Photovoltaic solar cells: An overview of state-of-the-art cell development and environmental issues

Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials - Tập 51 Số 1-3 - Trang 1-42 - 2005
Robert Miles1, K.M. Hynes1, Ian Forbes1
1Northumbria Photovoltaics Applications Centre, University of Northumbria, School of Engineering, Ellison Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle NE1 8ST, UK

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Chapin, 1954, Journal of Applied Physics, 25, 676, 10.1063/1.1721711

1995

Green, 1992

Sze, 2004

Loferski, 1956, Journal of Applied Physics, 27, 777, 10.1063/1.1722483

Bube, 1998

Green, 2005, Progress in Photovoltaics, Research and Applications, 1349

G.P. Willeke, Proceedings of 19th European Solar Energy Conference, Paris, June 2004, pp. 383–386.

E.L. Ralph, Proceedings of 11th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialist Conference, 1975, p. 315.

J. Mandelkorn, J.H. Maneck, Proceedings of 9th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialist Conference, Silver Spring, 1972, p. 66.

M. Green, et al., Proceedings of 18th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialist Conference, Las Vegas, 1985, p. 39.

M.A. Green, Technical Digest of the International Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Conference (PVSEC), 1994, pp. 391–394.

Zhao, 1995, Applied Physics Letters, 66, 3628

Green, 2001, 149

M. Ghosh, T. Bahr, A. Muller, Proceedings of 19th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Paris, June 2004, pp. 560–563.

Eyer, 1990, Optoelectronics, 5, 239

M.D. Rosenblum, et al., Proceedings of 29th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference, New Orleans 2002, pp. 58–61.

Wallace, 1997, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 48, 179, 10.1016/S0927-0248(97)00101-3

Wronski, 2001, 199

S. Amirudden, et al., Technical Digest of the 14th International Photovoltaics Science and Engineering Conference (PVSEC-14), Bangkok, Thailand, 2004, pp. 111–112.

T. Baba, et al., Proceedings of 13th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 1995, pp. 1708–1711.

A. Shah, et al., 14th International Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Conference (PVSEC-14), Bangkok, Thailand (Technical Digest), 2004, pp. 39–40.

K. Kawamoto, et al., 12th International Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Conference (PVSEC-12), Jeju, Korea (Technical Digest), 2001, pp. 289–290.

Zweibel, 1993, 437

J. Poortmans, R. Beaucarne, R.M. Mertens, 14th International Photovoltaics Science and Engineering Conference (PVSEC-14) (Technical Digest), Bangkok, Thailand, 2004, pp. 13–16.

Poortmans, 2001, 91

S. Gall, et al., Proceedings of 19th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Paris, 2004, pp. 475–478.

G. Beaucarne, et al., Proceedings of 19th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Paris, 2004, pp. 467–470.

P.J. Verlinden, et al., 14th International Photovoltaics Science and Engineering Conference (PVSEC-14) (Technical Digest) Bangkok, Thailand, 2004, pp. 17–20.

Gobat, 1962, IRE Transactions on Military Electronics, 6, 20, 10.1109/IRET-MIL.1962.5008393

Alferov, 1971, Soviet Physics – Semiconductors, 40, 2047

Rappaport, 1959, Solar Energy, 3, 8, 10.1016/0038-092X(59)90002-7

Wagner, 1975, Applied Physics Letters, 26, 229, 10.1063/1.88131

Coutts, 1989, vol. 3, 79

I. Weinberg, C.K. Swartz, R.E. Hart Jr. Proceedings of the 18th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference, 1985, pp. 5344–5349.

Yamaguchi, 1984, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 23, 302, 10.1143/JJAP.23.302

Yamamoto, 1984, Applied Physics Letters, 44, 611, 10.1063/1.94851

Yamaguchi, 1984, Applied Physics Letters, 44, 432, 10.1063/1.94756

K. Ando, M. Yamaguchi, A. Yamamoto, C. Umera, Proceedings of the 18th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Converence, 1985, pp. 770–775.

N.M. Pearsall, C. Goodbody, N. Robson, I. Forbes, R. Hill, Proceedings of 21st IEEE Photovoltaics Specialist Conference, 1990, pp. 1172–1177.

D.J. Brinker, I. Weinberg, Proceedings of 21st IEEE Photovoltaics Specialist Conference, 1990, pp. 1162–1171.

M. Yamaguchi, T. Hayashi, A. Ushirokawa, Y. Takahashi, M. Koubata, M. Hashimoto, H. Okazaki, T. Takamoto, M. Ura, M. Ohmori, S. Ikegami, H. Arai, T. Orii, Proceedings of 21st IEEE Photovoltaics Specialist Conference, 1990, pp. 1198–1202.

Green, 2005, Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 13, 387, 10.1002/pip.651

I. Weinberg, C.K. Swartz, R.E. Hart Jr., Proceedings of the European Space Power Conference, Madrid, 1989, pp. 537–542.

Jackson, 1958, Transactions on the Use of Solar Energy, 5, 122

J.J. Loferski, Proceedings of the 12th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference, 1976, p. 853.

Gokcen, 1979, Solar Energy Materials, 1, 271, 10.1016/0165-1633(79)90045-5

Henry, 1980, Journal of Applied Physics, 51, 4494, 10.1063/1.328272

N.P. Kim, R.M. Burgess, B.J. Stanbery, R.A. Mickelsen, J.E. Avery, R.W. McClelland, B.D. King, M.J. Boden, R.P. Gale, Proceedings of the 20th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference 1988, pp. 457–461.

R.P. Gale, R.W. McClelland, B.D. Dingle, J.V. Gormley, R.M. Burgess, N.P. Kim, R.A. Mickelsen, B.J. Stanbery, Proceedings of the 21st IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference, 1990, pp. 53–57.

Fraas, 1990, Optoelectronic Devices Technology, 5, 297

J.M. Olsen, S.R. Kurtz, A.E. Kibbler, Proceedings of the 20th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference, 1988, p. 777.

Yoon, 2005, Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 13, 133, 10.1002/pip.610

P.R. Sharps, M.A. Stan, D.J. Aiken, F.D. Newman, J.S. Hills, N.S. Fatemi, Proceedings of 19th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 2004, pp. 3569–3574.

M. Meusel, F. Dimroth, C. Baur, G. Siefer, A.W. Bett, K. Volz-Koch, W. Stolz, G. Strobl, C. Signorini, G. Hey, Proceedings of 19th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 2004, pp. 3581–3585.

F. Dimroth, C. Baur, M. Meusel, S. van Riesen, A.W. Bett, Proceedings of the Third World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 2003, 3O-D9-01.

Yamaguchi, 2005, Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 13, 125, 10.1002/pip.606

M. Yamaguchi, T. Takamoto, K. Araki, N.J. Ekins-Daukes, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 79 (2005) 78–85.

Yamaguchi, 2003, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 75, 261, 10.1016/S0927-0248(02)00168-X

Sugiura, 1998, Japan Journal of Applied Physics, 27, 269, 10.1143/JJAP.27.269

G.J. Conibeer, M.A. Green, Proceedings of 19th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 2004, pp. 270–277.

M.A. Green, Proceedings of the Third World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 2003, 1O-B13-01.

M.J. O'Neill, Space Technology & Applications International Forum (STAIF 2004), Albuquerque, 2004.

R. McConnell, R. Matson, Proceedings of 19th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 2004, pp. 92–96.

J.A. Carlin, M.K. Hudait, S.A. Ringel, D.M. Wilt, E.B. Clark, C.W. Leitz, M. Currie, T. Langdo, E.A. Fitzgerald, Proceedings of the 28th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference, 2000, pp. 1006–1011.

S.A. Ringel, C.L. Andre, M.K. Hudait, D.M. Wilt, E.B. Clark, A.J. Pitera, M.L. Lee, E.A. Fitzgerald, M. Carroll, M. Erdtmann, J.A. Carlin, B.M. Keyes, Proceedings of the Third World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 2003, 3O-D6-05.

W. Walukiewicz, J. Wu, K.M. Yu, J.W. Ager III, E.E. Haller, J. Jasinski, Z. Liliental-Weber, H. Lu, W.J. Schaff, Proceedings of 19th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 2004, pp. 30–33.

C. Baur, A.W. Bett, F. Dimroth, S. van Risen, B. Kunert, M. Traversa, K. Volz W. Stoltz, Proceedings of the Third World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 2003, 3P-B5-07.

C. Honsberg, O. Jani, A. Doolittle, T. Elaissa, G. Namkoong, I. Furguson, D. Nicole, A. Payne, Proceedings of 19th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 2004, pp. 15–20.

Nelson, 2003, Semicondustor Science and Technology, 18, S141, 10.1088/0268-1242/18/5/301

Harder, 2003, Semiconductor Science and Technology, 18, S151, 10.1088/0268-1242/18/5/303

D.C. White, H.C. Hottel, Proceedings of the 1st NREL conference on Thermophotovoltaic Generation of Electricity (TPV1), 1995, pp. 425–456.

Woolf, 1986, Solar Cells, 19, 19, 10.1016/0379-6787(86)90047-5

V.M. Andreev, Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Thermophotovoltaic Generation of Electricity (TPV5), 2002, pp. 289–304.

V. Andreev, V. Khvostikov, O. Khvostikova, N. Kaluzhniy, E. Oliva, V. Rumyanstev, S. Titov, M. Shvarts, Proceedings of the Third World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 2003, 1O-B7-02.

O.V. Sulima, A.W. Bett, M.G. Mauk, F. Dimroth, P.S. Dutta, R.L. Mueller, Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Thermophotovoltaic Generation of Electricity (TPV5), 2002, pp. 434–441.

Mauk, 2003, Semiconductor Science and Technology, S191, 10.1088/0268-1242/18/5/308

R.J. Wehrer, M.W. Wanlass, D. Taylor, B. Wernsman, J.J. Carapella, R.W. Schultz, S.P. Ahrenkiel, D.M. Wilt, M.W. Dashiell, R.R. Siergiej, S.D. Link, R.L. Messham, Proceedings of the 6th Thermophotovoltaic Generation of Electricity Conference (TPV6), (AIP 738), 2004, pp. 445–452.

L.M. Frass, R. Ballantyne, S.-Z. Ye, S. Hui, S. Gregory, J. Keyes, J. Avery, D. Lamson, B. Daniels, Proceedings of the 4th NREL conference on Thermophotovoltaic Generation of Electricity (TPV4), 1999, pp. 480–487.

C. Rohr, P. Abbott, I. Ballard, J.P. Connolly, K.W.J. Barnham, L. Nasi, C. Ferrari, M. Mazzer, J.S. Roberts, Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Thermophotovoltaic Generation of Electricity (TPV5), 2002, pp. 344–353.

D.M. Wilt, N.S. Fatemi, R.W. Hoffman Jr., P.P. Jenkins, D. Scheiman, R. Lowe, G.A. Landis, Proceedings of the 1st NREL Thermophotovoltaic Generation of Electricity Conference (TPV1), (AIP 321), 1994, pp. 210–220.

Wilt, 2003, Semiconductor Science and Technology, 18, S209, 10.1088/0268-1242/18/5/310

S.L. Murray, C.S. Murray, F.D. Newman, M.V. Turner, R.R. Seirgiej, R. Wehrer, B. Wernsman, R.G. Mahorteer, S.P. Ahrenkiel, M.W. Wanlass, Proceedings of 19th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 2004, pp. 97–100.

J.S. Ward, A. Duda, M.W. Wanlass, J.J. Carapella, X. Wu, R.J. Matson, T.J. Coutts, T. Moriarty, C.S. Murray, D.R. Riley, Proceedings of the 3rd NREL conference on Thermophotovoltaic Generation of Electricity (TPV3), 1997, p. 227.

R.R. Siergiej, S. Sinharoy, T. Valko, R.J. Wehrer, B. Wernsman, S.D. Link, R.W. Schultz, R.L. Messham, Proceedings of the 6th Conference on Thermophotovoltaic Generation of Electricity (TPV6), 2004, pp. 480–488.

S.L. Murray, C.S. Murray, F.D. Newman, M.V. Turner, R.R. Siergiej, R. Wehrer, B. Wernsman, R.G. Mahorter, S.P. Ahrenkiel, M.W. Wanlass, Proceedings of 19th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 2004, pp. 97–100.

Andreev, 2004, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 84, 3, 10.1016/j.solmat.2004.02.037

K.W.J. Barnham, P. Abbott, I. Ballard, D.B. Bushnell, J.P. Connolly, N.J. Ekins-Daukes, M. Mazzer, J. Nelson, C. Rohr, T.N.D. Tibbits, R. Airey, G. Hill, J.S.Roberts, Proceedings of the Third World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 2003, 3O-D6-04.

A. Martí, A. Luque, C. Stanley, T. Dittrich, P. Wahnón, C. Tablero, R. Bayón, N. López, L. Cuadra, D. Zhou, J.L. Pearson, A. McKee, A. Belaidi, Y. Milovanov, T. Guminskaya, J.J. Fernández, P. Palacios, J. Alonso, Proceedings of 19th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 2004, pp. 9–14.

M.A Green, Proceedings of 19th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 2004, pp. 3–8.

Cusano, 1963, Solid State Electronics, 6, 217, 10.1016/0038-1101(63)90078-9

Adriorvich, 1969, Soviet Physics – Semiconductors, 3, 61

D. Bonnet, H. Rabenhorst, Proceedings of the 9th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference, 1972, pp. 129–131.

T.L. Chu, et al., Proceedings of the 11th European Photovoltaic Specialist Conference, Montreux 1992, pp. 988–990.

D. Bonnet, Proceedings of 19th European Photovoltaic, Solar Energy Conference, Paris, 2004, pp. 1657–1662.

D. Rose, R. Powell, U. Jayamaha, Maltby, Proceedings of the 29th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference, New Orleans, 2002, pp. 555–558.

Bonnet, 2001, 245

D.W. Cunningham, et al., Proceedings of 29th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialist Conference, New Orleans, 2002, pp. 559–561.

T. Nishio, Proceedings of 25th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialist Conference, Washington, 1996, pp. 953–956.

Wendt, 1998, Journal of Applied Physics, 84, 2920, 10.1063/1.368397

Miles, 1993, Journal of Materials Science and Engineering, B16, 250, 10.1016/0921-5107(93)90055-R

X. Wu, et al., Proceedings of the 29th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference, New Orleans, 2002, pp. 531–534.

Fritsche, 2002, Thin Solid Films, 403–404, 252, 10.1016/S0040-6090(01)01528-0

Miles, 2002, vol. 2, 107

Wagner, 1974, Applied Physics Letters, 25, 434, 10.1063/1.1655537

Kazmerski, 1976, Applied Physics Letters, 46, 268, 10.1063/1.89041

Ramanathan, 2003, Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 11, 225, 10.1002/pip.494

K. Siemer, et al., Proceedings of 16th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Glasgow, pp. 895–898.

Rau, 2001, 277

A. Mickelson, W.S. Chen, Proceedings of 15th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialist Conference, 1981, p. 800.

M. Powella, D. Dimmler, Proceedings of 17th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Munich, 2002, pp. 983–988.

Basol, 1990, IEEE Transactions on Electronic Devices, 37, 418, 10.1109/16.46376

M.J. Carter, et al., Proceedings Of 19th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialist Conference, New Orleans, 1987, p. 1275.

H.S. Ullal, K. Zweibal, B. von Roedern, Proceedings of 29th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialist Conference, New Orleans, 2002, pp. 472–477.

H.S. Ullal, Proceedings of 19th European Photovoltaic, Solar Energy Conference, Paris, 2004, pp. 1678–1681.

V. Probst, et al., 17th European Photovoltaic specialist Conference, Munich, 2002, pp. 1005–1010.

A.E. Delahoy, et al., Proceedings of 29th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialist Conference, New Orleans, 2002, pp. 640–643.

T. Minemoto, et al., Proceedings of 16th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Glasgow, 2000, pp. 686–689.

W.N. Shafarman, et al., Proceedings of 29th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialist Conference, New Orleans, 2002, pp. 519–522.

H. Katagiri, J. Kazao, M. Katsushita, and T. Kazuguki, Proceedings of 3rd World Energy Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (WEPV3), Osaka, Japan, 2003, paper S40/C12/03.

Adorodija, 1996, Journal of Materials Science Letters, 15, 478, 10.1007/BF00275407

Miles, 2003, Journal of Materials Science (Materials in Electronics), 14, 567, 10.1023/A:1024501919714

I. Forbes, K.M. Hynes, D. Johnston, R.W. Miles, D.W. Lane, J.D. Painter, K.D. Rogers, Proceedings of 18th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Paris, June, 2004, pp. 1939–1942.

Armstrong, 2002, Thin Solid Films, 403–404, 126, 10.1016/S0040-6090(01)01521-8

K.T.R. Reddy, Y.P.V. Subbaiah, T.B. Reddy,R.W. Miles, Proceedings of 14th International Photovoltaics Science and Engineering Conference (PVSEC-14), (Technical Digest), Bangkok, Thailand, 2004, pp. 699–700.

A. Hinsch, et al., Proceedings of the 17th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Munich, 22–26 October 2001, pp. 995–1000.

O'Regan, 1991, Nature, 235, 737, 10.1038/353737a0

Gratzel, 2000, Progress in Photovoltaics, 8, 171, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-159X(200001/02)8:1<171::AID-PIP300>3.0.CO;2-U

Gratzel, 2005, MRS Bulletin, 30, 23, 10.1557/mrs2005.4

Halls, 2001, 377

Janssen, 2005, MRS Bulletin, 30, 33, 10.1557/mrs2005.6

Forrest, 2005, MRS Bulletin, 30, 28, 10.1557/mrs2005.5

Shaheen, 2005, MRS Bulletin, 30, 10, 10.1557/mrs2005.2

2005, MRS Bulletin, 30, 20, 10.1557/mrs2005.3

Coakley, 2005, MRS Bulletin, 30, 37, 10.1557/mrs2005.7

Million, 2005, MRS Bulletin, 30, 41, 10.1557/mrs2005.8

Wallace, 2005, MRS Bulletin, 30, 46, 10.1557/mrs2005.9

Brabec, 2005, MRS Bulletin, 30, 50, 10.1557/mrs2005.10

Boustead, 1979

L.P. Hunt, Proceedings of the 12th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference. Louisiana, USA, 1976, pp. 347–52.

J. Lindmeyer, Report No. SX/111/1Q (ERDA/JPL 954606 77/1), Solarex Corporation, Rockville, USA, 1977.

H. Fischer, Proceedings of the 1st EC Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Luxembourg, 1977, pp. 52–75.

M. Wolf, H.M. Goldman, A.C. Lawson, Proceedings of the 13th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Washington, USA, 1978, pp. 271–280.

P. Iles, Proceedings of the Symposium on the Material Science Aspect of Thin Solid Films for Solar Energy Conversion, 1974.

K. Hay, J.D.L. Harrison, R. Hill, T Riaz, Proceedings of the 15th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Kissimmee, USA, 1981, pp. 267–272.

Riddoch, 1980, Solar Cells, 2, 141, 10.1016/0379-6787(80)90006-X

G. Jenkins, R. Harrison, WESC E/5A/CON/1632/172/099, Final Report, Section 2, 1981.

W.H. Bloss, W. Arndt, G. Bilger, G.H. Hewig, P. Pfisterer, H.W. Schock, Proceedings of the ISES Silver Jubilee, Atlanta, USA, 1979.

K.M. Hynes, N.M. Pearsall, R. Hill, Proceedings of the 10th EC Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Lisbon, Portugal, 1991, pp. 461–464.

K.M. Hynes, A.E. Baumann, R. Hill, Proceedings of the 1st World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Hawaii, USA, 1994, pp. 958–961.

G. Hagedorn, Proceedings of the 9th EC Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Freiburg, Germany, 1989, pp. 542–545.

Palz, 1991, International Journal of Solar Energy, 10, 211, 10.1080/01425919108941464

Alsema, 1998, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2, 387, 10.1016/S1364-0321(98)00019-7

E.A. Alsema, Report no. 96074, ISBN 90-73958-17-2, 1996.

E.A. Alsema, P. Frankl, K. Kato, Proceedings of the 2nd World Conference and Exhibition on Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion, Vienna, Austria, 1998, pp. 2125–2130.

E.A. Alsema, M.J. de Wild-Scholten, Proceedings of the 19th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Paris, France, 2004, pp. 840–843.

E.A. Alsema, M.J. de Wild-Scholten, Proceedings of the 20th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Barcelona, Spain, in press.

K.E. Knapp, T.L. Jester, Proceedings of the 16th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Glasgow, 2000, pp. 2053–2056.

P.N.K. Deenapanray, A.W. Blakers, K.J. Weber, V. Everen, Proceedings of the 19th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Paris, France, 2004, pp. 1233–1236.

G. Peharz, F. Dimroth, Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, in press.

M. Raugei, S. Bargigli, S. Ulgiati, Proceedings of the 20th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Barcelona, in press.

K.M. Hynes, N.M. Pearsall, M. Shaw, F.J. Crick, Proceedings of the 13th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Nice, France, 1995, pp. 2202–2205.

Kato, 1998, Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 6, 105, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-159X(199803/04)6:2<105::AID-PIP212>3.0.CO;2-C

O. Hohmeyer, R.L. Ottinger (Eds.), Proceedings of a German–American Workshop, Ladenburg, FRG, 1990.

Ottinger, 1991

B. Sorensen, Life-cycle assessment of energy systems. Report prepared for OECD, 1992.

B. Sorensen. Proceedings of the 2nd World Conference and Exhibition on Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion, Vienna, Austria, 1998, pp. 3461–3464.

M.J. de Wild-Scholten, E.A. Alsema, Proceedings of the Workshop on Life-Cycle Analysis and Recycling of Solar Modules – “The Waste Challenge”, Brussels, 2004, pp. 113–124.

R. Friedrich, Proceedings of the Workshop on Life-Cycle Analysis and Recycling of Solar Modules – “The Waste Challenge”, Brussels, 2004, pp. 125–138.

A.E. Baumann, R. Ferguson, I. Fells, R. Hill, Proceedings of the 10th EC Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Lisbon, Portugal, 1991, pp. 834–837.

Workshop on Life-Cycle Analysis and Recycling of Solar Modules – “The Waste Challenge”. Brussels, March 2004.

E.A. Alsema, van Engelenberg, Proceedings of the 11th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Montreux, 1992, pp. 995–998.

B.C.W. van Engelenberg, E.A. Alsema, Proceedings of the 12th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Amsterdam, 1994, pp. 305–308.

K.M. Hynes, A.E. Baumann, R. Hill, Proceedings of the 12th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Amsterdam, 1994, pp. 309–312.

G.J.M. Phylipsen, E.A. Alsema, Environmental life-cycle assessment of multicrystalline silicon solar cell modules. Report no. 95057. NOVEM, 1995.

P. Frankl, A. Corrado, Lombardelli, Proceedings of the 19th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Paris, 2004, pp. 3373–3376.

V.M. Fthenakis, E.A. Alsema, M.J. de Wild-Scholten, Proceedings of the 31st IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Orlando, 2005, pp. 1655–1657.

1998, Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Application, 6, 87, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-159X(199803/04)6:2<87::AID-PIP210>3.0.CO;2-#

Fthenakis, 1995, Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 3, 295, 10.1002/pip.4670030205

K.M. Hynes, I. Forbes, R.W. Miles, J.D. Painter, D.W. Lane, K.D. Rogers, Proceedings of the 19th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Paris, 2004, pp. 2529–2532.

K.M. Hynes, J. Newham, Proceedings of the 16th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Glasgow, 2000, pp. 2297–2300.

A.E. Baumann, K.M. Hynes, J. Herrero, Proceedings of the 2nd World Conference and Exhibition on Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion, Vienna, 1998, pp. 735–738.

H. Steinberger, Proceedings of the 2nd World Conference and Exhibition on Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion, Vienna, 1998, pp. 2276–2278.

V.M. Fthenakis, Proceedings of the 19th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Paris, 2004, pp. 2166–2169.

E.A. Alsema, A.E. Baumann, R. Hill, M.H. Patterson, Proceedings of the 14th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Barcelona, 1997, pp. 1505–1508.

Meijer, 2003, Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 11, 275, 10.1002/pip.489

K. Wambach, Proceedings of the 19th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Paris, 2004, pp. 2018–2023.

K. Wambach, Proceedings of the 19th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Paris, 2004, pp. 572–575.

L. Frisson, K. Lieten, T. Bruton, K. Declercq, J. Szlufcik, H. De Moor, Proceedings of the 16th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Glasgow, 2000, pp. 2160–2163.

J. Bohland, T. Dapkus, K. Kamm, K. Smigielski, Proceedings of the 2nd World Conference and Exhibition on Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion, Vienna, 1998, pp. 716–719.

R.E. Goozner, W.F. Drinkard, M.O. Long, C.M. Byrd, Proceedings of the 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Anaheim, 1997, pp. 1161–1163.

C. Eberspacher, C.F. Gay, Proceedings of the 1st World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Hawaii, 1994, pp. 962–965.

S. Menezes, Proceedings of the 2nd World Conference and Exhibition on Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion, Vienna, 1998, pp. 597–600.

B. Malinowska, M. Rakib, G. Durand, Proceedings of the 19th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Paris, 2004, pp. 1820–1823.

N.G. Dhere, S.S. Kulkarni, A.A. Kadam, Proceedings of the 19th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Paris, 2004, pp. 1966–1968.

Fthenakis, 2000, Energy Policy, 28, 1051, 10.1016/S0301-4215(00)00091-4

M.A. Green, Proceedings of 19th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Paris, June 2004, pp. 3–8.