidence of microplastics in landfill leachate, Water Res., 159, 38, 10.1016/j.watres.2019.04.060 Hidalgo-Ruz, 2012, Microplastics in the marine environment: a review of the methods used for identification and quantification, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 3060, 10.1021/es2031505 Hürkamp, 2009, Lead pollution of floodplain soils in a historic mining area—age, distribution and binding forms, Water Air Soil Pollut., 201, 331, 10.1007/s11270-008-9948-9 IUSS Working Group WRB, 2015. World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014, update 2015 International Soil Classification System for Naming Soils and Creating Legends for Soil Maps. World Soil Resources Reports No. 106, FAO, Rome. James, 2013, Legacy sediment: definitions and processes of episodically produced anthropogenic sediment, Anthropocene, 2, 16, 10.1016/j.ancene.2013.04.001 Karbalaei, 2018, Occurence, sources, human health impacts and mitigation of microplastic pollution, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 25, 36046, 10.1007/s11356-018-3508-7 Kowalska, 2018, Pollution indices as useful tools for the comprehensive evaluation of the degree of soil contamination – a review, Environ. Geochem. Health, 40, 2395, 10.1007/s10653-018-0106-z Lechthaler, 2021, Why analysing microplastics in floodplains matters: application in a sedimentary context, Environ. Sci.: Process. Impacts, 71 Lechthaler, 2020, The way of macroplastic through the environment, Environments, 7, 73, 10.3390/environments7100073 Lewis, 2015, Defining the anthropocene, Nature, 519, 171, 10.1038/nature14258 Maier, 2016, 1296 Napper, 2019, Environmental deterioration of biodegradable, oxo-biodegradable, compostable, and conventional plastic carrier bags in the sea, soil, and open-air over a 3-year period, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 4775, 10.1021/acs.est.8b06984 PlasticsEurope, 2018. Plastics – the facts 2018: an analysis of European plastic production, demand and waste data, Plastic Europe. PlasticsEurope, 2020. Plastics – the facts 2020: an analysis of European plastic production Demand Waste data. PlasticsEurope, 2021. Kunststoffe – Werkstoffe unserer Zeit (Plastics – materials of our time), in German. 20th ed. https://www.plasticseurope.org/application/files/1916/1831/0825/KWUZ_20._Auflage.pdf (Accessed 7 July 2021). Prata, 2019, Methods for sampling and detection of microplastics in water and sediment: a critical review, TrAC Trends Anal. Chem., 110, 150, 10.1016/j.trac.2018.10.029 Ragusa, 2021, Plasticenta: first evidence of microplastics in human placenta, Environ. Int., 146, 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106274 Rillig, 2019, Microplastic effects on plants, N. Phytol., 223, 1066, 10.1111/nph.15794 Rillig, 2017, Microplastic transport in soil by earthworms, Sci. Rep., 7, 1362, 10.1038/s41598-017-01594-7 Scheurer, 2018, Microplastics in Swiss Floodplain Soils, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 3591, 10.1021/acs.est.7b06003 Siegfried, 2017, Export of microplastics from land to sea. A modelling approach, Water Res., 127, 249, 10.1016/j.watres.2017.10.011 Stock, 2019, Sampling techniques and preparation methods for microplastic analyses in the aquatic environment – a review, TrAC Trends Anal. Chem., 113, 84, 10.1016/j.trac.2019.01.014 Turner, 2019, A temporal sediment record of microplastics in an urban lake, London, UK, J. Paleolimnol., 61, 449, 10.1007/s10933-019-00071-7 Waters, 2016, The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene, Science, 351, 2622, 10.1126/science.aad2622 Weber, C.J., 2020. Stratigraphic relevance of macro- and microplastics in alluvial sediments – a first assessment. EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-4736. doi: 10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-4736. Weber, C.J., Lechthaler, S., Stauch, G., Opp, C., 2021. Plastics and microplastics – a future marker to reconstruct floodplain chronology (Opinion). EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 April 2021, EGU21-62. doi: 10.5194/egusphere-egu21-62. Weber, 2020, Spatial patterns of mesoplastics and coarse microplastics in floodplain soils as resulting from land use and fluvial processes, Environ. Pollut., 267, 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115390 Weber, 2020, Investigating microplastic dynamics in soils: orientation for sampling strategies and sample pre‐procession, Land Degrad. Dev., 121, 270 2017 Xiong, 2018, Occurrence and fate of microplastic debris in middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River – from inland to the sea, Sci. Total Environ., 659, 66, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.313 Yu, 2019, Leaching of microplastics by preferential flow in earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) burrows, Environ. Chem., 16, 31, 10.1071/EN18161 Zalasiewicz, 2021, The Anthropocene: comparing its meaning in geology (chronostratigraphy) with conceptual approaches arising in other disciplines, Earth’s Future, 9, 10.1029/2020EF001896 Zalasiewicz, 2016, The geological cycle of plastics and their use as a stratigraphic indicator of the Anthropocene, Anthropocene, 13, 4, 10.1016/j.ancene.2016.01.002 Zalasiewicz, 2008, Are we now living in the Anthropocene, GSA Today, 18, 4, 10.1130/GSAT01802A.1