Planning and managing the physician workforce
Tóm tắt
National planning and management of the physician workforce is a multifaceted, difficult, and even controversial activity. It is an important subset of overall health workforce planning and management, which contributes to a country's having an effective and efficient health care system. This commentary builds on a new survey of specialty considerations by Israeli medical students early in their clinical training, places it in the broader context of health workforce planning, and provides examples of some approaches and activities being taken in the United States that are applicable to other developed countries. This is a commentary on
http://www.ijhpr.org/content/1/1/13
.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Weissman C, Zisk-Rony RY, Schroeder JE, Weiss YG, Avidan A, Elchalal U, Tandeter H: Medical specialty considerations by medical students early in their clinical experience. Isr J of Health Policy Res. 2012, 1: 13-10.1186/2045-4015-1-13.
Grumbach K: Fighting hand to hand over physician workforce policy. Health Affairs. 2002, 21: 13-27.
Reinhardt UE: Analyzing cause and effect in the U.S. physician workforce. Health Affairs. 2002, 21: 165-166.
Reinhardt UE: Dreaming the American dream: Once more around on physician workforce policy. Health Affairs. 2002, 21: 28-32.
Weiner JP: Forecasting the effects of health reform on US physician workforce requirement: Evidence from HMO staffing patterns. JAMA. 1994, 272: 222-230. 10.1001/jama.1994.03520030064030.
Schwartz MD, Durning S, Linzer M, Hauer KE: Changes in medical students' views of internal medicine careers from 1990 to 2007. Arch Intern Med. 2011, 171: 744-749. 10.1001/archinternmed.2011.139.
Cooper RA: There's a shortage of specialists: is anyone listening?. Acad Med. 2002, 77: 761-766.
Goodman DC, Grumbach K: Does having more physicians lead to better health system performance?. JAMA. 2008, 299: 335-337. 10.1001/jama.299.3.335.
Chang CH, Stukel TA, Flood AB, Goodman DC: Primary care physician workforce and Medicare beneficiaries' health outcomes. JAMA. 2011, 305: 2096-2104. 10.1001/jama.2011.665.
Starfield B, Shi L, Macinko J: Contribution of Primary Care to Health Systems and Health. Milbank Q. 2005, 83: 457-502. 10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00409.x.
The Robert Graham Center: Policy Studies in Family Medicine and Primary Care: Specialty and geographic distribution of the physician workforce: What influences medical student and resident choices?. 2009, Washington DC: The Robert Graham Center, [http://www.graham-center.org/online/etc/medialib/graham/documents/publications/mongraphs-books/2009/rgcmo-specialty-geographic.Par.0001.File.tmp/Specialty-geography-compressed.pdf]
Resneck JS: The influence of controllable lifestyle on medical student specialty choice. Virtual Mentor . 2006, 8: 529-532.
Martini CJ, Veloski JJ, Barzansky B, Xu G, Fields SK: Medical school and student characteristics that influence choosing a generalist career. JAMA. 1994, 272: 661-668. 10.1001/jama.1994.03520090025014.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Council on Graduate Medical Education: Twentieth report: Advancing primary care. 2010, [http://www.hrsa.gov/advisorycommittees/bhpradvisory/cogme/Reports/twentiethreport.pdf]
One Hundred Eleventh Congress of the United States of America: The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. 2010, Washington DC, [http://www.ncsl.org/documents/health/ppaca-consolidated.pdf]
U.S. Senate: The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act: Detailed summary. [http://dpc.senate.gov/healthreformbill/healthbill04.pdf]
Schoen C, Osborn R, Squires D, Doty M, Pierson R, Applebaum S: New 2011 Survey of patients with complex care needs in 11 countries finds that care is often poorly coordinated. Health Aff. 2011, 30: 2437-2448. 10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0923.
Abrams MK, Nuzum R, Mika S, Lawlor G: Realizing Health Reform's Potential: How the Affordable Care Act Will Strengthen Primary Care and Benefit Patients, Providers, and Payers. 2011, New York: The Commonwealth Fund, [http://www.commonwealthfund.org/~/media/Files/Publications/Issue%20Brief/2011/Jan/1466_Abrams_how_ACA_will_strengthen_primary_care_reform_brief_v3.pdf]
The Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation: Ensuring an effective physician workforce for the United States: Recommendations for graduate medical education to meet the needs of the public. The second of two conferences--the content and format of GME; chaired by Debra Weinstein, MD; May 2011; Atlanta, Georgia. 2011, New York: Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation, [http://josiahmacyfoundation.org/docs/macy_pubs/JMF_GME_Conference2_Monograph(2).pdf]
Whitcomb ME: New and developing medical schools: Motivating factors, major challenges, planning strategies. 2009, New York: Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation, [http://josiahmacyfoundation.org/docs/macy_pubs/jmf_whitcomb_medschools_web.pdf]
Branch WT, Frankel R, Gracey CF, Haidet PM, Weissmann PF, Cantey P, Mitchell GA, Inui TS: A good clinician and a caring person: Longitudinal faculty development and the enhancement of the human dimensions of care. Acad Med. 2009, 84: 117-125. 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181900f8a.
World Health Organization, Department of Human Resources for Health, Health Professions Networks Nursing & Midwifery: Framework for action on interprofessional education & collaborative practice. 2010, Geneva: World Health Organization, [http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2010/WHO_HRH_HPN_10.3_eng.pdf]
Institute of Medicine of the National Academies: The future of nursing: Leading change, advancing health; Report brief. 2010, Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences, [http://www.iom.edu/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2010/The-Future-of-Nursing/Future%20of%20Nursing%202010%20Report%20Brief.pdf]
Rechel B, Dubois C-A, McKee M: The health care workforce in Europe: Learning from experience. 2006, England: European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, [http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/91475/E89156.pdf]
Dubois C-A, McKee M, Nolte E: Human resources for health in Europe. 2006, Open University Press, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, [http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/98403/E87923.pdf]
Gorman D: The utility of idealized patient journeys as a centre-piece of health workforce planning. Asia Pacific J of Health Management. 2010, 5: 8-13.
Gawande A: Getting there from here: How should Obama reform health care?. The New Yorker. 2009, [http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/01/26/090126fa_fact_gawande]