Photodynamic therapy of cancer: An update

Ca-A Cancer Journal for Clinicians - Tập 61 Số 4 - Trang 250-281 - 2011
Patrizia Agostinis1, Kristian Berg2, Keith A. Cengel3, Thomas H. Foster4, Albert W. Girotti5, Sandra O. Gollnick6, Stephen M. Hahn7, Michael R. Hamblin8,9,10, Asta Juzeniene11, David Kessel12, Mladen Korbelik13, Johan Moan14,15, Paweł Mróz16,17, Dominika Nowis18, Jacques Piette19, Brian C. Wilson20, Jakub Gołąb21,22
1Professor and Head of the Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cell Death Research and Therapy Laboratory, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
2Professor and Head of the Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
3Assistant Professor of Radiation Oncology at the Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
4Professor of Imaging Sciences, Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
5Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
6Professor of Oncology, Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
7Henry K. Pancoast Professor and Chairman of the Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
8Associate Member of the Affiliated Faculty, Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA
9Associate Professor of Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
10Principal Investigator, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
11Postdoctoral Fellow at the Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
12Professor of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
13Distinguished Scientist, Integrative Oncology Department, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
14Professor of Physics, Group of Plasma and Space Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
15Senior Researcher at the Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
16Assistant in Immunology, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
17Instructor in Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
18Assistant Professor at the Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
19Director of GIGA-Research, Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Professor at the University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
20Head of the Division of Biophysics and Imaging, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
21Professor of Immunology and Head of the Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
22Professor of Immunology, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Bergh, 2009, Quo vadis with targeted drugs in the 21st century?, J Clin Oncol., 27, 2, 10.1200/JCO.2008.18.8342

Fojo, 2009, How much is life worth: cetuximab, non-small cell lung cancer, and the $440 billion question, J Natl Cancer Inst., 101, 1044, 10.1093/jnci/djp177

Hampton, 2006, Targeted cancer therapies lagging: better trial design could boost success rate, JAMA., 296, 1951, 10.1001/jama.296.16.1951

Dougherty, 1998, Photodynamic therapy, J Natl Cancer Inst., 90, 889, 10.1093/jnci/90.12.889

Dolmans, 2003, Photodynamic therapy for cancer, Nat Rev Cancer., 3, 380, 10.1038/nrc1071

Allison, 2010, Oncologic photodynamic therapy photosensitizers: a clinical review, Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther., 7, 61, 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2010.02.001

Chen, 2002, Antivascular tumor eradication by hypericin-mediated photodynamic therapy, Photochem Photobiol., 76, 509, 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)076<0509:ATEBHM>2.0.CO;2

Garg, 2010, Immunogenic cell death, DAMPs and anticancer therapeutics: an emerging amalgamation, Biochim Biophys Acta., 1805, 53

Ascencio, 2008, Protoporphyrin IX fluorescence photobleaching is a useful tool to predict the response of rat ovarian cancer following hexaminolevulinate photodynamic therapy, Lasers Surg Med., 40, 332, 10.1002/lsm.20629

De Rosa, 2000, Photodynamic therapy of skin cancers: sensitizers, clinical studies and future directives, Pharm Res., 17, 1447, 10.1023/A:1007612905378

Hamblin, 1994, On the mechanism of the tumour-localising effect in photodynamic therapy, J Photochem Photobiol B., 23, 3, 10.1016/S1011-1344(94)80018-9

Iyer, 2007, Polymeric micelles of zinc protoporphyrin for tumor targeted delivery based on EPR effect and singlet oxygen generation, J Drug Target., 15, 496, 10.1080/10611860701498252

Kessel, 1992, The role of low-density lipoprotein in the biodistribution of photosensitizing agents, J Photochem Photobiol B., 14, 261, 10.1016/1011-1344(92)85103-2

Sibani, 2008, Photosensitiser delivery for photodynamic therapy. Part 2: systemic carrier platforms, Expert Opin Drug Deliv., 5, 1241, 10.1517/17425240802444673

Juzeniene, 2006, Biophysical aspects of photodynamic therapy, J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol., 25, 7, 10.1615/JEnvironPatholToxicolOncol.v25.i1-2.20

Henderson, 2006, Fluence rate as a modulator of PDT mechanisms, Lasers Surg Med., 38, 489, 10.1002/lsm.20327

Brancaleon, 2002, Laser and non-laser light sources for photodynamic therapy, Lasers Med Sci., 17, 173, 10.1007/s101030200027

Juzeniene, 2004, Effectiveness of different light sources for 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy, Lasers Med Sci., 19, 139, 10.1007/s10103-004-0314-x

Szeimies, 2005, Photodynamic therapy for non-melanoma skin cancer, Acta Derm Venereol., 85, 483, 10.1080/00015550510044136

Beyer, 1996, Systems for light application and dosimetry in photodynamic therapy, J Photochem Photobiol B., 36, 153, 10.1016/S1011-1344(96)07363-0

Wilson, 2008, The physics, biophysics and technology of photodynamic therapy, Phys Med Biol., 53, R61, 10.1088/0031-9155/53/9/R01

Plaetzer, 2009, Photophysics and photochemistry of photodynamic therapy: fundamental aspects, Lasers Med Sci., 24, 259, 10.1007/s10103-008-0539-1

Foote, 1968, Mechanisms of photosensitized oxidation. There are several different types of photosensitized oxidation which may be important in biological systems, Science., 162, 963, 10.1126/science.162.3857.963

Dysart, 2005, Characterization of Photofrin photobleaching for singlet oxygen dose estimation during photodynamic therapy of MLL cells in vitro, Phys Med Biol., 50, 2597, 10.1088/0031-9155/50/11/011

Moan, 1989, Intracellular localization of photosensitizers, Ciba Found Symp., 146, 95

Buytaert, 2007, Molecular effectors of multiple cell death pathways initiated by photodynamic therapy, Biochim Biophys Acta., 1776, 86

Kessel, 2001, Evidence that bcl-2 is the target of three photosensitizers that induce a rapid apoptotic response, Photochem Photobiol., 74, 318, 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)074<0318:ETBITT>2.0.CO;2

Xue, 2001, Photochemical destruction of the Bcl-2 oncoprotein during photodynamic therapy with the phthalocyanine photosensitizer Pc 4, Oncogene., 20, 3420, 10.1038/sj.onc.1204441

Usuda, 2003, Domain-dependent photodamage to Bcl-2. A membrane anchorage region is needed to form the target of phthalocyanine photosensitization, J Biol Chem., 278, 2021, 10.1074/jbc.M205219200

Berg, 1994, Lysosomes as photochemical targets, Int J Cancer., 59, 814, 10.1002/ijc.2910590618

Reiners, 2002, Release of cytochrome c and activation of pro-caspase-9 following lysosomal photodamage involves Bid cleavage, Cell Death Differ., 9, 934, 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401048

Kessel, 2002, Relocalization of cationic porphyrins during photodynamic therapy, Photochem Photobiol Sci., 1, 837, 10.1039/b206046a

Vanlangenakker, 2008, Molecular mechanisms and pathophysiology of necrotic cell death, Curr Mol Med., 8, 207, 10.2174/156652408784221306

Zong, 2006, Necrotic death as a cell fate, Genes Dev., 20, 1, 10.1101/gad.1376506

Nakagawa, 2005, Cyclophilin D-dependent mitochondrial permeability transition regulates some necrotic but not apoptotic cell death, Nature., 434, 652, 10.1038/nature03317

Buytaert, 2006, Deficiency in apoptotic effectors Bax and Bak reveals an autophagic cell death pathway initiated by photodamage to the endoplasmic reticulum, Autophagy., 2, 238, 10.4161/auto.2730

Reiners, 2010, Assessing autophagy in the context of photodynamic therapy, Autophagy., 6, 7, 10.4161/auto.6.1.10220

Dewaele, 2010, ROS-mediated mechanisms of autophagy stimulation and their relevance in cancer therapy, Autophagy., 6, 838, 10.4161/auto.6.7.12113

Sattler, 2009, The anti-oxidant capacity of tumour glycolysis, Int J Radiat Biol., 85, 963, 10.3109/09553000903258889

Frank, 2006, Ascorbic acid suppresses cell death in rat DS-sarcoma cancer cells induced by 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy, Free Radic Biol Med., 40, 827, 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.10.034

Golab, 2003, Antitumor effects of photodynamic therapy are potentiated by 2-methoxyestradiol. A superoxide dismutase inhibitor, J Biol Chem., 278, 407, 10.1074/jbc.M209125200

Hadjur, 1996, Photodynamic effects of hypericin on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in melanoma cells, Photochem Photobiol., 64, 375, 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1996.tb02474.x

Oleinick, 2002, The role of apoptosis in response to photodynamic therapy: what, where, why, and how, Photochem Photobiol Sci., 1, 1, 10.1039/b108586g

Matroule, 1999, Pyropheophorbide-a methyl ester-mediated photosensitization activates transcription factor NF-kappaB through the interleukin-1 receptor-dependent signaling pathway, J Biol Chem., 274, 2988, 10.1074/jbc.274.5.2988

Wang, 2002, Up-regulation of Hsp27 plays a role in the resistance of human colon carcinoma HT29 cells to photooxidative stress, Photochem Photobiol., 76, 98, 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)076<0098:UROHPA>2.0.CO;2

Hanlon, 2001, Induction of Hsp60 by Photofrin-mediated photodynamic therapy, J Photochem Photobiol B., 64, 55, 10.1016/S1011-1344(01)00189-0

Nonaka, 2004, Inhibitory effect of heat shock protein 70 on apoptosis induced by photodynamic therapy in vitro, Photochem Photobiol., 79, 94, 10.1562/0031-8655(2004)79<94:IEOHSP>2.0.CO;2

Szokalska, 2009, Proteasome inhibition potentiates antitumor effects of photodynamic therapy in mice through induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response, Cancer Res., 69, 4235, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-3439

Castellani, 1963, Photodynamic effect of haematoporphyrin on blood microcirculation, J Pathol Bacteriol., 86, 99, 10.1002/path.1700860111

Star, 1986, Destruction of rat mammary tumor and normal tissue microcirculation by hematoporphyrin derivative photoradiation observed in vivo in sandwich observation chambers, Cancer Res., 46, 2532

Bhuvaneswari, 2009, The effect of photodynamic therapy on tumor angiogenesis, Cell Mol Life Sci., 66, 2275, 10.1007/s00018-009-0016-4

Tseng, 1988, Photodynamic therapy induced ultrastructural alterations in microvasculature of the rat cremaster muscle, Photochem Photobiol., 48, 675, 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1988.tb02880.x

Henderson, 1985, Tumor destruction and kinetics of tumor cell death in two experimental mouse tumors following photodynamic therapy, Cancer Res., 45, 572

Henderson, 1989, Oxygen limitation of direct tumor cell kill during photodynamic treatment of a murine tumor model, Photochem Photobiol., 49, 299, 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1989.tb04110.x

Gomer, 1988, Differential cell photosensitivity following porphyrin photodynamic therapy, Cancer Res., 48, 4539

West, 1990, A comparison of the sensitivity to photodynamic treatment of endothelial and tumour cells in different proliferative states, Int J Radiat Biol., 58, 145, 10.1080/09553009014551501

Fingar, 1992, The role of microvascular damage in photodynamic therapy: the effect of treatment on vessel constriction, permeability, and leukocyte adhesion, Cancer Res., 52, 4914

Chen, 2006, Tumor vascular permeabilization by vascular-targeting photosensitization: effects, mechanism, and therapeutic implications, Clin Cancer Res., 12, 917, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-1673

Mitra, 2008, In vivo confocal fluorescence imaging of the intratumor distribution of the photosensitizer mono-L-aspartylchlorin-e6, Neoplasia., 10, 429, 10.1593/neo.08104

Snyder, 2003, Photodynamic therapy: a means to enhanced drug delivery to tumors, Cancer Res., 63, 8126

Hirschberg, 2008, Disruption of the blood-brain barrier following ALA-mediated photodynamic therapy, Lasers Surg Med., 40, 535, 10.1002/lsm.20670

Korbelik, 2006, PDT-associated host response and its role in the therapy outcome, Lasers Surg Med., 38, 500, 10.1002/lsm.20337

Krosl, 1995, Induction of immune cell infiltration into murine SCCVII tumour by photofrin-based photodynamic therapy, Br J Cancer., 71, 549, 10.1038/bjc.1995.108

Korbelik, 1999, Contribution of myeloid and lymphoid host cells to the curative outcome of mouse sarcoma treatment by photodynamic therapy, Cancer Lett., 137, 91, 10.1016/S0304-3835(98)00349-8

de Vree, 1997, Role of interleukin 1 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in photofrin-based photodynamic therapy of rat rhabdomyosarcoma tumors, Cancer Res., 57, 2555

Kousis, 2007, Photodynamic therapy enhancement of antitumor immunity is regulated by neutrophils, Cancer Res., 67, 10501, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-1778

Korbelik, 2003, Handbook of Photochemistry and Photobiology, 39

Sun, 2002, Neutrophils as inflammatory and immune effectors in photodynamic therapy-treated mouse SCCVII tumours, Photochem Photobiol Sci., 1, 690, 10.1039/b204254a

Gollnick, 2003, Role of cytokines in photodynamic therapy-induced local and systemic inflammation, Br J Cancer., 88, 1772, 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600864

Hunt, 1998, Immunomodulatory aspects of photodynamic therapy, Expert Opin Investig Drugs., 7, 57, 10.1517/13543784.7.1.57

Yusuf, 2008, The immunosuppressive effects of phthalocyanine photodynamic therapy in mice are mediated by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and can be adoptively transferred to naive recipients, Photochem Photobiol., 84, 366, 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00270.x

Korbelik, 1996, The role of host lymphoid populations in the response of mouse EMT6 tumor to photodynamic therapy, Cancer Res., 56, 5647

Abdel-Hady, 2001, Immunological and viral factors associated with the response of vulval intraepithelial neoplasia to photodynamic therapy, Cancer Res., 61, 192

Maeurer, 1996, Tumor escape from immune recognition: loss of HLA-A2 melanoma cell surface expression is associated with a complex rearrangement of the short arm of chromosome 6, Clin Cancer Res., 2, 641

Dragieva, 2004, Topical photodynamic therapy in the treatment of actinic keratoses and Bowen's disease in transplant recipients, Transplantation., 77, 115, 10.1097/01.TP.0000107284.04969.5C

Canti, 1994, Immunopharmacology studies on photosensitizers used in photodynamic therapy, Proc SPIE., 2078, 268, 10.1117/12.168663

Korbelik, 1999, Photodynamic therapy-mediated immune response against subcutaneous mouse tumors, Cancer Res., 59, 1941

Thong, 2007, Photodynamic-therapy-activated immune response against distant untreated tumours in recurrent angiosarcoma, Lancet Oncol., 8, 950, 10.1016/S1470-2045(07)70318-2

Kabingu, 2009, Enhanced systemic immune reactivity to a Basal cell carcinoma associated antigen following photodynamic therapy, Clin Cancer Res., 15, 4460, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0400

Kabingu, 2007, CD8+ T cell-mediated control of distant tumours following local photodynamic therapy is independent of CD4+ T cells and dependent on natural killer cells, Br J Cancer., 96, 1839, 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603792

Henderson, 2004, Choice of oxygen-conserving treatment regimen determines the inflammatory response and outcome of photodynamic therapy of tumors, Cancer Res., 64, 2120, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-3513

Reis e Sousa, 2004, Activation of dendritic cells: translating innate into adaptive immunity, Curr Opin Immunol., 16, 21, 10.1016/j.coi.2003.11.007

Sur, 2008, Immunophototherapy using PDT combined with rapid intratumoral dendritic cell injection, Photochem Photobiol., 84, 1257, 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00356.x

Castellino, 2006, Cooperation between CD4+ and CD8+ T cells: when, where, and how, Annu Rev Immunol., 24, 519, 10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115825

Gollnick, 2002, Generation of effective antitumor vaccines using photodynamic therapy, Cancer Res., 62, 1604

Korbelik, 2006, Photodynamic therapy-generated vaccine for cancer therapy, Cancer Immunol Immunother., 55, 900, 10.1007/s00262-005-0088-4

Korbelik, 2009, Exploitation of immune response-eliciting properties of hypocrellin photosensitizer SL052-based photodynamic therapy for eradication of malignant tumors, Photochem Photobiol., 85, 1418, 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00610.x

Jalili, 2004, Effective photoimmunotherapy of murine colon carcinoma induced by the combination of photodynamic therapy and dendritic cells, Clin Cancer Res., 10, 4498, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-0367

Henderson, 2003, Biomedical Photonics Handbook, 36.1

Oleinick, 1998, The photobiology of photodynamic therapy: cellular targets and mechanisms, Radiat Res., 150, S146, 10.2307/3579816

Gollnick, 2006, Photodynamic therapy and anti-tumor immunity, Lasers Surg Med., 38, 509, 10.1002/lsm.20362

Korbelik, 2005, Photodynamic therapy-induced cell surface expression and release of heat shock proteins: relevance for tumor response, Cancer Res., 65, 1018, 10.1158/0008-5472.1018.65.3

Korbelik, 2007, Photodynamic therapy-generated vaccines: relevance of tumour cell death expression, Br J Cancer., 97, 1381, 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604059

Vabulas, 2002, Heat shock proteins as ligands of toll-like receptors, Curr Top Microbiol Immunol., 270, 169

Gomer, 1996, Photodynamic therapy-mediated oxidative stress can induce expression of heat shock proteins, Cancer Res., 56, 2355

Gollnick, 2004, Stimulation of the host immune response by photodynamic therapy (PDT), Proc SPIE., 5319, 60, 10.1117/12.530437

Stott, 2007, Activation of complement C3, C5, and C9 genes in tumors treated by photodynamic therapy, Cancer Immunol Immunother., 56, 649, 10.1007/s00262-006-0221-z

Gomer, 1987, The effect of localized porphyrin photodynamic therapy on the induction of tumour metastasis, Br J Cancer., 56, 27, 10.1038/bjc.1987.147

van Duijnhoven, 2003, Immunological aspects of photodynamic therapy of liver tumors in a rat model for colorectal cancer, Photochem Photobiol., 78, 235, 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)078<0235:IAOPTO>2.0.CO;2

Thong, 2008, Immune response against angiosarcoma following lower fluence rate clinical photodynamic therapy, J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol., 27, 35, 10.1615/JEnvironPatholToxicolOncol.v27.i1.40

Friedberg, 2004, Phase II trial of pleural photodynamic therapy and surgery for patients with non-small-cell lung cancer with pleural spread, J Clin Oncol., 22, 2192, 10.1200/JCO.2004.07.097

Kessel, 1992, Porphyrin photosensitization of multi-drug resistant cell types, Photochem Photobiol., 55, 397, 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1992.tb04253.x

Nahabedian, 1988, Combination cytotoxic chemotherapy with cisplatin or doxorubicin and photodynamic therapy in murine tumors, J Natl Cancer Inst., 80, 739, 10.1093/jnci/80.10.739

Sinha, 2006, Methotrexate used in combination with aminolaevulinic acid for photodynamic killing of prostate cancer cells, Br J Cancer., 95, 485, 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603273

Ma, 1996, Enhanced antitumour effect of photodynamic therapy by microtubule inhibitors, Cancer Lett., 109, 129, 10.1016/S0304-3835(96)04437-0

Mroz, 2009, Combination of PDT and a DNA demethylating agent produces anti-tumor immune response in a mouse tumor model, Proc SPIE., 7380, 73801

Pogue, 2003, Photodynamic therapy with verteporfin in the radiation-induced fibrosarcoma-1 tumor causes enhanced radiation sensitivity, Cancer Res., 63, 1025

Luksiene, 1999, On the combination of photodynamic therapy with ionizing radiation, J Photochem Photobiol B., 52, 35, 10.1016/S1011-1344(99)00098-6

Weinberg, 2010, Results of combined photodynamic therapy (PDT) and high dose rate brachytherapy (HDR) in treatment of obstructive endobronchial non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther., 7, 50, 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2009.12.002

Ferrario, 2002, Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor treatment enhances photodynamic therapy-mediated tumor response, Cancer Res., 62, 3956

Makowski, 2003, Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 indirectly potentiates antitumor effects of photodynamic therapy in mice, Clin Cancer Res., 9, 5417

Ferrario, 2005, Celecoxib and NS-398 enhance photodynamic therapy by increasing in vitro apoptosis and decreasing in vivo inflammatory and angiogenic factors, Cancer Res., 65, 9473, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-1659

Kleban, 2008, Mechanisms involved in the cell cycle and apoptosis of HT-29 cells pre-treated with MK-886 prior to photodynamic therapy with hypericin, J Photochem Photobiol B., 93, 108, 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2008.07.007

Sato, 2007, Vitamin D enhances ALA-induced protoporphyrin IX production and photodynamic cell death in 3-D organotypic cultures of keratinocytes, J Invest Dermatol., 127, 925, 10.1038/sj.jid.5700595

Liu, 2007, The tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate enhances the efficacy of photodynamic therapy by inhibiting ABCG2, Clin Cancer Res., 13, 2463, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-1599

Biade, 1993, Lovastatin potentiates the photocytotoxic effect of photofrin II delivered to HT29 human colonic adenocarcinoma cells by low density lipoprotein, Photochem Photobiol., 57, 371, 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1993.tb02303.x

Traul, 1995, Potentiation of merocyanine 540-mediated photodynamic therapy by salicylate and related drugs, Photochem Photobiol., 62, 790, 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1995.tb08731.x

Golab, 2002, Erythropoietin restores the antitumor effectiveness of photodynamic therapy in mice with chemotherapy-induced anemia, Clin Cancer Res., 8, 1265

Solar, 2008, Erythropoietin inhibits apoptosis induced by photodynamic therapy in ovarian cancer cells, Mol Cancer Ther., 7, 2263, 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-08-0483

Huang, 2003, Hyperoxygenation enhances the tumor cell killing of photofrin-mediated photodynamic therapy, Photochem Photobiol., 78, 496, 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)078<0496:HETTCK>2.0.CO;2

Matzi, 2004, Photodynamic therapy enhanced by hyperbaric oxygenation in palliation of malignant pleural mesothelioma: clinical experience, Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther., 1, 57, 10.1016/S1572-1000(04)00009-2

Orenstein, 1999, Enhancement of ALA-PDT damage by IR-induced hyperthermia on a colon carcinoma model, Photochem Photobiol., 69, 703

Moore, 1992, Vascular function and tissue injury in murine skin following hyperthermia and photodynamic therapy, alone and in combination, Br J Cancer., 66, 1037, 10.1038/bjc.1992.406

Nowis, 2006, Heme oxygenase-1 protects tumor cells against photodynamic therapy-mediated cytotoxicity, Oncogene., 25, 3365, 10.1038/sj.onc.1209378

Miyake, 2009, siRNA-mediated knockdown of the heme synthesis and degradation pathways: modulation of treatment effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy in urothelial cancer cell lines, Photochem Photobiol., 85, 1020, 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00543.x

Curnow, 1998, Enhancement of 5-aminolaevulinic acid-induced photodynamic therapy in normal rat colon using hydroxypyridinone iron-chelating agents, Br J Cancer., 78, 1278, 10.1038/bjc.1998.671

Henderson, 1999, Potentiation of photodynamic therapy antitumor activity in mice by nitric oxide synthase inhibition is fluence rate dependent, Photochem Photobiol., 70, 64, 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1999.tb01950.x

Ferrario, 2007, Survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis family, is induced by photodynamic therapy and is a target for improving treatment response, Cancer Res., 67, 4989, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-4785

Jiang, 2003, Photodynamic therapy with photofrin in combination with Buthionine Sulfoximine (BSO) of human glioma in the nude rat, Lasers Med Sci., 18, 128, 10.1007/s10103-003-0269-3

Melnikova, 2000, Enhancement of meta-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin-sensitized photodynamic treatment on human tumor xenografts using a water-soluble vitamin E analogue, Trolox, Int J Cancer., 88, 798, 10.1002/1097-0215(20001201)88:5<798::AID-IJC18>3.0.CO;2-8

Ferrario, 2006, Avastin enhances photodynamic therapy treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma in a mouse tumor model, J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol., 25, 251, 10.1615/JEnvironPatholToxicolOncol.v25.i1-2.160

Jiang, 2008, Combination therapy with antiangiogenic treatment and photodynamic therapy for the nude mouse bearing U87 glioblastoma, Photochem Photobiol., 84, 128, 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00208.x

Ferrario, 2004, The matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor prinomastat enhances photodynamic therapy responsiveness in a mouse tumor model, Cancer Res., 64, 2328, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-0071

Kosharskyy, 2006, A mechanism-based combination therapy reduces local tumor growth and metastasis in an orthotopic model of prostate cancer, Cancer Res., 66, 10953, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-1793

Ferrario, 2000, Antiangiogenic treatment enhances photodynamic therapy responsiveness in a mouse mammary carcinoma, Cancer Res., 60, 4066

Zhou, 2005, Enhancing the therapeutic responsiveness of photodynamic therapy with the antiangiogenic agents SU5416 and SU6668 in murine nasopharyngeal carcinoma models, Cancer Chemother Pharmacol., 56, 569, 10.1007/s00280-005-1017-0

Park, 2008, Photodynamic therapy with recombinant adenovirus AdmIL-12 enhances anti-tumour therapy efficacy in human papillomavirus 16 (E6/E7) infected tumour model, Immunology., 124, 461, 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02797.x

Kessel, 2008, Promotion of PDT efficacy by a Bcl-2 antagonist, Photochem Photobiol., 84, 809, 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00267.x

Kessel, 2000, Potentiation of photodynamic therapy by ursodeoxycholic acid, Cancer Res., 60, 6985

Separovic, 2009, Increased tumour dihydroceramide production after Photofrin-PDT alone and improved tumour response after the combination with the ceramide analogue LCL29. Evidence from mouse squamous cell carcinomas, Br J Cancer., 100, 626, 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604896

Weyergang, 2009, Photodynamic therapy targets the mTOR signaling network in vitro and in vivo, Mol Pharm., 6, 255, 10.1021/mp800156e

Peng, 2001, Antitumor effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid- mediated photodynamic therapy can be enhanced by the use of a low dose of photofrin in human tumor xenografts, Cancer Res., 61, 5824

Cincotta, 1996, Benzophenothiazine and benzoporphyrin derivative combination phototherapy effectively eradicates large murine sarcomas, Photochem Photobiol., 63, 229, 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1996.tb03019.x

van Geel, 1995, Mechanisms for optimising photodynamic therapy: second-generation photosensitisers in combination with mitomycin C, Br J Cancer., 72, 344, 10.1038/bjc.1995.336

Berg, 1996, The influence of iron chelators on the accumulation of protoporphyrin IX in 5-aminolaevulinic acid-treated cells, Br J Cancer., 74, 688, 10.1038/bjc.1996.423

Rasheva, 2009, Cellular responses to endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis, Apoptosis., 14, 996, 10.1007/s10495-009-0341-y

Bhuvaneswari, 2007, Hypericin-mediated photodynamic therapy in combination with Avastin (bevacizumab) improves tumor response by downregulating angiogenic proteins, Photochem Photobiol Sci., 6, 1275, 10.1039/b705763f

Cengel, 2005, C225 and PDT combination therapy for ovarian cancer: the play's the thing, J Natl Cancer Inst., 97, 1488, 10.1093/jnci/dji360

Kelly, 1976, Hematoporphyrin derivative: a possible aid in the diagnosis and therapy of carcinoma of the bladder, J Urol., 115, 150, 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)59108-9

Dougherty, 1978, Photoradiation therapy for the treatment of malignant tumors, Cancer Res., 38, 2628

Fayter, 2010, A systematic review of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of pre-cancerous skin conditions, Barrett's oesophagus and cancers of the biliary tract, brain, head and neck, lung, oesophagus and skin, Health Technol Assess., 14, 1, 10.3310/hta14370

Gao, 2010, Systematic review: photodynamic therapy for unresectable cholangiocarcinoma, J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci., 17, 125, 10.1007/s00534-009-0109-3

Hahn, 2001, Photodynamic therapy for mesothelioma, Curr Treat Options Oncol., 2, 375, 10.1007/s11864-001-0042-4

Hahn, 2006, A phase II trial of intraperitoneal photodynamic therapy for patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis and sarcomatosis, Clin Cancer Res., 12, 2517, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-1625

Hendren, 2001, Phase II trial of debulking surgery and photodynamic therapy for disseminated intraperitoneal tumors, Ann Surg Oncol., 8, 65, 10.1007/s10434-001-0065-x

Braathen, 2007, Guidelines on the use of photodynamic therapy for nonmelanoma skin cancer: an international consensus. International Society for Photodynamic Therapy in Dermatology, 2005, J Am Acad Dermatol., 56, 125, 10.1016/j.jaad.2006.06.006

Nestor, 2006, The use of photodynamic therapy in dermatology: results of a consensus conference, J Drugs Dermatol., 5, 140

Kennedy, 1990, Photodynamic therapy with endogenous protoporphyrin IX: basic principles and present clinical experience, J Photochem Photobiol B., 6, 143, 10.1016/1011-1344(90)85083-9

Piacquadio, 2004, Photodynamic therapy with aminolevulinic acid topical solution and visible blue light in the treatment of multiple actinic keratoses of the face and scalp: investigator-blinded, phase 3, multicenter trials, Arch Dermatol., 140, 41, 10.1001/archderm.140.1.41

Freeman, 2003, A comparison of photodynamic therapy using topical methyl aminolevulinate (Metvix) with single cycle cryotherapy in patients with actinic keratosis: a prospective, randomized study, J Dermatolog Treat., 14, 99, 10.1080/09546630310012118

Pariser, 2003, Photodynamic therapy with topical methyl aminolevulinate for actinic keratosis: results of a prospective randomized multicenter trial, J Am Acad Dermatol., 48, 227, 10.1067/mjd.2003.49

Morton, 2006, Comparison of topical methyl aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy with cryotherapy or Fluorouracil for treatment of squamous cell carcinoma in situ: Results of a multicenter randomized trial, Arch Dermatol., 142, 729, 10.1001/archderm.142.6.729

Szeimies, 2002, Photodynamic therapy using topical methyl 5-aminolevulinate compared with cryotherapy for actinic keratosis: A prospective, randomized study, J Am Acad Dermatol., 47, 258, 10.1067/mjd.2002.119649

Kurwa, 1999, A randomized paired comparison of photodynamic therapy and topical 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of actinic keratoses, J Am Acad Dermatol., 41, 414, 10.1016/S0190-9622(99)70114-3

Smith, 2003, Short incubation PDT versus 5-FU in treating actinic keratoses, J Drugs Dermatol., 2, 629

Szeimies, 2010, Long-term follow-up of photodynamic therapy with a self-adhesive 5-aminolaevulinic acid patch: 12 months data, Br J Dermatol., 162, 410, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09377.x

Morton, 1996, Comparison of photodynamic therapy with cryotherapy in the treatment of Bowen's disease, Br J Dermatol., 135, 766, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1996.tb03887.x

Morton, 2007, Methyl aminolevulinate: actinic keratoses and Bowen's disease, Dermatol Clin., 25, 81, 10.1016/j.det.2006.09.009

Salim, 2003, Randomized comparison of photodynamic therapy with topical 5-fluorouracil in Bowen's disease, Br J Dermatol., 148, 539, 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05033.x

Taub, 2007, Photodynamic therapy: other uses, Dermatol Clin., 25, 101, 10.1016/j.det.2006.09.007

Wolf, 1993, Topical photodynamic therapy with endogenous porphyrins after application of 5-aminolevulinic acid. An alternative treatment modality for solar keratoses, superficial squamous cell carcinomas, and basal cell carcinomas?, J Am Acad Dermatol., 28, 17, 10.1016/0190-9622(93)70002-B

Cairnduff, 1994, Superficial photodynamic therapy with topical 5-aminolaevulinic acid for superficial primary and secondary skin cancer, Br J Cancer., 69, 605, 10.1038/bjc.1994.112

Zeitouni, 2001, Laser and photodynamic therapy in the management of cutaneous malignancies, Clin Dermatol., 19, 328, 10.1016/S0738-081X(01)00170-5

Basset-Seguin, 2008, Topical methyl aminolaevulinate photodynamic therapy versus cryotherapy for superficial basal cell carcinoma: a 5 year randomized trial, Eur J Dermatol., 18, 547

Szeimies, 2008, A clinical study comparing methyl aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy and surgery in small superficial basal cell carcinoma (8-20 mm), with a 12-month follow-up, J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol., 22, 1302, 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2008.02803.x

Mosterd, 2008, Fractionated 5-aminolaevulinic acid- photodynamic therapy vs. surgical excision in the treatment of nodular basal cell carcinoma: results of a randomized controlled trial, Br J Dermatol., 159, 864, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08787.x

Rhodes, 2004, Photodynamic therapy using topical methyl aminolevulinate vs surgery for nodular basal cell carcinoma: results of a multicenter randomized prospective trial, Arch Dermatol., 140, 17, 10.1001/archderm.140.1.17

Rhodes, 2007, Five-year follow-up of a randomized, prospective trial of topical methyl aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy vs surgery for nodular basal cell carcinoma, Arch Dermatol., 143, 1131, 10.1001/archderm.143.9.1131

Berroeta, 2007, A randomized study of minimal curettage followed by topical photodynamic therapy compared with surgical excision for low-risk nodular basal cell carcinoma, Br J Dermatol., 157, 401, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07996.x

Jerjes, 2010, The surgical palliation of advanced head and neck cancer using photodynamic therapy, Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol)., 22, 785, 10.1016/j.clon.2010.07.001

Bredell, 2010, The application and challenges of clinical PD-PDT in the head and neck region: a short review, J Photochem Photobiol B., 101, 185, 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.07.002

Li, 2006, Clinical study of Photofrin photodynamic therapy for the treatment of relapse nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Photochem Photobiol Ther., 3, 266

Biel, 1998, Photodynamic therapy and the treatment of head and neck neoplasia, Laryngoscope., 108, 1259, 10.1097/00005537-199809000-00001

Biel, 2006, Advances in photodynamic therapy for the treatment of head and neck cancers, Lasers Surg Med., 38, 349, 10.1002/lsm.20368

Keller, 1985, Photodynamic therapy in otolaryngology-head and neck surgery, Arch Otolaryngol., 111, 758, 10.1001/archotol.1985.00800130090012

Feyh, 1990, Photodynamic therapy in head and neck surgery, J Photochem Photobiol B., 7, 353, 10.1016/1011-1344(90)85168-V

Feyh, 1993, A photodynamic therapy in head and neck surgery, Laryngol Rhinol Otol., 72, 273, 10.1055/s-2007-997899

Hopper, 2004, mTHPC-mediated photodynamic therapy for early oral squamous cell carcinoma, Int J Cancer., 111, 138, 10.1002/ijc.20209

Fan, 1996, Photodynamic therapy using 5-aminolevulinic acid for premalignant and malignant lesions of the oral cavity, Cancer., 78, 1374, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19961001)78:7<1374::AID-CNCR2>3.0.CO;2-L

Copper, 2007, Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of multiple primary tumours in the head and neck, located to the oral cavity and oropharynx, Clin Otolaryngol., 32, 185, 10.1111/j.1365-2273.2007.01441.x

D'Cruz, 2004, mTHPC-mediated photodynamic therapy in patients with advanced, incurable head and neck cancer: a multicenter study of 128 patients, Head Neck., 26, 232, 10.1002/hed.10372

Grant, 1993, Photodynamic therapy of oral cancer: photosensitisation with systemic aminolaevulinic acid, Lancet., 342, 147, 10.1016/0140-6736(93)91347-O

Sieron, 2001, Photodynamic therapy of premalignant lesions and local recurrence of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers, Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol., 258, 349, 10.1007/s004050100347

Wolfsen, 2005, Carpe luz-seize the light: endoprevention of esophageal adenocarcinoma when using photodynamic therapy with porfimer sodium, Gastrointest Endosc., 62, 499, 10.1016/j.gie.2005.07.017

Wang, 2001, Photodynamic therapy vs. cryosurgery of basal cell carcinomas: results of a phase III clinical trial, Br J Dermatol., 144, 832, 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04141.x

Hahn, 1999, The emergence of photodynamic therapy as a major modality in cancer treatment, Rev Contemp Pharmocother., 10, 69

Wolfsen, 2004, Clinical experience of patients undergoing photodynamic therapy for Barrett's dysplasia or cancer, Aliment Pharmacol Ther., 20, 1125, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.02209.x

Corti, 2000, Outcome of patients receiving photodynamic therapy for early esophageal cancer, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys., 47, 419, 10.1016/S0360-3016(00)00450-8

Overholt, 2007, Five-year efficacy and safety of photodynamic therapy with Photofrin in Barrett's high-grade dysplasia, Gastrointest Endosc., 66, 460, 10.1016/j.gie.2006.12.037

Rees, 2010, Treatment for Barrett's oesophagus, Cochrane Database Syst Rev., CD004060

Overholt, 2005, Photodynamic therapy with porfimer sodium for ablation of high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus: international, partially blinded, randomized phase III trial, Gastrointest Endosc., 62, 488, 10.1016/j.gie.2005.06.047

Shaheen, 2004, What is the best management strategy for high grade dysplasia in Barrett's oesophagus? A cost effectiveness analysis, Gut., 53, 1736, 10.1136/gut.2003.033837

Mackenzie, 2008, How light dosimetry influences the efficacy of photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolaevulinic acid for ablation of high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus, Lasers Med Sci., 23, 203, 10.1007/s10103-007-0473-7

Wolfsen, 2005, Uses of photodynamic therapy in premalignant and malignant lesions of the gastrointestinal tract beyond the esophagus, J Clin Gastroenterol., 39, 653, 10.1097/01.mcg.0000173930.60115.62

Nakamura, 2001, Experience with photodynamic therapy (endoscopic laser therapy) for the treatment of early gastric cancer, Hepatogastroenterology., 48, 1599

Yanai, 2002, The pilot experience of immunotherapy- combined photodynamic therapy for advanced gastric cancer in elderly patients, Int J Gastrointest Cancer., 32, 139, 10.1385/IJGC:32:2-3:139

Mlkvy, 1995, Photodynamic therapy for polyps in familial adenomatous polyposis-a pilot study, Eur J Cancer., 31A, 1160

Abulafi, 1995, Photodynamic therapy for malignant tumours of the ampulla of Vater, Gut., 36, 853, 10.1136/gut.36.6.853

McCaughan, 1991, Photodynamic therapy to treat tumors of the extrahepatic biliary ducts. A case report, Arch Surg., 126, 111, 10.1001/archsurg.1991.01410250119022

Ortner, 1998, Photodynamic therapy of nonresectable cholangiocarcinoma, Gastroenterology., 114, 536, 10.1016/S0016-5085(98)70537-2

Ortner, 2003, Successful photodynamic therapy for nonresectable cholangiocarcinoma: a randomized prospective study, Gastroenterology., 125, 1355, 10.1016/j.gastro.2003.07.015

Witzigmann, 2006, Surgical and palliative management and outcome in 184 patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma: palliative photodynamic therapy plus stenting is comparable to r1/r2 resection, Ann Surg., 244, 230, 10.1097/01.sla.0000217639.10331.47

Zoepf, 2005, Palliation of nonresectable bile duct cancer: improved survival after photodynamic therapy, Am J Gastroenterol., 100, 2426, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.00318.x

Pereira, 2007, Photodynamic therapy of malignant biliary strictures using meso-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin, Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol., 19, 479, 10.1097/MEG.0b013e328013c0bd

Bown, 2002, Photodynamic therapy for cancer of the pancreas, Gut., 50, 549, 10.1136/gut.50.4.549

Loh, 1994, Photodynamic therapy for villous adenomas of the colon and rectum, Endoscopy., 26, 243, 10.1055/s-2007-1008952

Nakamura, 2003, Photodynamic therapy with polypectomy for rectal cancer, Gastrointest Endosc., 57, 266, 10.1067/mge.2003.57

Spinelli, 1995, Endoscopic treatment of gastrointestinal tumors: indications and results of laser photocoagulation and photodynamic therapy, Semin Surg Oncol., 11, 307, 10.1002/ssu.2980110406

Abulafi, 1995, Adjuvant intraoperative photodynamic therapy in experimental colorectal cancer, Br J Surg., 82, 178, 10.1002/bjs.1800820212

Wang, 2010, Talaporfin sodium, Expert Opin Pharmacother., 11, 133, 10.1517/14656560903463893

Cengel, 2007, Intraperitoneal photodynamic therapy, Cancer Treat Res., 134, 493

Hahn, 2006, Photofrin uptake in the tumor and normal tissues of patients receiving intraperitoneal photodynamic therapy, Clin Cancer Res., 12, 5464, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-0953

Wilson, 2004, Patterns of recurrence in patients treated with photodynamic therapy for intraperitoneal carcinomatosis and sarcomatosis, Int J Oncol., 24, 711

Nathan, 2002, Photodynamic therapy for prostate cancer recurrence after radiotherapy: a phase I study, J Urol., 168, 1427, 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)64466-7

Moore, 2006, Photodynamic therapy using meso tetra hydroxy phenyl chlorin (mTHPC) in early prostate cancer, Lasers Surg Med., 38, 356, 10.1002/lsm.20275

Du, 2006, Preliminary results of interstitial motexafin lutetium-mediated PDT for prostate cancer, Lasers Surg Med., 38, 427, 10.1002/lsm.20341

Patel, 2008, Motexafin lutetium-photodynamic therapy of prostate cancer: short- and long-term effects on prostate-specific antigen, Clin Cancer Res., 14, 4869, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-0317

Weersink, 2005, Assessment of cutaneous photosensitivity of TOOKAD (WST09) in preclinical animal models and in patients, Photochem Photobiol., 81, 106, 10.1562/2004-05-31-RA-182.1

Trachtenberg, 2007, Vascular targeted photodynamic therapy with palladium-bacteriopheophorbide photosensitizer for recurrent prostate cancer following definitive radiation therapy: assessment of safety and treatment response, J Urol., 178, 1974, 10.1016/j.juro.2007.07.036

Trachtenberg, 2008, Vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy (padoporfin, WST09) for recurrent prostate cancer after failure of external beam radiotherapy: a study of escalating light doses, BJU Int., 102, 556, 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2008.07753.x

Prout, 1987, Photodynamic therapy with hematoporphyrin derivative in the treatment of superficial transitional-cell carcinoma of the bladder, N Engl J Med., 317, 1251, 10.1056/NEJM198711123172003

Uchibayashi, 1995, Whole bladder wall photodynamic therapy for refractory carcinoma in situ of the bladder, Br J Cancer., 71, 625, 10.1038/bjc.1995.122

D'Hallewin, 1995, Long-term results of whole bladder wall photodynamic therapy for carcinoma in situ of the bladder, Urology., 45, 763, 10.1016/S0090-4295(99)80080-6

Nseyo, 1998, Photodynamic therapy using porfimer sodium as an alternative to cystectomy in patients with refractory transitional cell carcinoma in situ of the bladder. Bladder Photofrin Study Group, J Urol., 160, 39, 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)63021-0

Berger, 2003, Photodynamic therapy with intravesical instillation of 5-aminolevulinic acid for patients with recurrent superficial bladder cancer: a single-center study, Urology., 61, 338, 10.1016/S0090-4295(02)02123-4

Waidelich, 2003, Whole bladder photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolevulinic acid using a white light source, Urology., 61, 332, 10.1016/S0090-4295(02)02164-7

Jocham, 2009, BCG versus photodynamic therapy (PDT) for nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer-a multicentre clinical phase III study [in German], Aktuelle Urol., 40, 91, 10.1055/s-0028-1098741

Pinthus, 2006, Photodynamic therapy for urological malignancies: past to current approaches, J Urol., 175, 1201, 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)00701-9

Skyrme, 2005, A phase-1 study of sequential mitomycin C and 5-aminolaevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy in recurrent superficial bladder carcinoma, BJU Int., 95, 1206, 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05506.x

Hayata, 1982, Hematoporphyrin derivative and laser photoradiation in the treatment of lung cancer, Chest., 81, 269, 10.1378/chest.81.3.269

LoCicero, 1990, Photodynamic therapy in the palliation of late stage obstructing non-small cell lung cancer, Chest., 98, 97, 10.1378/chest.98.1.97

Moghissi, 1999, The place of bronchoscopic photodynamic therapy in advanced unresectable lung cancer: experience of 100 cases, Eur J Cardiothorac Surg., 15, 1, 10.1016/S1010-7940(98)00295-4

Diaz-Jimenez, 1999, Efficacy and safety of photodynamic therapy versus Nd-YAG laser resection in NSCLC with airway obstruction, Eur Respir J., 14, 800, 10.1034/j.1399-3003.1999.14d13.x

McCaughan, 1997, Photodynamic therapy for endobronchial malignant disease: a prospective fourteen-year study, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg., 114, 940, 10.1016/S0022-5223(97)70008-4

Furuse, 1993, A prospective phase II study on photodynamic therapy with photofrin II for centrally located early-stage lung cancer. The Japan Lung Cancer Photodynamic Therapy Study Group, J Clin Oncol., 11, 1852, 10.1200/JCO.1993.11.10.1852

Lam, 1987, Laser treatment of obstructive endobronchial tumors: factors which determine response, Lasers Surg Med., 7, 29, 10.1002/lsm.1900070106

Loewen, 2006, Endobronchial photodynamic therapy for lung cancer, Lasers Surg Med., 38, 364, 10.1002/lsm.20354

Corti, 2007, Long-term survival of patients treated with photodynamic therapy for carcinoma in situ and early non-small-cell lung carcinoma, Lasers Surg Med., 39, 394, 10.1002/lsm.20513

Endo, 2009, Results of long-term follow-up of photodynamic therapy for roentgenographically occult bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma, Chest., 136, 369, 10.1378/chest.08-2237

Usuda, 2010, Outcome of photodynamic therapy using NPe6 for bronchogenic carcinomas in central airways >1.0 cm in diameter, Clin Cancer Res., 16, 2198, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-2520

Minnich, 2010, Photodynamic laser therapy for lesions in the airway, Ann Thorac Surg., 89, 1744, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.02.025

Friedberg, 2009, Photodynamic therapy as an innovative treatment for malignant pleural mesothelioma, Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg., 21, 177, 10.1053/j.semtcvs.2009.07.001

Moskal, 1998, Operation and photodynamic therapy for pleural mesothelioma: 6-year follow-up, Ann Thorac Surg., 66, 1128, 10.1016/S0003-4975(98)00799-1

Pass, 1997, Phase III randomized trial of surgery with or without intraoperative photodynamic therapy and postoperative immunochemotherapy for malignant pleural mesothelioma, Ann Surg Oncol., 4, 628, 10.1007/BF02303746

Friedberg, 2003, A phase I study of Foscan-mediated photodynamic therapy and surgery in patients with mesothelioma, Ann Thorac Surg., 75, 952, 10.1016/S0003-4975(02)04474-0

Schouwink, 2001, Intraoperative photodynamic therapy after pleuropneumonectomy in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma: dose finding and toxicity results, Chest., 120, 1167, 10.1378/chest.120.4.1167

Friedberg, 2010, Pleural malignancies, Semin Radiat Oncol., 20, 208, 10.1016/j.semradonc.2010.01.009

Kostron, 2010, Photodynamic diagnosis and therapy and the brain, Methods Mol Biol., 635, 261, 10.1007/978-1-60761-697-9_17

Perria, 1980, Fast attempts at the photodynamic treatment of human gliomas, J Neurosurg Sci., 24, 119

Kaye, 1987, Adjuvant high-dose photoradiation therapy in the treatment of cerebral glioma: a phase 1-2 study, J Neurosurg., 67, 500, 10.3171/jns.1987.67.4.0500

Muller, 1995, Photodynamic therapy for recurrent supratentorial gliomas, Semin Surg Oncol., 11, 346, 10.1002/ssu.2980110504

Krishnamurthy, 2000, Optimal light dose for interstitial photodynamic therapy in treatment for malignant brain tumors, Lasers Surg Med., 27, 224, 10.1002/1096-9101(2000)27:3<224::AID-LSM4>3.0.CO;2-#

Kostron, 1988, Photodynamic therapy of malignant brain tumours: a phase I/II trial, Br J Neurosurg., 2, 241, 10.3109/02688698808992675

Marks, 2000, Effect of photodynamic therapy on recurrent pituitary adenomas: clinical phase I/II trial-an early report, Br J Neurosurg., 14, 317, 10.1080/026886900417298

Eljamel, 2004, Photodynamic assisted surgical resection and treatment of malignant brain tumors; technique, technology and clinical application, Photodiag Photodyn Ther., 1, 93, 10.1016/S1572-1000(04)00014-6

Muller, 1991, Photodynamic therapy of brain tumours-post-operative “field fractionation.”, J Photochem Photobiol B., 9, 117, 10.1016/1011-1344(91)80009-7

Stummer, 2000, Fluorescence-guided resection of glioblastoma multiforme by using 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced porphyrins: a prospective study in 52 consecutive patients, J Neurosurg., 93, 1003, 10.3171/jns.2000.93.6.1003

Stylli, 2005, Photodynamic therapy of high grade glioma-long term survival, J Clin Neurosci., 12, 389, 10.1016/j.jocn.2005.01.006

Stummer, 2006, Fluorescence-guided surgery with 5-aminolevulinic acid for resection of malignant glioma: a randomised controlled multicentre phase III trial, Lancet Oncol., 7, 392, 10.1016/S1470-2045(06)70665-9

Muller, 2006, Photodynamic therapy of brain tumors-a work in progress, Lasers Surg Med., 38, 384, 10.1002/lsm.20338

Eljamel, 2008, ALA and Photofrin fluorescence-guided resection and repetitive PDT in glioblastoma multiforme: a single centre Phase III randomised controlled trial, Lasers Med Sci., 23, 361, 10.1007/s10103-007-0494-2

von Tappeiner, 1903, Therapeutische Versuche mit fluoreszierenden Stoffen, Münch Med Wochenschr., 47, 2042

Starkey, 2008, New two-photon activated photodynamic therapy sensitizers induce xenograft tumor regressions after near-IR laser treatment through the body of the host mouse, Clin Cancer Res., 14, 6564, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-4162

Collins, 2008, Blood vessel closure using photosensitisers engineered for two-photon excitation, Nature Photonics., 2, 420, 10.1038/nphoton.2008.100

Lilge, 2000, Apoptosis induced in vivo by photodynamic therapy in normal brain and intracranial tumour tissue, Br J Cancer., 83, 1110, 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1426

Mathews, 2009, The effects of ultra low fluence rate single and repetitive photodynamic therapy on glioma spheroids, Lasers Surg Med., 41, 578, 10.1002/lsm.20808

Davies, 2007, Interstitial in vivo ALA-PpIX mediated metronomic photodynamic therapy (mPDT) using the CNS-1 astrocytoma with bioluminescence monitoring, Photodiag Photodyn Ther., 4, 202, 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2007.06.002

Alqawi, 2009, Molecular mechanisms associated with ALA-PDT of brain tumor cells, Proc SPIE., 7380, 73806Y.1

Chen, 2004, Protease-triggered photosensitizing beacon based on singlet oxygen quenching and activation, J Am Chem Soc., 126, 11450, 10.1021/ja047392k

Zheng, 2007, Photodynamic molecular beacon as an activatable photosensitizer based on protease-controlled singlet oxygen quenching and activation, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A., 104, 8989, 10.1073/pnas.0611142104

Chen, 2008, A tumor mRNA-triggered photodynamic molecular beacon based on oligonucleotide hairpin control of singlet oxygen production, Photochem Photobiol Sci., 7, 775, 10.1039/b800653a

Chen, 2009, “Zipper” molecular beacons: A generalized strategy to optimize the performance of activatable protease probes, Bioconj Chem., 20, 1836, 10.1021/bc900207k

Wilson, 2006, Photon-Based Nanoscience and Nanobiotechnology, 121, 10.1007/978-1-4020-5523-2_6

Richter, 1993, Liposomal delivery of a photosensitizer, benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A (BPD), to tumor tissue in a mouse tumor model, Photochem Photobiol., 57, 1000, 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1993.tb02962.x

Chatterjee, 2008, Nanoparticles in photodynamic therapy: an emerging paradigm, Adv Drug Deliv Rev., 60, 1627, 10.1016/j.addr.2008.08.003

Kim, 2007, Organically modified silica nanoparticles co-encapsulating photosensitizing drug and aggregation-enhanced two-photon absorbing fluorescent dye aggregates for two-photon photodynamic therapy, J Am Chem Soc., 129, 2669, 10.1021/ja0680257

Rai, 2009, Nanotechnology-based combination therapy improves treatment response in cancer models, Proc SPIE., 7380, 73801

Berg, 1999, Photochemical internalization: a novel technology for delivery of macromolecules into cytosol, Cancer Res., 59, 1180

Norum, 2009, Photochemical internalization (PCI) in cancer therapy: from bench towards bedside medicine, J Photochem Photobiol B., 96, 83, 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2009.04.012

Selbo, 2009, Multi-modality therapeutics with potent anti-tumor effects: photochemical internalization enhances delivery of the fusion toxin scFvMEL/rGel, PLoS One., 4, e6691, 10.1371/journal.pone.0006691