Vật liệu thực vật được sử dụng làm chất tạo cốt trong các sản phẩm gốm từ thời kỳ đồ đá mới sớm nhất ở Đông Nam Ba Lan

Vegetation History and Archaeobotany - Tập 26 - Trang 329-344 - 2016
Magdalena Moskal-del Hoyo1, Anna Rauba-Bukowska2, Maria Lityńska-Zając2, Aldona Mueller-Bieniek1, Agnieszka Czekaj-Zastawny2
1W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
2Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland

Tóm tắt

Các vật liệu thực vật thường được sử dụng làm chất tạo cốt như một phần quan trọng trong quy trình làm gốm. Tuy nhiên, việc xác định sự hiện diện của vật liệu tạo cốt và thành phần phân loại của nó vẫn còn là những thực hành không phổ biến. Bài báo này trình bày kết quả nghiên cứu các di tích thực vật được quan sát trong sản phẩm gốm có niên đại từ thời kỳ đồ đá mới sớm nhất ở Đông Nam Ba Lan, như một công cụ để phát hiện hoặc xác nhận sự thay đổi trong phương pháp làm gốm. Trong các nghiên cứu trước đó, vật liệu thực vật đã được chú ý một cách rào rạt trong gốm thô và việc xác định của nó dựa trên hình thái học thực vật đại thể. Mặt khác, di tích của thực vật thường không được quan sát trong các loại gốm mịn hơn vì bề mặt của chúng thường được làm mịn và trang trí, trong khi phần cắt của chúng thì rất mỏng. Do đó, trong nghiên cứu hiện tại, các nhóm gốm này đã được nghiên cứu một cách chi tiết. Quan sát sơ bộ về bề mặt và phần cắt tươi của những đoạn gốm đã chọn cho thấy rằng vật liệu thực vật làm cốt không rõ ràng và không phong phú trong chúng. Tuy nhiên, với việc sử dụng kính hiển vi, các mảnh nhỏ của mô thực vật và dấu vết của chúng đã được nhìn thấy bên trong đất sét. Việc xác định chúng là không thể dựa trên hình thái học thực vật, nhưng đã được thực hiện với sự giúp đỡ của giải phẩu thực vật, đặc biệt bằng cách quan sát các đặc điểm vi mô của biểu bì thực vật. Các nghiên cứu khảo cổ thực vật học trước đây từ khu vực này cho thấy rằng các loại thực vật được sử dụng làm chất tạo cốt trong gốm thô chủ yếu bao gồm các tàn dư từ vỏ ngũ cốc. Do đó, bài báo này sẽ kiểm nghiệm giả thuyết này trong trường hợp các sản phẩm gốm tinh xảo từ thời kỳ đồ đá mới.

Từ khóa

#gốm #vật liệu thực vật #thời kỳ đồ đá mới #khảo cổ học thực vật #thành phần tạo cốt

Tài liệu tham khảo

Acedo C, Llamas F (2001) Variation of micromorphological characters of lemma and palea in the genus Bromus (Poaceae). Ann Bot Fenn 38:1–14 Ball TB, Gardner JS, Brotherson JD (1996) Identifying phytoliths produced by the inflorescence bracts of three species of wheat (Triticum monococcum L., T. dicoccon Schrank., and T. aestivum L.) using computer-assisted image and statistical analyses. J Archaeol Sci 23:619–632 Ball TB, Gardner JS, Anderson N (1999) Identifying inflorescence phytoliths from selected species of wheat (Triticum monoccum, T. dicoccon, T. dicoccoides, and T. aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare and H. spontaneum). Am J Bot 86:1,615–1,623 Bieniek A (2002) Archaeobotanical analysis of some early Neolithic settlements in the Kujawi region, with potential plant gathering activities emphasized. Veget Hist Archaeobot 11:33–40 Bieniek A (2003a) Gospodarka rolna ludności kultur naddunajskich w Polsce w świetle analizy szczątków roślinnych ze stanowisk archeologicznych na Kujawach (Farming of the population of Danubian cultures in Poland in the light of the analysis of plant remains from archaeological sites in Kujawy, in Polish). Doctoral thesis, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków Bieniek A (2003b) Trawy o małych ziarniakach z wczesnoneolitycznych stanowisk archeologicznych na Kujawach (Small-seeded grasses from the early Neolithic sites in Kujawy, central Poland, in Polish). In: Zastawniak E (ed) Paleobotanika na przełomie wieków (palaeobotany at the turn of the centuries). Botanical guidebooks 26:249–266 Bieniek A (2007) Neolithic plant husbandry in the Kujawy region of central Poland. In: Colledge S, Conolly J (eds) The origins and spread of domestic plants in southwest Asia and Europe. University College London Institute of Archaeology Publications and Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, pp 327–342 Blackman E, Parry DW (1968) Opaline silica deposition in rye (Secale cereale L.). Ann Bot 32:199–206 Bogaard A, Jones G (2007) Neolithic farming in Britain and central Europe: contrast or continuity? In: Whittle A, Cummings V (eds) Going over: the Mesolithic–Neolithic transition in north-west Europe. British Academy, London, pp 357–375 Briggs DE (1978) Barley. Chapman & Hall, London Clark CA, Gould FW (1975) Some epidermal characteristics of paleas of Dichanthelium, Panicum and Echinochloa. Am J Bot 62:743–748 Czekaj-Zastawny A (2008) Osadnictwo społeczności kultury ceramiki wstęgowej rytej w dorzeczu górnej Wisły (Settlement of linear pottery communities in the Upper Vistula River Basin, in Polish with English summary). Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Kraków Czekaj-Zastawny A (2009) Settlement of the linear pottery culture in Southeastern Poland. In: The first Neolithic sites in central/south-east European transect, British archaeological reports international series 2049, vol 5. Archaeopress, Oxford Czekaj-Zastawny A (2014) Brzezie 17. Osada kultury ceramiki wstęgowej rytej (The settlement of linear pottery culture, in Polish with English summary). In: Kruk J (ed) Via Archaeologica. Źródła z badań wykopaliskowych na trasie autostrady A4 w Małopolsce, Wyd. Krakowski Zespół do Badań Autostrad, Kraków Czekaj-Zastawny A, Rauba-Bukowska A (2013) Technologia i chronologia najstarszych naczyń glinianych w dorzeczu górnej Wisły (VI/V tys. BC) (Technology and chronology of the oldest ceramic vessels in the upper Vistula basin, in Polish). Report of the project number N N109 181040, manuscript for the National Centre of Science (Narodowe Centrum Nauki), Kraków Czekaj-Zastawny A, Rauba-Bukowska A (2014) Technology of the earliest vessels in the upper Vistula River basin—imports against local pottery. In: Kienlin TL, Valde-Nowak P, Korczyńska M, Cappenberg K, Ociepka J (eds) Settlement, communication and exchange around the western Carpathians. Archaeopress Archaeology, Oxford, pp 95–107 Ellis RP (1979) A procedure for standardizing comparative leaf anatomy in the Poaceae. II. The epidermis as seen in surface view. Bothalia 12:641–671 Esau K (1973) Anatomia roślin (plant anatomy, in Polish). Państwowe Wydawnictwo Rolnicze i Leśne, Warszawa Ford RI (1986) Archaeobotanical data from Olszanica. In: Milisauskas S (ed) Early Neolithic settlement and society at Olszanica. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan 19:263 Fuller DQ (2013) Observations on the use of botanical materials in ceramic tempering at Gobero. In: Garcea EAA (ed) Gobero: the no-return frontier—archaeology and landscape at the Saharo–Sahelian borderland. Africa Magna Verlag, Frankfurt, pp 241–248 Giżbert W (1961) Wyniki analizy botanicznej szczątków i odcisków roślin na polepie z paleniska przy jamie 1, ze stanowiska w Olszanicy, pow. Kraków (Results of the botanical investigation of remains and imprints in daub from hearth 1 from the archaeological site at Olszanica, Kraków district). In: Kozłowski JK, Kulczycka A (eds) Materiały kultury starszej ceramiki wstęgowej z Olszanicy, pow. Kraków. Materiały Archeologiczne (annex 1) 3:29–43 Gluza I (1983/1984) Neolityczne zboża i chwasty ze stanowiska kultury lendzielskiej w Nowej Hucie–Mogile koło Krakowa (Neolithic cereals and weeds from the locality of the Lengyel culture at Nowa Huta–Mogiła near Kraków, in Polish). Acta Palaeobot 23:123–184 Gluza I (1994) Wstępne wyniki badań odcisków roślinnych ze stanowisk kultury ceramiki wstęgowej rytej w Gniechowicach i Starym Zamku, woj. Wrocławskie (Preliminary results of the investigation of plant imprints from the linear pottery culture sites at Gniechowice and Stary Zamek, Wrocław province, in Polish). (Polish botanical studies, guidebook series 11) W. Szafer Institute of Botany PAN, Kraków, pp 55–69 Gluza I (2013) Plant impressions on the ceramics. In: Kadrow S (ed) Bilcze Złote: materials of the tripolye culture from the Werteba and the Ogród sites. Biblioteka Muzeum Archeologicznego w Krakowie, vol 5. Muzeum Archeologiczne w Krakowie, Kraków, pp 87–99 Grygiel R (2008) Neolit i Początki Epoki Brązu w Rejonie Brześcia Kujawskiego i Osłonek (The Neolithic and early Bronze Age in the Brześć Kujawski and Osłonki Region, in Polish), vol 2. Konrad Jażdżewski Foundation for Archaeological Research, Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography, Łódź Hayward DM, Parry DW (1980) Scanning electron microscopy of silica deposits in the culms, floral bracts and awns of barley (Hordeum sativum Jess.). Ann Bot 46:541–548 Hejnowicz Z (2002) Anatomia i histogeneza roślin naczyniowych (Anatomy and histogenesis of vascular plants, in Polish). Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa Hillman GC (1981) Reconstructing crop husbandry practices from charred remains of crops. In: Mercer R (ed) Farming practice in British prehistory. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, pp 123–162 Hjelmqvist H (1955) Die älteste Geschichte der Kulturpflanzen in Schweden. Op Bot 1:3 Hodson MJ, Sangster AG (1988) Silica deposition in the inflorescence bracts of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) I. Scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. Can J Bot 66:829–838 Hodson MJ, Sangster AG (1989) Silica deposition in the inflorescence bracts of wheat (Triticum aestivum). II. X-ray microanalysis and backscattered electron imaging. Can J Bot 67:281–287 Kaczanowska M, Godłowska M (2009) Contacts between the Eastern and Western linear cultures in South-Eastern Poland. In: Kozłowski JK (ed) Interactions between different models of Neolithisation North of the Central European agro-ecological barrier. Polish Academy of Sciences and Arts, Kraków, pp 137–150 Kaczanowski P, Kozłowski JK (1998) Najdawniejsze dzieje ziem polskich (do VII w.) (The earliest history of the Polish lands—until 7th century AD, in Polish). Wielka Historia Polski, tom I. Fogra, Kraków Klichowska M (1975) Najstarsze zboża z wykopalisk Polskich (The oldest cereals of the Polish archaeological sites). Archeol Polski 20:83–143 Körber-Grohne U (1991) Bestimmungsschlüssel für subfossile Gramineen-Früchte. Probl Küstenforsch Südl Nordseegebiet 18:169–234 Kornaś J, Medwecka-Kornaś A (1986) Geografia roślin (Plant geography, in Polish). Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warszawa Kozłowski JK, Kaczanowska M, Czekaj-Zastawny A, Rauba-Bukowska A, Bukowski K (2015) Early/middle Neolithic western (LBK) versus eastern (ALPC) linear pottery cultures: ceramics and lithic raw materials circulation. Acta Archaeol Carp 49:111–150 Lityńska M (1986) Plant remains identified through analysis of imprints in daub and ceramics. Appendix G. Tables G3 and G4. In: Milisauskas S (ed) Early Neolithic settlement and society at Olszanica. (Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology 19). University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, p 264 Lityńska-Zając M (1997) Wyniki badań odcisków roślinnych z neolitycznego stanowiska w Strachowie, woj. Wrocław (Results of the investigation of the plant imprints from the Neolithic site at Strachów, Wrocław province). In: Kulczycka-Leciejewiczowa A (ed) Strachów. Osiedla neolitycznych rolników na Śląsku. Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN, Kraków, pp 267–277 Lityńska-Zając M (2005) Chwasty w uprawach roślinnych w pradziejach i wczesnym średniowieczu. (Segetal weeds in Prehistoric and early Medieval Farming, in Polish with English summary). Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN/Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków Lityńska-Zając M (2007) Early Neolithic agriculture in south Poland as reconstructed from archaeobotanical plant remains. In: Colledge S, Conolly J (eds) The origins and spread of domestic plants in southwest Asia and Europe. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, pp 315–326 Lityńska-Zając M, Wasylikowa K (2005) Przewodnik do badań archeobotanicznych (Guidebook to archaeobotanical studies, in Polish) Vademecum Geobotanicum. Sorus, Poznań Lityńska-Zając M, Wasylikowa K, Cywa K, Tomczyńska Z, Madeyska M, Koziarska A, Skawińska-Wieser K (2014) Brzezie, stan. 17, gm. Kłaj. Materiały archeobotaniczne z obiektów kultury ceramiki wstęgowej rytej (Brzezie, site 17, Kłaj commune. Archaeobotanical materials from structures of the linear pottery culture, in Polish). In: Czekaj-Zastawny A (ed) Brzezie 17. Osada kultury ceramiki wstęgowej rytej. Via Archaeologica. Źródła z badań wykopaliskowych na trasie autostrady A4 w Małopolsce. Krakowski Zespół do Badań Autostrad, Kraków, pp 405–436 Madella M (2001) Understanding archaeological structures by means of phytolith analysis: a test from the iron age site of Kilise Tepe-Turkey. In: Meunier JD, Colin F, Faure-Denard L (eds) The phytoliths: applications in earth science and human history. Balkema, Lisse, pp 173–182 Madella M (2007) The silica skeletons from the anthropic deposits. In: Whittle A (ed) The early Neolithic on the Great Hungarian Plain, vol 3. Publicationes Instituti Archaeologici Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Budapest, pp 447–460 Maier U (1999) Agricultural activities and land use in a Neolithic village around 3900 BC.: Hornstaad Hörnle I A, Lake Constance, Germany. Veget Hist Archaeobot 8:87–94 Malinowski E (1973) Anatomia roślin (Plant anatomy, in Polish). Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warszawa Mariotti Lippi MM, Gonnelli T, Pallecchi P (2011) Rice chaff in ceramics from the archaeological site of Sumhuram (Dhofar, Southern Oman). J Archaeol Sci 38:1,173–1,179 Marton T (2008) Development of pottery style on the LBK settlement of Balatonszárszó-Kis-Erdei-Dűlő in Hungary. Acta Terrae Septemcastrensis 7:197–216 Matthias W, Schultze-Motel J (1967) Kulturpflanzenabdrücke an schnurkeramischen Gefäßen aus Mitteldeutschland. Jahresschr Mitteldt Vorgesch 51:119–158 McClatchie M, Fuller DQ (2014) Leaving a lasting impression: arable economies and cereal impressions in Africa and Europe. In: Stevens CJ, Nixon S, Murray MA, Fuller DQ (eds) Archaeology of African plant use. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, pp 259–265 Metcalfe CR (1960) Anatomy of the monocotyledons I: Gramineae. Clarendon Press, Oxford Mirek Z, Piękoś-Mirek H, Zając A, Zając M (2002) Flowering plants and pteridophytes of Poland. A checklist. In: Mirek Z (ed) Biodiversity of Poland. Szafer Institute of Botany, Kraków Mueller-Bieniek A, Gluza I (2011) Odciski roślinne na naczyniach ceramicznych i polepie z osady ludności kultury łużyckiej w Rudzie, woj. kujawsko-pomorskie (stanowisko 3-6) (Plant imprints on ceramic vessels and daub from settlement of Lusatian culture population in Ruda, Kujawsko-Pomorskie province, site 3–6, in Polish). In: Gackowski J (ed) Archeologia Epok Brązu i Żelaza. Studia i Materiały 2:299–316 Nesbitt M, Samuel D (1996) From staple crop to extinction? The archaeology and history of the hulled wheats. In: Padulosi S, Hammer K, Heller J (eds) Hulled wheats. Proceedings of the first international workshop on hulled wheats. Rome, pp 41–100 Nixon S (2009) Excavating Essouk-Tadmakka (Mali): new archaeological investigations of early Islamic trans-Saharan trade. Azania Archaeol Res Afr 44:217–255 Palmer PG (1976) Grass cuticles: a new paleoecological tool for East African lake sediments. Can J Bot 54:1,725–1,734 Palmer PG, Tucker AE (1981) A scanning electron microscope survey of the epidermis of East African grasses 1. Smithson Contrib Bot 49:1–84 Palmer PG, Tucker AE (1983) A scanning electron microscope survey of the epidermis of East African grasses, 2. Smithson Contrib Bot 53:1–120 Parry DW, Hodson MJ (1982) Silica distribution in the caryoposis and inflorescence bracts of foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.] and its possible significance in carcinogenesis. Ann Bot 49:531–540 Piperno DR (2006) Phytoliths: a comprehensive guide for archaeologists and paleoecologists. AltaMira Press, Oxford Prat HL (1932) L’epiderme des Graminées: étude anatomique et systématique. Ann Sci Nat Sér Bot 14:117–324 Quinn PS (2013) Ceramic petrography: the interpretation of archaeological pottery and related artefacts in thin section. Archaeopress, Oxford Raemaekers DCM, Kubiak-Martens L, Oudemans TFM (2013) New food in old pots—charred organic residues in Early Neolithic ceramic vessels from Swifterbant, The Netherlands (4300–4000 cal BC). Arch Korr 43:315–334 Rauba-Bukowska A (2009) Bone temper in early Neolithic vessels from southern Poland. Examinations using scanning microscopy. In: Hofmann D, Bickle P (eds) Creating communities. New advances in central European Neolithic research. Oxbow Books, Oxford, pp 235–248 Rauba-Bukowska A (2014a) Wyniki badań mineralogiczno-petrograficznych naczyń kultury ceramiki wstęgowej rytej ze stanowiska Brzezie 17 gm. Kłaj (Results of mineralogical-petrographic research on vessels of the linear pottery culture from Brzezie 17, Kłaj commune, in Polish with English summary). In: Czekaj-Zastawny A (ed) Brzezie 17. Osada kultury ceramiki wstęgowej rytej. Via Archaeologica – źródła z badań wykopaliskowych na trasie autostrady A-4 w Małopolsce, Kraków, pp 437–458 Rauba-Bukowska A (2014b) Wyniki badań mineralogiczno-petrograficznych naczyń importowanych kręgu wschodnio-linearnego, odkrytych na stanowisku Brzezie 17, gm. Kłaj (Mineralogical-petrographic research on imported vessels from Brzezie 17, Kłaj commune, in Polish with English summary). In: Czekaj-Zastawny A (ed) Brzezie 17. Osada kultury ceramiki wstęgowej rytej, Via Archaeologica. Źródła z badań wykopaliskowych na trasie autostrady A4 w Małopolsce, Kraków, pp 459–468 Rauba-Bukowska A, Czekaj-Zastawny A, Grabowska B, Zastawny A (2007) Wyniki badań mineralogiczno-petrograficznych naczyń kultury ceramiki wstęgowej rytej i malickiej ze stanowisk Brzezie 17 i Targowisko 11, gm. Kłaj, woj. Małopolskie (Results of mineralogical and petrographic research on vessels of linear band pottery culture and Malice culture from sites Brzezie 17 and Targowisko 11, Kłaj commune, Małopolska province, in Polish). Spraw Archeol 59:63–113 Rook E, Nowak M (1993) Sprawozdanie z badań wielokulturowego stanowiska w Krakowie-Prądniku Czerwonym, w latach 1990 i 1991 (Report from the investigation from multicultural site at Kraków-Prądnik Czerwony, conducted in 1990 and 1991, in Polish). Spraw Archeol 45:35–71 Rosen AM (1992) Preliminary identification of silica skeletons from near eastern archaeological sites: an anatomical approach. In: Mulholland S, Rapp G Jr (eds) Phytolith systematics. Plenum Press, New York, pp 129–147 Szilágyi V, Biró KT, Csengeri P, Szakmány G, Taubald H, Mihály J, Berthold C, Koós JS, Zöldföldi J (2014) Petro-mineralogical and geochemical characterisation of Middle Neolithic Bükk culture fine ware from Garadna, NE Hungary. In: Martinón-Torres M (ed) Craft and science: international perspectives on archaeological ceramics. Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation, Doha. http://dx.doi.org/10.5339/uclq.2014.cas.ch20 Tolar T, Jacomet S, Velušček A (2016) Cereal chaff used as temper in loom-weights: new evidence from a Slovenian Eneolithic pile-dwelling site (ca. 3100 cal BC). Veget Hist Archaeobot 25:291–301 Tomber R, Cartwright C, Gupta S (2011) Rice temper: technological solutions and source identification in the Indian Ocean. J Archaeol Sci 38:360–366 Tubb HJ, Hodson MJ, Hodson GC (1993) The inflorescence papillae of the Triticeae: a new tool for taxonomic and archaeological research. Ann Bot 72:537–545 Valamoti SM (2005) Grain versus chaff: identifying a contrast between grain-rich and chaff-rich sites in the Neolithic of northern Greece. Veget Hist Archaeobot 14:259–267 Valamoti SM (2013) Towards a distinction between digested and undigested glume bases in the archaeobotanical record from Neolithic northern Greece: a preliminary experimental investigation. Environ Archaeol J Hum Palaeoecol 18:31–42 Van der Veen M (1999) The economic value of chaff and straw in arid and temperate zones. Veget Hist Archaeobot 8:211–224 Wieserowa A (1967) Wczesnośredniowieczne szczątki zbóż i chwastów z Przemyśla (Early medieval remains of cereals and weeds from Przemyśl, in Polish). Folia Quat 28:1–16 Willcox G, Fornite S (1999) Impressions of wild cereal chaff in pisé from the tenth millennium at Jerf el Ahmar and Mureybet: northern Syria. Veget Hist Archaeobot 8:21–24 Yanushevich ZV (1976) Kulturnye rasteniya jugo-zapada SSSR po paleoetnobotanicheskim issledovanijam. (Cultivated plants in southwest of the USSR for palaeoethnobotanical research, in Russian) Izd. Shtiintsa, Kishinev Zohary D, Hopf M, Weiss E (2012) Domestication of plants in the Old World, 4th edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford