Phytophagous insects enhance nitrogen flux in a desert creosotebush community
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Barbour MG, Cunningham G, Oechel WC, Bamberg SA (1977) Growth and development, form and function. In: Mabry TJ, Hunziker JH, Difeo DR Jr (eds) Creosote bush: biology and chemistry of Larrea in New World deserts. Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc. Stroudsburg, PA pp 48?91
Carlisle A, Brown AHF, White EJ (1966a) Litterfall, leaf production and the effects of defoliation by Tortrix viridana in a sessile oak (Quercus petraea) woodland. J Ecol 54:65?85
Carlisle A, Brown AHF, White EJ (1966b) The organic matter and nutrient elements in the precipitation beneath a sessile oak canopy. J Ecol 54:87?98
Charley JL (1972) The role of shrubs in nutrient cycling. In: McKell CM, Blaisdell JP, Goodwin JR (eds) Wildland shrubs ? their biology and utilization. USDA For Serv Gen Tech Rpt INT-1, Washington, DC, pp 182?203
Chew RM (1974) Consumers as regulators of ecosystems: an alternative to energetics. Ohio J Sci 74:359?370
Crawford CS, Gosz JR (1982) Desert ecosystems: their resources in space and time. Environm Cons 9:181?195
Fogal WH, Slansky F Jr (1985) Contribution of feeding by European pine sawfly larvae to litter production and element flux in scots pine plantations. Can J For Res 15:484?487
Gist CS, Sferra PR (1978) Animal consumer roles in desert nitrogen cycles. In: West NE, Skujins J (eds) Nitrogen in desert ecosystems. Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc. Stroudsburg, PA pp 152?164
Grime JP (1977) Evidence for the existance of three primary strategies in plants and its relevance to ecological and evolutionary theory. Am Nat 111:1169?1194
Hollinger DY (1986) Herbivory and cycling of nitrogen and phosphorus in isolated California oak trees. Oecologia 70:291?297
Kitchell JF, O'Neill RV, Webb D, Gallepp GW, Bartell SM, Koonce JF, Ausmu BS (1979) Consumer regulation of nutrient cycling. Biosci 29:28?34
Lightfoot DC, Whitford WG (1987) Variation in insect densities on desert cresotebush: is nitrogen a factor? Ecology 68:547?557
Mabry TJ, Difeo DR Jr, Sakakibara M, Bohnstedt CF Jr, Seigler D (1977) The natural products chemistry of Larrea. In: Mabry TJ, Hunziker JH, Difeo DR Jr (eds) Creosote bush: biology and chemistry of Larrea in New World deserts. Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc. Stroudsburg, PA pp 115?134
Mattson WJ, Addy ND (1975) Phytophagous insects as regulators of forest primary production. Science 190:515?522
McNaughton SJ (1979) Grazing as an optimization process: grass ungulate relationships in the Serengeti. Am Nat 113:691?703
Ohmart CP, Stewart LG, Thomas JR (1983) Leaf consumption by insects in three Eucalyptus forest types in Southeastern Australia and their role in short-term nutrient cycling. Oecologia 59:322?330
Owen DF (1978) The effect of a consumer, Phytomysa ilicis, on seasonal leaf-fall in the holly, Ilex aquifolium. Oikos 31:268?271
Parker LW, Santos PF, Phillips J, Whitford WG (1984) Carbon and nitrogen dynamics during the decomposition of litter and roots of a Chihuahuan desert annual. Ecol Monogr 54:339?360
Petrusewicz K, Grodzinski WL (1975) The role of herbivore consumers in various ecosystems. In: Productivity of world ecosystems. National Academy of Sciences, Washington DC, pp 64?70
Reichle DE, Goldstein RA, Van Hook RI Jr, Dodson GJ (1973) Analysis of insect consumption in a forest canopy. Ecology 54:1076?1084
Reynolds JF (1986) Adaptive strategies of desert shrubs with special reference to the creosotebush (Larrea tridentata (DC) Cov). In: Whitford WG (ed) Pattern and process in desert ecosystems. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM pp 19?49
Risley LS (1986) The influence of herbivores on seasonal leaf-fall: premature leaf abscission and petiole clipping. J Agr Entomol 3:152?162
SAS Institute Inc (1985) SAS user's guide: Statistics, version 5th edition. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC
Seastedt TR, Crossley DA Jr, Hargrove WW (1983) The effects of low-level consumption by canopy arthropods on the growth and nutrient dynamics of black locust and red maple trees in the southern Appalachians. Ecology 64:1040?1048
Schowalter TD (1981) Insect herbivore relationship to the state of the host plant: biotic regulation of ecosystem nutrient cycling through ecological succession. Oikos 37:126?130
Schowalter TD, Webb JW, Crossley DA Jr (1981) Community structure and nutrient content of canopy arthropods in clearcut and uncut forest ecosystems. Ecology 62:1010?1019
Skujins J (1981) Nitrogen cycling in arid ecosystems. In: Clark FE, Roswell T (eds) Terrestrial nitrogen cycles. Ecol Bull 33:477?491
Springett BP (1978) On the ecological role of insects in Australian eucalypt forests. Aust J Ecol 3:129?139
Swank WT, Waide JB, Crossley DA Jr, Todd RL (1981) Insect defoliation enhances nitrate export from forest ecosystems. Oecologia 51:297?299
West NE (1981) Nutrient cycling in desert ecosystems. In: Goodall DW, Perry RA (eds) Arid-land ecosystems. Vol 2. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA pp 301?324
West NE, Skujins JJ (eds) (1978) Nitrogen in desert ecosystems. Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc., Stroudsburg, PA
Whitford WG (1986) Decomposition and nutrient cycling in deserts. In: WG Whitford (ed) Pattern and process in desert ecosystems. University of New Mexico Press. Albuquerque NM, pp 93?117