Phytosterols and Cardiovascular Disease

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Glueck CJ, Speirs J, Tracy T, Streicher P, Illig E, Vandegrift J. Relationships of serum plant sterols (phytosterols) and cholesterol in 595 hypercholesterolemic subjects, and familial aggregation of phytosterols, cholesterol, and premature coronary heart disease in hyperphytosterolemic probands and their first-degree relatives. Metabolism. 1991;40:842–8. Sudhop T, Gottwald BM, von Bergmann K. Serum plant sterols as a potential risk factor for coronary heart disease. Metabolism. 2002;51:1519–21. Pinedo S, Vissers MN, von Bergmann K, Elharchaoui K, Lütjohann D, Luben R, et al. Plasma levels of plant sterols and the risk of coronary artery disease: the prospective EPIC-Norfolk population study. J Lipid Res. 2007;48:139–44. Windler E, Zyriax B-C, Kuipers F, Linseisen J, Boeing H. Association of plasma phytosterol concentrations with incident coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis. 2009;203:284–90. Silbernagel G, Fauler G, Hoffmann MM, Lütjohann D, Winkelmann BR, Boehm BO, et al. The associations of cholesterol metabolism and plasma plant sterols with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. J Lipid Res. 2010;51:2384–93. Thiery J, Ceglarek U, Fiedler GM, Leichtle A, Baumann S, Teupser D, et al. Abstract 4099: elevated campesterol serum levels—a significant predictor of incident myocardial infarction: results of the population-based MONICA/KORA follow-up study 1994 to 2005. Circulation. 2006;114:II_884. Strandberg TE, Tilvis RS, Pitkala KH, Miettinen TA. Cholesterol and glucose metabolism and recurrent cardiovascular events among the elderly: a prospective study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:708–14. Fuhrmann A, Weingärtner O, Meyer S, et al. Plasma levels of the oxyphytosterol 7α-hydroxycampesterol are associated with cardiovascular events. Atherosclerosis. 2018;279:17–22. This original publication provides evidence that oxysterols are associated with cardiovascular events. Genser B, Silbernagel G, De Backer G, et al. 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