Plant Disease: A Threat to Global Food Security

Annual Review of Phytopathology - Tập 43 Số 1 - Trang 83-116 - 2005
Richard Strange1, Peter R. Scott2
1Department of Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom;
2CAB International, Wallingford OX10 8DE, United Kingdom;

Tóm tắt

A vast number of plant pathogens from viroids of a few hundred nucleotides to higher plants cause diseases in our crops. Their effects range from mild symptoms to catastrophes in which large areas planted to food crops are destroyed. Catastrophic plant disease exacerbates the current deficit of food supply in which at least 800 million people are inadequately fed. Plant pathogens are difficult to control because their populations are variable in time, space, and genotype. Most insidiously, they evolve, often overcoming the resistance that may have been the hard-won achievement of the plant breeder. In order to combat the losses they cause, it is necessary to define the problem and seek remedies. At the biological level, the requirements are for the speedy and accurate identification of the causal organism, accurate estimates of the severity of disease and its effect on yield, and identification of its virulence mechanisms. Disease may then be minimized by the reduction of the pathogen's inoculum, inhibition of its virulence mechanisms, and promotion of genetic diversity in the crop. Conventional plant breeding for resistance has an important role to play that can now be facilitated by marker-assisted selection. There is also a role for transgenic modification with genes that confer resistance. At the political level, there is a need to acknowledge that plant diseases threaten our food supplies and to devote adequate resources to their control.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

10.1016/j.pbi.2004.05.002

Aiyere T. 2004.Molecular characterization of isolates ofColletotrichum gloeosporioidesfrom tropical crops and virulence factors of the fungus. M. Phil. thesis. London Univ., U.K.

10.1146/annurev.phyto.34.1.51

Deleted in Proof

10.1126/science.290.5493.972

10.1094/PHYTO.2003.93.1.112

10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.6.594

10.1146/annurev.ento.44.1.343

10.1023/A:1008692227307

10.1094/PHYTO.1997.87.5.506

10.1006/bcon.1999.0718

10.2135/cropsci1999.3961830x

10.1017/S0021859600000137

10.1111/j.0032-0862.2004.00971.x

10.1046/j.1464-6722.2001.00073.x

10.1016/S1369-5274(02)00284-9

10.1094/MPMI.2004.17.10.1126

10.1128/AEM.68.2.738-744.2002

10.1079/9780851993560.0000

10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.12.1271

10.1079/NRR200373

10.1023/B:PLAN.0000028791.34706.80

10.1016/S0168-9452(00)00394-0

CGIAR Secretariat, 2004, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research: Annual Report 2003

10.1007/s004380050182

Crop Protection Compendium. 2004. CD-Rom. Wallingford, UK: CAB Int. http://www.cabi.org/compendia

10.1073/pnas.0401601101

10.1126/science.266.5188.1247

Desjardins AE, 1995, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 61, 79, 10.1128/aem.61.1.79-86.1995

10.1079/9780851996806.0000

10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.2.202

10.1080/09670879109371556

10.1104/pp.116.1.1

Evans K, 1993, Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Temperate Agriculture, 10.1079/9780851988085.0000

FAO, 1995, Dimensions of Need: An Atlas of Food and Agriculture

FAO. 2000.The state of food insecurity in the world(SOFI). Rome, Italy: FAO, UN. www.fao.org/FOCUS/E/SOFI00/sofi001-e.htm

FAO. 2004.FAOSTAT: FAO statistical databases. Rome, Italy: FAO, UN. http://faostat.fao.org/

10.1094/PD-74-0404

10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.5.516

10.2135/cropsci2004.1790

10.1126/science.261.5122.754

10.1071/AP02076

10.1146/annurev.py.33.090195.001003

Gelderblom WCA, 1988, Fusarium moniliforme. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 54, 1806, 10.1128/aem.54.7.1806-1811.1988

10.1038/302608a0

10.1146/annurev.phyto.36.1.415

Goodey JB, 1965, The Nematode Parasites of Plants Catalogued Under Their Hosts

Deleted in proof

10.1094/PD-74-0805

10.1016/j.cropro.2003.11.014

10.1038/361153a0

Hampton RO, 1990, Serological Tests for Detection of Viral and Bacterial Pathogens

Hatta R, 2002, Alternaria alternata. Genetics, 161, 59, 10.1093/genetics/161.1.59

10.1071/BT9940009

10.1073/pnas.97.16.8762

Hewitt HG, 1998, Fungicides in Crop Protection

10.1023/B:TRAG.0000017166.29458.74

10.1046/j.1365-3059.2000.00511.x

Horsfall TG, 1972, Genetic Vulnerability of Major Crops

Deleted in proof

Deleted in proof

Huang Q, 1997, Ralstonia solanacearum., 179, 7369

10.1023/B:EUPH.0000041576.74566.d7

Igarashi S, 2004, Fitopathol. Bras., 11, 351

10.1094/MPMI.2002.15.6.515

James C. 1998. Global food security.Abstr. Int. Congr.Plant Pathol., 7th Edinburgh, UK, Aug.No. 4.1GF.http://www.bspp.org.uk/icpp98/4/1GF.html

James C, 2003, Global Status of Commercialized Transgenic Crops: 2003

10.1016/S0261-2194(00)00100-9

10.1146/annurev.py.22.090184.001521

10.1111/j.1365-3059.1992.tb02345.x

10.1146/annurev.phyto.37.1.335

10.1023/B:MOLB.0000034093.63593.4c

Deleted in proof

10.1094/PD-71-0192E

10.1163/156854103769224403

10.1146/annurev.py.19.090181.001235

10.1038/332541a0

10.1016/S0378-4290(03)00034-0

10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.00338.x

10.2323/jgam.47.149

10.1016/S1369-5274(99)00054-5

10.1128/JB.186.16.5442-5449.2004

Large EC, 1940, The Advance of the Fungi

10.1094/MPMI.1997.10.6.725

10.1073/pnas.95.15.9014

10.1080/07060660109506901

10.1146/annurev.phyto.39.1.187

10.1016/S0261-2194(99)00062-9

10.1046/j.1365-3059.2001.00619.x

10.1111/j.0032-0862.2004.00972.x

Leyns F, 1984, Xanthomonas., 50, 308

10.1016/S1369-5274(02)00336-3

Louws FJ, 1994, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 60, 2286, 10.1128/aem.60.7.2286-2295.1994

Luc M, 1990, Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture

10.1080/07060669509500703

10.1146/annurev.phyto.41.121902.102839

Manners JM, 1997, Trop. Grassl., 31, 435

10.1079/9780851996523.0000

10.1016/0962-8924(96)10021-0

10.1101/gr.8.11.1113

Oerke E-C, 1994, Crop Production and Crop Protection: Estimated Losses in Major Food and Cash Crops

10.1146/annurev.py.11.090173.000303

PhytID. 2004.Identification of plant pathogenicPhytophthoraspecies by ITS Fingerprinting. http://www.phytid.org/

10.1094/MPMI.2000.13.9.942

10.1046/j.1364-3703.2003.00198.x

10.1111/j.1744-7348.1989.tb06561.x

10.1146/annurev.phyto.38.1.325

10.1074/jbc.M403343200

Saettler AW, 1989, Detection of Bacteria in Seed and Other Planting Material

10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.3.357

10.1146/annurev.phyto.41.052002.095435

Schaad NW, 2001, Phytopathology, 91, S79

Schaad NW, 2001, Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria

10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.7.721

Schaad NW, Song WY, Hatziloukas E. 2000.U.S. Patent No. 6146834

10.1146/annurev.phyto.38.1.263

Sciumbato GL, 1993, Plant Dis., 77, 954

10.1016/j.mib.2004.04.013

Smith IM, 1996, Quarantine Pests for Europe

10.1146/annurev.pp.41.060190.001015

Strange RN. 2003.Introduction to Plant Pathology. Chichester, UK: Wiley. xvi + 464pp.

10.1016/S0953-7562(89)80133-9

Sutton BC, 1992, Colletotrichum: Biology, Pathology and Control, 1

10.1007/s00299-003-0668-8

10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.090957

10.1094/MPMI.1999.12.8.691

10.1126/science.171.3976.1113

10.1007/s00294-004-0506-8

10.1016/S0261-2194(01)00097-7

10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00129-2

10.1094/PD-74-0096

10.1016/0261-2194(92)90030-9

10.1111/j.1365-3059.2004.01090.x

10.1146/annurev.py.10.090172.000345

10.1080/0735-260291044223

10.1016/S1360-1385(01)02188-4

10.1007/978-94-011-2004-3_7

10.1146/annurev.phyto.40.011402.114210

10.1094/PD-66-639

10.1094/MPMI.2001.14.8.988

10.1073/pnas.94.18.9984

10.1038/13721

10.1099/0022-1317-78-8-2101

10.1038/35021046