Plant invasions — the role of mutualisms

Biological Reviews - Tập 75 Số 1 - Trang 65-93 - 2000
David M. Richardson, Nicky Allsopp1, Carla M. D’Antonio2, Suzanne J. Milton3,4, Marcel Rejmánek5
1Agricultural Research Council - Range and Forage Institute, Botany Department, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
2Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 U.S.A.
3Department of Nature Conservation, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X01, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
4Percy Fitzpatrick Institute for African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
5Section of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A.

Tóm tắt

ABSTRACTMany introduced plant species rely on mutualisms in their new habitats to overcome barriers to establishment and to become naturalized and, in some cases, invasive. Mutualisms involving animalmediated pollination and seed dispersal, and symbioses between plant roots and microbiota often facilitate invasions. The spread of many alien plants, particularly woody ones, depends on pollinator mutualisms. Most alien plants are well served by generalist pollinators (insects and birds), and pollinator limitation does not appear to be a major barrier for the spread of introduced plants (special conditions relating to Ficus and orchids are described). Seeds of many of the most notorious plant invaders are dispersed by animals, mainly birds and mammals. Our review supports the view that tightly coevolved, plant‐vertebrate seed dispersal systems are extremely rare. Vertebrate‐dispersed plants are generally not limited reproductively by the lack of dispersers. Most mycorrhizal plants form associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi which, because of their low specificity, do not seem to play a major role in facilitating or hindering plant invasions (except possibly on remote islands such as the Galapagos which are poor in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi). The lack of symbionts has, however, been a major barrier for many ectomycorrhizal plants, notably for Pinus spp. in parts of the southern hemisphere. The roles of nitrogen‐fixing associations between legumes and rhizobia and between actinorhizal plants and Frankia spp. in promoting or hindering invasions have been virtually ignored in the invasions literature. Symbionts required to induce nitrogen fixation in many plants are extremely widespread, but intentional introductions of symbionts have altered the invasibility of many, if not most, systems. Some of the world's worst invasive alien species only invaded after the introduction of symbionts. Mutualisms in the new environment sometimes re‐unite the same species that form partnerships in the native range of the plant. Very often, however, different species are involved, emphasizing the diffuse nature of many (most) mutualisms. Mutualisms in new habitats usually duplicate functions or strategies that exist in the natural range of the plant. Occasionally, mutualisms forge totally novel combinations, with profound implications for the behaviour of the introduced plant in the new environment (examples are seed dispersal mutualisms involving wind‐dispersed pines and cockatoos in Australia; and mycorrhizal associations involving plant roots and fungi). Many ecosystems are becoming more susceptible to invasion by introduced plants because: (a) they contain an increasing array of potential mutualistic partners (e.g. generalist frugivores and pollinators, mycorrhizal fungi with wide host ranges, rhizobia strains with infectivity across genera); and (b) conditions conducive for the establishment of various alienalien synergisms are becoming more abundant. Incorporating perspectives on mutualisms in screening protocols will improve (but not perfect) our ability to predict whether a given plant species could invade a particular habitat.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Allen M. F., 1985, Impact of disturbance on cold desert fungi: comparative microscale dispersion patterns, Pedobiologia, 28, 215, 10.1016/S0031-4056(23)06546-0

Allen O. N., 1981, The Leguminosae. A Source Book of Characteristics, Uses and Nodulation

10.4102/abc.v23i1.794

Amarell U., 1997, Regeneration und Nachhaltige Landnutzung: Konzepte für Belastete Regionen, 110

10.1016/0006-3207(92)91114-8

10.1007/BF00328683

10.1007/BF00317491

10.1007/BF00124953

10.1007/s004420050151

Baker H. G., 1965, The Genetics of Colonizing Species, 147

10.1146/annurev.es.05.110174.000245

Balasubramanian P., 1993, Seed dispersal by mammals at Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu, Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 90, 33

10.2307/2402966

Barthell J. F. Thorp R. W. Wenner A. M.&Randall J. M.(in press).Yellow star‐thistle gumplant and feral honey bees on Santa Cruz Island: a case of invaders assisting invaders. Proceedings of the 5th California Islands Symposium. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. Santa Barbara California.

10.1146/annurev.es.21.110190.002151

10.1111/j.1095-8339.1872.tb02396.x

10.1128/MMBR.57.2.293-319.1993

10.1016/S0254-6299(16)31181-4

10.1111/j.1365-2745.2005.01017.x

10.2307/2261701

10.2307/3236424

Binggeli P., 1993, Biological invasion by Maesopsis eminii in the East Usambara forests, Tanzania, Opera Botanica, 121, 229

10.1098/rstb.1994.0055

Bond W. J., 1983, Seed dispersal by ants in shrublands of the Cape Province and its evolutionary implications, South African Journal of Science, 79, 231

10.1007/BF00377092

10.2307/2426145

10.1086/418432

Brown A. H. D., 1990, Plant Population Genetics, Breeding, and Genetic Resources, 145

10.1007/BF00031854

10.1071/BT9910445

10.1139/b88-166

10.1111/j.1365-3180.1976.tb00398.x

10.1007/BF00010080

10.1139/b95-165

10.1086/419860

Butz Huryn V. M., 1995, An assessment of the contribution of honey bees (Apis mellifera) to weed reproduction in New Zealand protected natural areas, New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 19, 111

10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[1958:CAFASA]2.0.CO;2

Carr G. W., 1993, Flora of Victoria. Vol. 1. Introduction, 256

Carter J. O., 1993, Pests of Pastures, Weeds, Invertebrate and Disease Pests, 128

10.4141/cjps79-029

10.1126/science.217.4563.941

10.1080/0028825X.1997.10410161

10.1007/BF02515727

Condit I. J., 1947, The Fig

Corlett R. T., 1998, Frugivory and seed dispersal by birds in Hong Kong shrubland, Forktail, 13, 23

10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00178.x

10.4141/cjps88-015

Cronk Q. C. B., 1995, The Threat to Natural Ecosystems

10.1016/S0006-3207(97)00096-7

10.2307/2404312

D'Antonio C. M., 1993, Alien species: The insidious invasion of ecosystems by plants and animals from around the world has become a major environmental problem, Pacific Discovery, 9

10.1146/annurev.es.23.110192.000431

Davis M. R., 1996, Conifer establishment in South Island High Country: Influence of mycorrhizal inoculation, competition removal, fertilizer application, and animal exclusion during seedling establishment, New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 26, 380

10.1177/003072708601500406

Dean S. J., 1986, Ecology and Management of Biological Invasions in Southern Africa, 157

10.1111/j.1365-2028.1988.tb00967.x

10.2307/1938267

10.1111/j.1365-2028.1992.tb00510.x

10.1006/jare.1993.1059

10.1007/BF00044856

10.1007/978-94-009-1876-4_26

10.1111/j.1469-8137.1989.tb02354.x

10.1007/BF02851980

Donovan B. J., 1984, New Zealand Pest and Beneficial Insects, 247

10.1104/pp.86.2.491

Drake J. A., 1989, Biological Invasions: A Global Perspective

Dressler R. L., 1981, The Orchids: Natural History and Classification

10.1086/286029

10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01189.x

10.1007/978-1-4612-4988-7_13

Faegri K., 1966, The Principles of Pollination Ecology

10.1098/rstb.1996.0120

10.2307/3237236

10.2307/4002700

10.2307/2404271

10.1080/0028825X.1996.10412697

10.1007/BF00347002

Goodland T.&Healey J. R.(1996).The invasion of Jamaican montane rainforests by the Australian tree Pittosporum undulatum. Unpublished report on Project R4742 School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences University of Wales Bsangor U.K.

Goodwin J., 1992, The role of mycorrhizal fungi in competitive interactions among native bunchgrasses and alien weeds: a review and synthesis, Northwest Science, 66, 251

10.1071/WR9840181

10.1111/j.1442-9993.1996.tb00615.x

10.1038/328420a0

Hackett D.(1996).Frugivory and Ligustrum lucidum in northeastern New South Wales: implications for seed dispersal and avifauna conservation. Unpublished report. Southern Cross University Lismore New South Wales Australia.

Hackett D.(1997).Avian consumers of Cinnamomum camphora fruits in north‐eastern New South Wales. Unpublished report. Southern Cross University Lismore New South Wales Australia.

Halliday J., 1983, Leucaena Research in the Asia Pacific Region. Proceedings of a Workshop in Singapore, 27

Handel S. N., 1997, Restoration Ecology and Sustainable Development, 111

Harding G. B., 1991, The occurrence of invasive Prosopis species in the north‐western Cape, South Africa, South African Journal of Science, 87, 188

10.1111/j.1469-8137.1987.tb00674.x

Harley J. L., 1983, Mycorrhizal Symbiosis

Harrod R. J., 1995, Reproduction and pollination biology of Centaurea and Acroptilon species, with emphasis on C. diffusa, Northwest Science, 69, 97

10.1016/0378-1127(89)90064-9

10.2307/1942454

10.2307/3544054

10.1007/978-1-4613-1165-2_3

10.1023/A:1009760512895

10.1046/j.1523-1739.1992.06030324.x

10.1016/0167-8809(90)90125-W

10.1111/j.1469-8137.1982.tb03398.x

10.2307/3235765

10.1007/BF00317768

10.1016/S0254-6299(16)31037-7

Hopkins I., 1914, History of the bumblebee in New Zealand: its introduction and results, Bulletin of the New Zealand Department of Agriculture (New Series), 46, 1

10.1111/j.1365-2311.1993.tb01108.x

10.1016/0006-3207(90)90086-5

Hughes C. E., 1998, Leucaena. A Tropical Resource Handbook

10.1111/j.1469-8137.1994.tb03974.x

10.1006/jare.1995.0140

Janos D. P., 1987, Ecophysiology of VA Mycorrhizal Plants, 107

10.1086/284208

Janzen D. H., 1985, The Biology of Mutualisms, 40

10.1126/science.215.4528.19

10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00729.x

10.2307/1941453

10.1086/285735

10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[1945:RETROP]2.0.CO;2

10.1007/978-94-009-1876-4_23

10.1016/S0254-6299(16)31656-8

10.1016/S0254-6299(16)30942-5

Kollmann J., 1997, Hypothesis on the regeneration niche of fleshy‐fruited species in natural forest gaps and edges in central Europe, Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft für OX kologie, 27, 85

10.1007/BF00044651

10.1002/j.1537-2197.1990.tb13577.x

10.1002/j.1537-2197.1992.tb13666.x

Kruger F. J., 1986, The Ecology and Management of Biological Invasions in Southern Africa, 145

Rosa A. M., 1985, Role of alien and native birds in the dissemination of firetree (Myrica faya Ait. ‐ Myricaceae) and associated plants in Hawaii, Pacific Science, 39, 372

Lazarides M., 1997, CSIRO Handbook of Australian Weeds

10.1007/978-94-009-1876-4_7

10.1071/MU9900145

10.2307/2440373

Lonsdale W. M., 1988, The shrub that conquered the bush, New Scientist, 15, 52

10.4141/cjps92-164

10.1007/BF00328589

Marler M., 1997, Endomycorrhizal fungi enhance Centaurea maculosa invasion into grasslands of western Montana, Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, 78, 280

10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[1180:MIECEO]2.0.CO;2

10.1007/BF00379351

Martin‐Laurent F., 1998, Soil‐microbes and plant reintroduction, Plant Talk, 5

McKey D. B.&Kaufmann S. C.(1991).Naturalization of exotic Ficus species (Moraceae) in south Florida. Tech. Rep. NPSNREVERNRTR‐9106 U.S. Department of the Interior Washington D.C. pp.221–236.

Meadly G. R. W., 1965, Weeds of Western Australia

10.1016/0378-1127(92)90125-S

Miller R. M., 1987, Restoration Ecology: A Synthetic Approach to Ecological Research, 205

Milton S. J., 1992, Plants eaten and dispersed by Geochelone pardalis (Reptilia: Chelonii) in the southern Karoo, South African Journal of Zoology, 27, 45, 10.1080/02541858.1992.11448261

Milton S. J., 1987, Cactus in the Karoo: a thorny problem, Veld and Flora, 73, 128

10.1006/jare.1993.1005

Milton S. J., 1995, Effects of the 199091 drought on rangeland in the Steytlerville Karoo, South African Journal of Science, 91, 78

Montaldo N. H., 1993, Dispersion por aves y exito reproductivo de dos especies de Ligustrum (Oleaceae) en un relicto de selva subtropical en la Argentina, Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 66, 75

10.2307/2403762

Morton J. B., 1988, Taxonomy of VA mycorrhizal fungi: classification, nomenclature and identification, Mycotaxon, 32, 267

10.1007/BF00000094

10.1007/BF02067395

Nadel H., 1992, Escapees and accomplices: the naturalization of exotic Ficus and their associated faunas in Florida, Florida Naturalist, 75, 29

10.1038/35607

10.4102/koedoe.v10i1.771

10.1111/j.1469-8137.1987.tb00175.x

10.1111/j.1600-0587.1996.tb00149.x

Oatley T. B.(1984).Exploitation of a new niche by the Rameron Pigeon Columba arquatrix in Natal. In:Proceedings of the Fifth Pan‐African Ornithological Congress pp.323–330.

Ofer J.(1980).The Ecology of Ant Population of the Genus Messor and their Influence on the Soil and Flora in Pasture. PhD thesis Hebrew University of Jerusalem Israel.

10.1016/S0367-2530(17)30630-8

10.1111/j.1442-9993.1997.tb00694.x

10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[1457:PLOCSS]2.0.CO;2

10.1007/BF00010175

10.1139/b93-132

Paschke M. W., 1994, Frankia in prairie, forest, and cultivated soils of central Illinois, U.S.A, Pedobiologia, 38, 546

10.1007/BF02232788

10.2307/2425826

Phua P. B., 1989, Seed dispersal by the Lesser Short‐nosed Fruit Bat (Cynopterus brachyotis, Pteropodidae, Megachiroptera), Malayan Nature Journal, 42, 251

Poynton R. J., 1979, Tree Planting in Southern Africa. Vol. 1. The Pines

10.2307/3546968

Pyŝek P., 1995, Plant Invasions. General Aspects and Special Problems

Ramirez B. W., 1988, Ficus microcarpa L., F. benjamina L. and other species introduced in the New World, their pollinators (Agaonidae) and other fig wasps, Revista de Biologia Tropical, 36, 441

Read D. J., 1986, Mycorrhizae: Physiology and Genetics, 169

10.1007/BF01972080

Read D. J., 1998, Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus, 324

10.1002/j.1537-2197.1979.tb06186.x

Reichard S. H.(1994).Assessing the Potential of Invasiveness in Woody Plants Introduced to North America. Dissertation. University of Washington Seattle WA U.S.A.

10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.95473.x

10.1016/0006-3207(96)00026-2

10.1007/978-3-642-79755-2_8

Rejmánek M., 1998, Invasive Species and Biodiversity Management, 79

10.1007/BF00052714

10.2307/3235569

Richardson D. M., 1998, Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus, 450

Richardson D. M., 1997, Vegetation of Southern Africa, 535

Richardson D. M., 1992, The Ecology of Fynbos. Nutrients, Fire and Diversity, 271

10.2307/2845655

Sallabanks R., 1993, Fruiting plant attractiveness to avian seed dispersers: Native vs. invasive Crataegus in Western Oregon, Madrono, 40, 108

10.1007/BF00115158

10.2307/2388491

10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0824:EBAIWM]2.0.CO;2

10.1007/978-1-4612-4988-7_1

10.1023/A:1010086329619

Smith C. C., 1975, Coevolution of Animals and Plants, 51

Smith C. W., 1985, Hawaii's Terrestrial Ecosystems: Preservation and Management, 180

10.1111/j.1442-9993.1989.tb01433.x

10.1007/BF02028357

10.1002/j.1537-2197.1987.tb08596.x

Stauffer R. C., 1975, Charles Darwin's Natural Selection. Being the Second Part of his Big Species Book Written from 1856 to 1858

10.1111/j.1558-5646.1990.tb03857.x

Stiles E. W., 1989, Plant‐ Animal Interactions, 87

Stock W. D., 1997, Vegetation of Southern Africa, 376

10.1890/0012-9615(1999)069[0025:EPSIHS]2.0.CO;2

10.1007/s005720050129

10.2307/2960650

10.1159/000156234

Trappe J. M., 1987, Ecophysiology of VA Mycorrhizal Plants, 2

10.1016/S0301-4797(95)90347-X

10.4141/cjps86-091

Valentine D. H., 1977, The Pollination of Flowers by Insects, 117

10.1007/978-3-642-87925-8

10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[1053:FCASDO]2.0.CO;2

10.1139/cjb-76-7-1165

10.2307/1942601

Vlok J. H. J., 1988, Alpha diversity of lowland fynbos herbs at various levels of infestation by alien annuals, South African Journal of Botany, 54, 623, 10.1016/S0254-6299(16)31264-9

Wace N. M., 1967, Alien plants in the Tristan da Cunha Islands, IUCN Publications, New Series, 9, 46

Walker L. R., 1986, Proceedings of 6th Conference on Natural Sciences, 98

10.2307/1313536

Wardle P., 1991, Vegetation of New Zealand

10.2307/2389018

10.1080/00275514.1987.12025452

10.2307/2265575

10.1016/0038-0717(95)00189-1

10.1080/07929978.1997.10676683

Wester L., 1992, Alien plant invasions in native ecosystems of Hawaii, 99

10.1007/BF00937827

10.2307/1940542

Wheelwright N. T., 1982, Seed dispersal by animals: contrasts with pollen dispersal, problems with terminology, and constraints on co‐evolution, American Naturalist, 119, 402, 10.1086/283918

10.1139/b92-208

Williams P. A., 1996, Fleshy fruits of indigenous and adventive plants in the diet of birds in forest remnants, Nelson, New Zealand, New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 20, 127

Williamson M., 1996, Biological Invasions

Willson M. F., 1983, Mate Choice in Plants

10.1098/rstb.1979.0019

Woodward S. A., 1990, Use of the exotic tree Myrica faya by native and exotic birds in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park [Hawaii, U.S.A.], Pacific Science, 44, 88

10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00208-9

10.2307/1940770

10.1111/j.1399-3054.1997.tb05370.x

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Biological Reviews

Tập 75 Số 1

65-93

Thông tin tác giả