Physical activity and diet quality in relation to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study in a representative sample of U.S. adults using NHANES 2017–2018.

Ahluwalia, 2016, Update on NHANES dietary data: focus on collection, release, analytical considerations, and uses to inform public policy, Adv. Nutr., 7, 121, 10.3945/an.115.009258 Anstee, 2013, Progression of NAFLD to diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease or cirrhosis, Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 10, 330, 10.1038/nrgastro.2013.41 Armstrong, 2006, Development of the world health organization global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ), J. Public Health, 14, 66, 10.1007/s10389-006-0024-x Arshad, 2019, Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the female population, Hepatol. Commun., 3, 74, 10.1002/hep4.1285 Balakrishnan, 2020, The role of noninvasive tests for differentiating NASH from NAFL and diagnosing advanced fibrosis among patients with NAFLD, J. Clin. Gastroenterol., 54, 107, 10.1097/MCG.0000000000001284 Browning, 2004, Prevalence of hepatic steatosis in an urban population in the United States: impact of ethnicity, Hepatology., 40, 1387, 10.1002/hep.20466 Byrne, 2015, NAFLD: a multisystem disease, J. Hepatol., 62, S47, 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.12.012 Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, 2021 Chalasani, 2018, The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, Hepatology., 67, 328, 10.1002/hep.29367 Chen, 2020, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2015−2018: Sample design and estimation procedures, Vital Health Stat., 2 Ciardullo, 2021, Prevalence of NAFLD, MAFLD and associated advanced fibrosis in the contemporary United States population, Liver Int., 41, 1290, 10.1111/liv.14828 Ciardullo, 2021, NAFLD and liver fibrosis are not associated with reduced femoral bone mineral density in the general US population, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 106, e2856, 10.1210/clinem/dgab262 DeSalvo, 2016, Dietary guidelines for Americans, JAMA., 315, 457, 10.1001/jama.2015.18396 Expert Panel on Detection E, 2001, Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III), JAMA., 285, 2486, 10.1001/jama.285.19.2486 Gerber, 2012, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with low level of physical activity: a population-based study, Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther., 36, 772, 10.1111/apt.12038 Hamabe, 2011, Impact of cigarette smoking on onset of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease over a 10-year period, J. Gastroenterol., 46, 769, 10.1007/s00535-011-0376-z Jinjuvadia, 2017, The association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic abnormalities in United States population, J. Clin. Gastroenterol., 51, 160, 10.1097/MCG.0000000000000666 Johnson, 2013, National health and nutrition examination survey: analytic guidelines, 1999-2010. Vital and health statistics series 2, Data Eval. Methods Res., 161, 1 Jun, 2017, A prospective comparative assessment of the accuracy of the FibroScan in evaluating liver steatosis, PLoS One, 12, 10.1371/journal.pone.0182784 Jung, 2019, Smoking and the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a cohort study, Official J. Am. College Gastroenterol., 114, 453, 10.1038/s41395-018-0283-5 Kim, 2020, Inadequate physical activity and sedentary behavior are independent predictors of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Hepatology., 72, 1556, 10.1002/hep.31158 Kirkpatrick, 2014, Performance of the automated self-administered 24-hour recall relative to a measure of true intakes and to an interviewer-administered 24-h recall, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 100, 233, 10.3945/ajcn.114.083238 Kirkpatrick, 2021, Healthy eating Index-2015 scores among adults based on observed vs recalled dietary intake, J. Acad. Nutr. Diet., 121, 2233, 10.1016/j.jand.2021.06.009 Kistler, 2011, Physical activity recommendations, exercise intensity, and histological severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Am. J. Gastroenterol., 106, 460, 10.1038/ajg.2010.488 Loomba, 2013, The global NAFLD epidemic, Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 10, 686, 10.1038/nrgastro.2013.171 Marrero, 2002, NAFLD may be a common underlying liver disease in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States, Hepatology., 36, 1349, 10.1002/hep.1840360609 Myers, 2012, Controlled attenuation parameter (CAP): a noninvasive method for the detection of hepatic steatosis based on transient elastography, Liver Int., 32, 902, 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2012.02781.x Novotny, 2003, Personality characteristics as predictors of underreporting of energy intake on 24-hour dietary recall interviews, J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 103, 1146, 10.1016/S0002-8223(03)00975-1 Panizza, 2018, Testing the predictive validity of the healthy eating Index-2015 in the multiethnic cohort: is the score associated with a reduced risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality?, Nutrients., 10, 452, 10.3390/nu10040452 Park, 2020, Diet quality association with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by cirrhosis status: the multiethnic cohort, Curr. Dev. Nutrit., 4 Reedy, 2018, Evaluation of the healthy eating index-2015, J. Acad. Nutr. Diet., 118, 1622, 10.1016/j.jand.2018.05.019 Rinella, 2015, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review, JAMA., 313, 2263, 10.1001/jama.2015.5370 Romero-Gómez, 2017, Treatment of NAFLD with diet, physical activity and exercise, J. Hepatol., 67, 829, 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.05.016 Saadeh, 2002, The utility of radiological imaging in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Gastroenterology., 123, 745, 10.1053/gast.2002.35354 Sallis, 2000, Assessment of physical activity by self-report: status, limitations, and future directions, Res. Q. Exerc. Sport, 71, 1, 10.1080/02701367.2000.11082780 Siddiqui, 2019, Vibration-controlled transient elastography to assess fibrosis and steatosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 17, 156, 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.04.043 Subar, 2003, Using intake biomarkers to evaluate the extent of dietary misreporting in a large sample of adults: the OPEN study, Am. J. Epidemiol., 158, 1, 10.1093/aje/kwg092 Xiao, 2017, Comparison of laboratory tests, ultrasound, or magnetic resonance elastography to detect fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis, Hepatology., 66, 1486, 10.1002/hep.29302 Yoo, 2020, Diet quality and its association with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and all-cause and cause-specific mortality, Liver Int., 40, 815, 10.1111/liv.14374 Younossi, 2015, Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the United States from 2004 to 2009, Hepatology., 62, 1723, 10.1002/hep.28123 Zelber-Sagi, 2011, Nutrition and physical activity in NAFLD: an overview of the epidemiological evidence, World J Gastroenterol: WJG, 17, 3377, 10.3748/wjg.v17.i29.3377 Zhang, 2021, Prevalence and factors associated with NAFLD detected by vibration controlled transient elastography among US adults: results from NHANES 2017–2018, PLoS One, 16, 10.1371/journal.pone.0252164