Phosphorus Legacy: Overcoming the Effects of Past Management Practices to Mitigate Future Water Quality Impairment

Journal of Environmental Quality - Tập 42 Số 5 - Trang 1308-1326 - 2013
Andrew N. Sharpley1, Helen P. Jarvie2, Anthony R. Buda3, Linda May4, Bryan M. Spears4, Peter J. A. Kleinman3
1Dep. of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, Division of Agriculture, Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701
2Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK
3USDA ARS Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit, University Park, PA 16802
4Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, UK. Assigned to Associate Editor David Nash

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Addiscott, 2000, Tillage, mineralization and leaching: Phosphate, Soil Tillage Res., 53, 255, 10.1016/S0167-1987(99)00110-5

Aldridge, 2010, Changes in abiotic and biotic phosphorus uptake across a gradient of stream condition, River Res. Appl., 26, 636, 10.1002/rra.1276

Ardon, 2010, Phosphorus export from a restored wetland ecosystem in response to natural and experimental hydrologic fluctuations, J. Geophys. Res., 115, G04031, 10.1029/2009JG001169

Bailey-Watts, 1999, Poor water quality in Loch Leven (Scotland) in 1995, in spite of reduced phosphorus loading since 1985: The influences of catchment management and inter-annual weather variation, Hydrobiologia, 403, 135, 10.1023/A:1003758713050

Ballantine, 2009, The content and storage of phosphorus in fine-grained channel bed sediment in contrasting lowland agricultural catchments in the UK, Geoderma, 151, 141, 10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.03.021

Ballantine, 2006, The deposition and storage of sediment-associated phosphorus on the flood plains of two lowland groundwater fed catchments, IAHS Publ., 306, 496

Beven, 2005, On the concept of delivery of sediment and nutrients to stream channels, Hydrol. Processes, 19, 551, 10.1002/hyp.5796

Bolster, 2012, Using a phosphorus loss model to evaluate and improve phosphorus indices, J. Environ. Qual., 41, 1758, 10.2134/jeq2011.0457

Boström, 1988, Exchange of phosphorus across the sediment-water interface, Hydrobiologia, 170, 229, 10.1007/BF00024907

Buda, 2010, Diffuse pollution and eutrophication: 14th International Water Association Conference of the Diffuse Pollution Specialist Group, 63

Buda, 2009a, Factors influencing surface runoff generation from two agricultural hillslopes in central Pennsylvania, Hydrol. Processes, 23, 1295, 10.1002/hyp.7237

Buda, 2009b, Effects of hydrology and field management on phosphorus transport in surface runoff, J. Environ. Qual., 38, 2273, 10.2134/jeq2008.0501

Buda, 2012, Emerging technologies for removing nonpoint phosphorus from surface water and groundwater: Introduction, J. Environ. Qual., 41, 621, 10.2134/jeq2012.0080

Bukaveckas, 2007, Effects of channel restoration on water velocity, transient storage, and nutrient uptake in a channelized stream, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 1570, 10.1021/es061618x

Burgin, 2011, Beyond carbon and nitrogen: How the microbial energy economy couples elemental cycles in diverse ecosystems, Front. Ecol. Environ, 9, 44, 10.1890/090227

2010, Sediment cascades: An integrated approach

Callahan, 2002, Assessing the efficacy of alternative phosphorus sorbing soil amendments, Soil Sci., 167, 539, 10.1097/00010694-200208000-00005

Campbell, 1965, Phosphorus fertilizer residual effects on irrigated crops in rotation, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 29, 67, 10.2136/sssaj1965.03615995002900010020x

Carpenter, 1999, Management of eutrophication for lakes subject to potentially irreversible change, Ecol. Appl., 9, 751, 10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0751:MOEFLS]2.0.CO;2

Chardon, 2012, Use of reactive materials to bind phosphorus, J. Environ. Qual., 41, 636, 10.2134/jeq2011.0055

Childers, 2011, Sustainability challenges of phosphorus and food: Solutions from closing the human phosphorus cycle, BioScience, 61, 117, 10.1525/bio.2011.61.2.6

Collins, 2007a, Fine-grained bed sediment storage within the main channel systems of the Frome and Piddle catchments, Dorset, UK, Hydrol. Processes, 21, 1448, 10.1002/hyp.6269

Collins, 2007b, The storage and provenance of fine sediment on the channel bed of two contrasting lowland permeable catchments, UK, River Res. Appl., 23, 429, 10.1002/rra.992

Condron, 2005, Phosphorus: Agriculture and the environment, 87

Cordell, 2009, The story of phosphorus: Global food security and food for thought, Global Environ. Change, 19, 292, 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.10.009

Cox, 1981, A descriptive model of soil test nutrient levels following fertilization, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 45, 529, 10.2136/sssaj1981.03615995004500030018x

Dale, 2010, Hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico, 10.1007/978-0-387-89686-1

D'Arcy, 2006, The restoration of Loch Leven, Scotland, UK, Water Sci. Technol., 53, 183, 10.2166/wst.2006.311

Dawson, 2012, The biogeochemical reactivity of suspended particulate matter at nested sites in the Dee basin, NE Scotland, Sci. Total Environ., 434, 159, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.08.048

Dodd, 2005, Soil-test phosphorus and crop grain yield responses to long-term phosphorus fertilization for corn-soybean rotations, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 69, 1118, 10.2136/sssaj2004.0279

Dodd, 2012, Predicting the changes in environmentally and agronomically significant phosphorus forms following the cessation of phosphorus fertilizer applications to grassland, Soil Use Manage., 28, 135, 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2012.00390.x

Dodds, 2003, The role of periphyton in phosphorus retention in shallow freshwater aquatic systems, J. Phycol., 39, 840, 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.02081.x

Dodds, 2010, Thresholds, breakpoints, and nonlinearity in freshwaters as related to management, J. North Am. Benthol. Soc., 29, 988, 10.1899/09-148.1

Domagalski, 2011, Subsurface transport of orthophosphate in five agricultural watersheds, USA, J. Hydrol., 409, 157, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.08.014

Dorioz, 1998, Phosphorus storage, transport and export dynamics in the Foron River watershed, Hydrol. Processes, 12, 285, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199802)12:2<285::AID-HYP577>3.0.CO;2-H

Dorioz, 1989, Phosphorus dynamics in watersheds: Role of trapping processes in sediments, Water Res., 23, 147, 10.1016/0043-1354(89)90038-9

Drake, 2012, The effect of periphyton stoichiometry and light on biological phosphorus immobilization and release in streams, Limnology, 13, 97, 10.1007/s10201-011-0359-z

Duan, 2012, Phosphorus export across an urban to rural gradient in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, J. Geophys. Res., 117, G0102510, 10.1029/2011JG001782

Edwards, 2007, Linking phosphorus sources to impacts in different types of water body, Soil Use Manage., 23, 133, 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2007.00110.x

Egemose, 2012, Crushed concrete as a phosphate binding material: A potential new management tool, J. Environ. Qual., 41, 647, 10.2134/jeq2011.0134

Elser, 2011, A world awash with nitrogen, Science, 334, 1504, 10.1126/science.1215567

Elser, 2011, A broken biogeochemical cycle, Nature, 478, 29, 10.1038/478029a

Ensign, 2005, In-channel transient storage and associated nutrient retention: Evidence from experimental manipulations, Limnol. Oceanogr., 50, 1740, 10.4319/lo.2005.50.6.1740

Evans-White, 2009, Thresholds in macroinvertebrate biodiversity and stoichiometry across water-quality gradients in Central Plains (USA) streams, J. North Am. Benthol. Soc., 28, 855, 10.1899/08-113.1

Froelich, 1988, Kinetic control of dissolved phosphate in natural rivers and estuaries: A primer on the phosphate buffer mechanism, Limnol. Oceanogr., 33, 649

Frossard, 1995, Phosphorus in the global environment: Transfers, cycles and management, 107

Frossard, 2000, Processes governing phosphorus availability in temperate soils, J. Environ. Qual., 29, 15, 10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900010003x

Gächter, 1993, The role of microorganisms in mobilization and fixation of phosphorus in sediments, Hydrobiologia, 253, 103, 10.1007/BF00050731

Gburek, 1998, Hydrologic controls on phosphorus loss from upland agricultural watersheds, J. Environ. Qual., 27, 267, 10.2134/jeq1998.00472425002700020005x

Gburek, 2007, Proceedings of the 2nd Interagency Conference on Research in the Watersheds, 151

Genkai-Kato, 2005, Eutrophication due to phosphorus recycling in relation to lake morphometry, temperature, and macrophytes, Ecology, 86, 210, 10.1890/03-0545

Genkai-Kato, 2012, Benthic-planktonic coupling, regime shifts, and whole-lake primary production in shallow lakes, Ecology, 93, 619, 10.1890/10-2126.1

Goedert, 1983, Management of the Cerrado soils of Brazil: A review, J. Soil Sci., 34, 405, 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1983.tb01045.x

Haggard, 2007, Modeling phosphorus in the environment, 105

Haggard, 2005, Nutrient retention in a point-source-enriched stream, J. North Am. Benthol. Soc., 24, 29, 10.1899/0887-3593(2005)024<0029:NRIAPS>2.0.CO;2

Haggard, 2001, Effect of a point source input on stream nutrient retention, J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc., 37, 1291, 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03639.x

Hamilton, 2012, Biogeochemical time lags may delay responses of streams to ecological restoration, Freshwater Biol., 57, 43, 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2011.02685.x

Haygarth, 2006, Processes affecting transfer of sediment and colloids, with associated phosphorus, from intensively farmed grasslands: An overview of key issues, Hydrol. Processes, 20, 4407, 10.1002/hyp.6598

Hickey, 2009, Lake sediment phosphorus release management: Decision support and risk assessment framework, N.Z. J. Mar. Freshwater Res., 43, 819, 10.1080/00288330909510043

Hilton, 1986, The dominant processes of sediment distribution and focusing in a small, eutrophic, monomictic lake, Limnol. Oceanogr., 31, 125, 10.4319/lo.1986.31.1.0125

Hirsch, 2012, Sci. Invest. Rep, 2012

Holman, 2008, Phosphorus in groundwater: An overlooked contributor to eutrophication?, Hydrol. Processes, 22, 5121, 10.1002/hyp.7198

Hooda, 2000, Relating soil phosphorus indices to potential phosphorus release to water, J. Environ. Qual., 29, 1166, 10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900040018x

House, 2003, Geochemical cycling of phosphorus in rivers, Appl. Geochem., 18, 739, 10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00158-0

House, 2000, Factors influencing the measurement of equilibrium phosphate concentrations in river sediments, Water Res., 34, 1187, 10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00249-3

House, 1998, Reactions of phosphorus with sediments in fresh and marine waters, Soil Use Manage., 14, 139, 10.1111/j.1475-2743.1998.tb00632.x

Hupfer, 2007, Polyphosphate-accumulating microorganisms in aquatic sediments, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 47, 299, 10.3354/ame047299

Hupfer, 2008, Encyclopedia of ecology, 3, 80

Jackson, 2005, A southeastern piedmont watershed sediment budget: Evidence for a multi-millennial agricultural legacy, J. Soil Water Conserv., 60, 298

Jakobsen, 2005, Phosphorus: Agriculture and the environment, 437

Jarvie, 2012a, Climate change and coupling of macronutrient cycles along the atmospheric, terrestrial, freshwater and estuarine continuum, Sci. Total Environ., 434, 252, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.051

Jarvie, 2005, Role of river bed sediments as sources and sinks of phosphorus across two major eutrophic UK river basins: The Hampshire Avon and Herefordshire Wye, J. Hydrol., 304, 51, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.10.002

Jarvie, 2008, Measurement of soluble reactive phosphorus concentration profiles and fluxes in river-bed sediments using DET gel probes, J. Hydrol., 350, 261, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.10.041

Jarvie, 2006, Within-river nutrient processing in Chalk streams: The Pang and Lambourn, United Kingdom, J. Hydrol., 330, 101, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.04.014

Jarvie, 2002, Phosphorus uptake into algal biofilms in a lowland chalk river, Sci. Total Environ., 282-283, 353, 10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00924-X

Jarvie, 2012b, Within-river phosphorus retention: A missing piece in the watershed phosphorus puzzle?, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 13284, 10.1021/es303562y

Jarvie, 2013, Phosphorus mitigation to control river eutrophication: Murky waters, inconvenient truths and ‘post-normal’ science, J. Environ. Qual., 42, 295, 10.2134/jeq2012.0085

Jensen, 1992, Iron:phosphorus ratio in surface sediment as an indicator of phosphate release from aerobic sediments in shallow lakes, Hydrobiologia, 235-236, 731, 10.1007/BF00026261

Jeppesen, 2005, Lake responses to reduced nutrient loading: An analysis of contemporary long-term data from 35 case studies, Freshwater Biol., 50, 1747, 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2005.01415.x

Jones, 1984, A simplified soil and plant phosphorus model: I. Documentation, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 48, 800, 10.2136/sssaj1984.03615995004800040020x

Joosse, 2011, Context for re-evaluating agricultural source phosphorus loadings to the Great Lakes, Can. J. Soil Sci., 91, 317, 10.4141/cjss10005

Kennedy, 1982, Control of lake phosphorus with aluminum sulfate: Dose determination and application techniques, Water Resour. Bull., 18, 389, 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1982.tb00005.x

Kerr, 2011, Nitrogen and phosphorus storage in contrasting reaches of a sub-tropical river system, Water Air Soil Pollut., 217, 523, 10.1007/s11270-010-0606-7

King, 2012, Exploring how organic matter controls structural transformations in natural aquatic nanocolloidal dispersions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 6959, 10.1021/es2034087

Kirchner, 2011, Quantifying remediation effectiveness under variable external forcing using contaminant rating curves, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 7874, 10.1021/es2014874

Kirchner, 2000, Fractal stream chemistry and its implications for contaminant transport in catchments, Nature, 403, 524, 10.1038/35000537

Kleinman, 2007, Dynamics of phosphorus transfers from heavily manured Coastal Plain soils to drainage ditches, J. Soil Water Conserv., 62, 225

Kleinman, 2012, Managing manure for sustainable livestock production in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, J. Soil Water Conserv., 67, 54A, 10.2489/jswc.67.2.54A

Kleinman, 2011a, Soil controls of phosphorus in runoff: Management barriers and opportunities, Can. J. Soil Sci., 91, 329, 10.4141/cjss09106

Kleinman, 2011b, Managing agricultural phosphorus for water quality protection: Principles for progress, Plant Soil, 349, 169, 10.1007/s11104-011-0832-9

Kohler, 2005, Long-term response of a shallow, moderately flushed lake to reduced external phosphorus and nitrogen loading, Freshwater Biol., 50, 1639, 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2005.01430.x

Lake Champlain Basin Program, 2008, State of the lake and ecosystem indicators report

Lapworth, 2011, Understanding phosphorus mobility and bioavailability in the hyporheic zone of a chalk stream, Water Air Soil Pollut., 218, 213, 10.1007/s11270-010-0636-1

Larsen, 1979, The effect of wastewater phosphorus removal on Shagawa Lake, Minnesota: Phosphorus supplies, lake phosphorus and chlorophyll a, Water Res., 13, 1259, 10.1016/0043-1354(79)90170-2

Leader, 2008, Phosphorus sorbing materials: Sorption dynamics and physicochemical characteristics, J. Environ. Qual., 37, 174, 10.2134/jeq2007.0148

Leinweber, 1997, Phosphorus sorption capacities and saturation of soils in two regions with different livestock densities in northwest Germany, Soil Use Manage., 13, 82, 10.1111/j.1475-2743.1997.tb00562.x

Lindsey, 2003, Residence times and nitrate transport in ground water discharging to stream in the Chesapeake Bay watershed

MacDonald, 2011, Agronomic phosphorus imbalances across the world's croplands, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 108, 3086, 10.1073/pnas.1010808108

Manzoni, 2011, Common hydrologic and biogeochemical controls along the soil-stream continuum, Hydrol. Processes, 25, 1355, 10.1002/hyp.7938

May, 2012, Historical changes (1905-2005) in external phosphorus loads to Loch Leven, Scotland, UK, Hydrobiologia, 681, 11, 10.1007/s10750-011-0922-y

May, 2012, Managing ecosystem services at Loch Leven, Scotland, UK: Actions, impacts and unintended consequences, Hydrobiologia, 681, 117, 10.1007/s10750-011-0931-x

McCollum, 1991, Buildup and decline in soil phosphorus: 30-year trends on a Typic Umprabuult, Agron. J., 83, 77, 10.2134/agronj1991.00021962008300010019x

McDowell, 2001, A comparison of fluvial sediment phosphorus (P) chemistry in relation to location and potential to influence stream P concentrations, Aquat. Geochem., 7, 255, 10.1023/A:1015274426411

McDowell, 2002, The availability of residual phosphorus in high phosphorus soils, Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 33, 1235, 10.1081/CSS-120003884

McDowell, 2002, Land use and flow regime effects on phosphorus chemical dynamics in the fluvial sediment of the Winooski River, Vermont, Ecol. Eng., 18, 477, 10.1016/S0925-8574(01)00108-2

Meals, 2010, Lag time in water quality response to best management practices: A review, J. Environ. Qual., 39, 85, 10.2134/jeq2009.0108

Meals, 2002, Phosphorus reductions following riparian restoration in two agricultural watersheds in Vermont, USA, Water Sci. Technol., 45, 51, 10.2166/wst.2002.0203

Mehner, 2008, Rapid recovery from eutrophication of a stratified lake by disruption of internal nutrient load, Ecosystems, 11, 1142, 10.1007/s10021-008-9185-5

Meis, 2012, Sediment amendment with Phoslock® in Clatto Reservoir (Dundee, UK): Investigating changes in sediment elemental composition and phosphorus fractionation, J. Environ. Manage., 93, 185, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.09.015

Monke, 2010, Actual Farm Bill spending and cost estimates

Moore, 1994, Role of Eh and pH on phosphorus geochemistry in sediments of Lake Okeechobee, Florida, J. Environ. Qual., 23, 955, 10.2134/jeq1994.00472425002300050016x

Moss, 2005, Consequences of reduced nutrient loading on a lake system in a lowland catchment: Deviation from the norm?, Freshwater Biol., 50, 1687, 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2005.01416.x

Mulla, 2008, Final report: Gulf Hypoxia and Local Water Quality Concerns Workshop, 189

Naden, 2010, Sediment cascades: An integrated approach, 271, 10.1002/9780470682876.ch10

Nair, 2004, An environmental threshold for degree of phosphorus saturation in sandy soils, J. Environ. Qual., 33, 107, 10.2134/jeq2004.1070

Nash, 2011, Using Monte-Carlo simulations and Bayesian networks to quantify and demonstrate the impact of fertiliser best management practices, Environ. Modell. Softw., 26, 1079, 10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.03.009

Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2011, Conservation practice standard: Nutrient management code 590

Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2012, Part 302: Nutrient management policy implementation. NI_190_302

Neal, 2008, Increasing iron concentrations in UK upland waters, Aquat. Geochem., 14, 263, 10.1007/s10498-008-9036-1

Newbold, 1983, Phosphorus dynamics in a woodland stream ecosystem: A study of nutrient spiralling, Ecology, 64, 1249, 10.2307/1937833

Owens, 2002, The phosphorus content of fluvial sediment in rural and industrialized river basins, Water Res., 36, 685, 10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00247-0

Owens, 2001, Downstream changes in the transport and storage of sediment-associated contaminants (P, Cr and PCBs) in agricultural and industrialized drainage basins, Sci. Total Environ., 266, 177, 10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00729-4

Palmer-Felgate, 2011a, Phosphorus release from sediments in a treatment wetland: Contrast between DET and EPC0 methodologies, Ecol. Eng., 37, 826, 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2010.12.024

Palmer-Felgate, 2009, Stream-bed phosphorus in paired catchments with different agricultural land use intensity, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 134, 53, 10.1016/j.agee.2009.05.014

Palmer-Felgate, 2010, Impact of point-source pollution on phosphorus and nitrogen cycling in stream-bed sediments, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 908, 10.1021/es902706r

Palmer-Felgate, 2011b, Internal loading of phosphorus in a sedimentation pond of a treatment wetland: Effect of a phytoplankton crash, Sci. Total Environ., 409, 2222, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.02.034

Pant, 2003, Potential internal loading of phosphorus in a wetland constructed in agricultural land, Water Res., 37, 965, 10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00474-8

Penn, 2012, Trapping phosphorus in runoff with a phosphorus removal structure, J. Environ. Qual., 41, 672, 10.2134/jeq2011.0045

Phillips, 2005, The recovery of a very shallow eutrophic lake, 20 years after the control of effluent derived phosphorus, Freshwater Biol., 50, 1628, 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2005.01434.x

Phillips, 1999, The influence of groundwater on nitrogen delivery to the Chesapeake Bay

Pierzynski, 2005, Phosphorus: Agriculture and the environment, 53

Pionke, 2000, Critical source area controls on water quality in an agricultural watershed located in the Chesapeake Basin, Ecol. Eng., 14, 325, 10.1016/S0925-8574(99)00059-2

Pionke, 1997, Phosphorus loss to water from agriculture, 225

Powers, 2012, Nutrient retention and the problem of hydrologic disconnection in streams and wetlands, Ecosystems, 15, 435, 10.1007/s10021-012-9520-8

Rawlins, 2011, Controls on the phosphorus content of fine stream bed sediments in agricultural headwater catchments at the landscape-scale, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 144, 352, 10.1016/j.agee.2011.10.002

Reckhow, 2011, Achieving nutrient and sediment reduction goals in the Chesapeake Bay: An evaluation of program strategies and implementation

Reddy, 1999, Phosphorus retention in streams and wetlands: A review, Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol., 29, 83, 10.1080/10643389991259182

Reddy, 2011, Phosphorus cycling in the Greater Everglades ecosystem: Legacy phosphorus implications for management and restoration, Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 149, 10.1080/10643389.2010.530932

Reitzel, 2005, Lake restoration by dosing aluminum relative to mobile phosphorus in the sediment, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 4134, 10.1021/es0485964

Richards, 2009, Improved water quality in Ohio tributaries to Lake Erie: A consequence of conservation practices, J. Soil Water Conserv., 64, 200, 10.2489/jswc.64.3.200

Richards, 2010, Unusually large loads in 2007 from the Maumee and Sandusky rivers, tributaries to Lake Erie, J. Soil Water Conserv., 65, 450, 10.2489/jswc.65.6.450

Richards, 2002a, Trends in agriculture in the LEASEQ watersheds, 1975-1995, J. Environ. Qual., 31, 17, 10.2134/jeq2002.1700

Richards, 2002b, The Lake Erie Agricultural Systems for Environmental Quality project: An introduction, J. Environ. Qual., 31, 6

Sas, 1989, Lake restoration by reduction of nutrient loading

Sattari, 2012, Residual soil phosphorus as the missing piece in the global phosphorus crisis puzzle, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 109, 6348, 10.1073/pnas.1113675109

Schade, 2011, The stoichiometry of nitrogen and phosphorus spiralling in heterotrophic and autotrophic streams, Freshwater Biol., 56, 424, 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2010.02509.x

Scheffer, 1998, Ecology of shallow lakes

Schönbrunner, 2012, Impact of drying and re-flooding of sediment on phosphorus dynamics of river-floodplain systems, Sci. Total Environ., 432, 329, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.025

Schulte, 2010, Modelling soil phosphorus decline: Expectations of Water Framework Directive policies, Environ. Sci. Policy, 13, 472, 10.1016/j.envsci.2010.06.002

Sharpley, 1980, The enrichment of soil phosphorus in runoff sediments, J. Environ. Qual., 9, 521, 10.2134/jeq1980.00472425000900030039x

Sharpley, 1995, Dependence of runoff phosphorus on soil phosphorus, J. Environ. Qual., 24, 920, 10.2134/jeq1995.00472425002400050020x

Sharpley, 1996, Availability of residual phosphorus in manured soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 60, 1459, 10.2136/sssaj1996.03615995006000050025x

Sharpley, 2011, Handbook of soil science: Resource management and environmental impacts, 11.4

Sharpley, 1996, Determining environmentally sound soil phosphorus levels, J. Soil Water Conserv., 51, 160

Sharpley, 2007, Overcoming the challenges of phosphorus-based management in poultry farming, J. Soil Water Conserv., 62, 375

Sharpley, 1985, A detailed phosphorus characterization of seventy-eight soils

Sharpley, 2011, Critical source area management of agricultural phosphorus: Experiences, challenges and opportunities, Water Sci. Technol., 64, 945, 10.2166/wst.2011.712

Sharpley, 2009, Evaluating the success of phosphorus management from field to watershed, J. Environ. Qual., 38, 1981, 10.2134/jeq2008.0056

Sharpley, 2002, Modeling phosphorus transport in agricultural watersheds: Processes and possibilities, J. Soil Water Conserv., 57, 425

Sharpley, 2004, Amounts, forms and solubility of phosphorus in soils receiving manure, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 68, 2048, 10.2136/sssaj2004.2048

Sharpley, 2012, Case study comparison between litigated and voluntary nutrient management strategies, J. Soil Water Conserv., 67, 149, 10.2489/jswc.67.5.442

Sharpley, 2006, Environmental benefits of conservation on cropland: The status of our knowledge, 149

Sharpley, 1994, Wheat tillage and water quality in the southern plains, Soil Tillage Res., 30, 33, 10.1016/0167-1987(94)90149-X

Sharpley, 1989, Phosphorus dynamics in agricultural runoff and reservoirs in Oklahoma, Lake Reservoir Manage., 5, 75, 10.1080/07438148909354401

Sheppard, 2006, Runoff phosphorus retention in vegetated field margins on flat landscapes, Can. J. Soil Sci., 86, 871, 10.4141/S05-072

Simard, 2000, Potential for preferential pathways of phosphorus transport, J. Environ. Qual., 29, 97, 10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900010012x

Sims, 2005, Phosphorus: Agriculture and the environment, 1021, 10.2134/agronmonogr46

Sims, 2002, Evaluation of Mehlich 3 as an agri-environmental soil phosphorus test for the Mid-Atlantic United States of America, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 66, 2016, 10.2136/sssaj2002.2016

Sims, 1998, Phosphorus loss in agricultural drainage: Historical perspective and current research, J. Environ. Qual., 27, 277, 10.2134/jeq1998.00472425002700020006x

Singer, 2007, Anthropogenic subsidies alter stream consumer-resource stoichiometry, biodiversity, and food chains, Ecol. Appl., 17, 376, 10.1890/06-0229

Slaton, 2004, Nutrient input and removal trends for agricultural soils in nine geographic regions in Arkansas, J. Environ. Qual., 33, 1606, 10.2134/jeq2004.1606

Søndergaard, 2005, Seasonal response of nutrients to reduced phosphorus loading in 12 Danish lakes, Freshwater Biol., 50, 1605, 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2005.01412.x

Søndergaard, 2007, Lake restoration: Successes, failures and long-term effects, J. Appl. Ecol., 44, 1095, 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01363.x

Spears, 2007, Sediment phosphorus cycling in a large shallow lake: Spatio-temporal variation in phosphorus pools and release, Hydrobiologia, 584, 37, 10.1007/s10750-007-0610-0

Spears, 2012, Long-term variation and regulation of internal phosphorus loading in Loch Leven, Hydrobiologia, 681, 23, 10.1007/s10750-011-0921-z

Spears, 2008a, Effects of light on sediment nutrient flux and water column nutrient stoichiometry in a shallow lake, Water Res., 42, 977, 10.1016/j.watres.2007.09.012

Spears, 2009, An evaluation of methods for sampling macrophyte maximum colonisation depth in Loch Leven, Scotland, Aquat. Bot., 91, 75, 10.1016/j.aquabot.2009.02.007

Spears, 2011, Analysis of cause-effect-recovery chains for lakes recovering from eutrophication

Spears, 2013, Comparison of phosphorus removal properties proposed for the control of sediment P release in UK lakes, Sci. Total Environ., 442, 103, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.09.066

Spears, 2008b, Microalgal sediment biostabilisation along a salinity gradient in the Eden Estuary, Scotland: Unravelling a paradox, Mar. Freshwater Res., 59, 313, 10.1071/MF07164

Sprague, 2011, Nitrate in the Mississippi River and its tributaries, 1980 to 2008: Are we making progress?, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 7209, 10.1021/es201221s

Spratt, 1980, Measurement of fertilizer phosphorus residues and its utilization, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 44, 1200, 10.2136/sssaj1980.03615995004400060013x

Stanley, 2012, Contemporary changes in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in human-dominated rivers: Is there a role for DOC management?, Freshwater Biol., 57, 26, 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2011.02613.x

Stout, 1999, Reducing phosphorus export from croplands with FBC flyash and FGD gypsum, Fuel, 78, 175, 10.1016/S0016-2361(98)00141-0

Stout, 2000, Effectiveness of coal combustion by-products in controlling phosphorus export from soils, J. Environ. Qual., 29, 1239, 10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900040030x

Stutter, 2010, River phosphorus cycling: Separating biotic and abiotic uptake during short-term changes in sewage effluent loading, Water Res., 44, 4425, 10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.014

Surridge, 2012, Phosphorus mobilisation and transport within a long-restored floodplain wetland, Ecol. Eng., 44, 348, 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.02.009

Svendsen, 1993, Retention of nitrogen and phosphorus in a Danish lowland river system: Implications for the export from the watershed, Hydrobiologia, 251, 123, 10.1007/BF00007172

Syers, 2008, Efficiency of soil and fertilizer phosphorus use

Tiessen, 2010, Conventional and conservation tillage: Influence on seasonal runoff, sediment, and nutrient losses in the Canadian Prairies, J. Environ. Qual., 39, 964, 10.2134/jeq2009.0219

Townsend, 2012, Agricultural legacies, food production and its environmental consequences, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 109, 5917, 10.1073/pnas.1203766109

Trimble, 2010, Sediment cascades: An integrated approach

USDA and USEPA, 1999, Unified national strategy for animal feeding operations, March 9, 1999

USEPA, 2008, Concentrated animal feeding operations final rulemaking. Fact sheet

USEPA, 2010, Guidance for federal land management in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Chapter 2: Agriculture

USEPA, 2011, Review of EPA's draft approaches for deriving numeric nutrient criteria for Florida's estuaries, coastal waters, and southern inland flowing waters

Uusi-Kamppa, 2000, Buffer zones and constructed wetlands as filters for agricultural phosphorus, J. Environ. Qual., 29, 151, 10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900010019x

Vadas, 2005, Relating soil phosphorus to dissolved phosphorus in runoff: A single extraction coefficient for water quality modeling, J. Environ. Qual., 34, 572, 10.2134/jeq2005.0572

Vadas, 2007, Hydrology and groundwater nutrient concentrations in a ditch-drained agroecosystem, J. Soil Water Conserv., 62, 178

Vadeboncoeur, 2002, Putting the lake back together: Reintegrating benthic pathways into lake food web models, BioScience, 52, 44, 10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0044:PTLBTR]2.0.CO;2

Vannote, 1980, The river continuum concept, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 37, 1, 10.1139/f80-017

Verdonschot, 2013, A comparative review of recovery processes in rivers, lakes, estuarine and coastal waters, Hydrobiologia, 704, 453, 10.1007/s10750-012-1294-7

Vitousek, 2009, Nutrient imbalances in agricultural development, Science, 324, 1519, 10.1126/science.1170261

Vörösmarty, 2003, Anthropogenic sediment retention: Major global impact from registered river impoundments, Global Planet. Change, 39, 169, 10.1016/S0921-8181(03)00023-7

Wagar, 1986, Comparison of single large broadcast and small annual seed-placed phosphorus treatments on yield and phosphorus and zinc content of wheat on Chernozemic soils, Can. J. Soil Sci., 66, 237, 10.4141/cjss86-026

Walling, 2003, Storage of sediment-associated nutrients and contaminants in river channel and floodplain systems, Appl. Geochem., 18, 195, 10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00121-X

Walter, 2000, Hydrologically sensitive areas: Variable source area hydrology implications for water quality risk assessment, J. Soil Water Conserv., 55, 277

Weigelhofer, 2012, Effects of riparian forest buffers on in-stream nutrient retention in agricultural catchments, J. Environ. Qual., 41, 373, 10.2134/jeq2010.0436

Weng, 2012, Factors controlling phosphate interaction with iron oxides, J. Environ. Qual., 41, 628, 10.2134/jeq2011.0250

Withers, 2002, Phosphorus cycling in UK agriculture and implications for phosphorus loss from soil, Soil Use Manage., 17, 139, 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2001.tb00020.x

Withers, 2008, Delivery and cycling of phosphorus in rivers: A review, Sci. Total Environ., 400, 379, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.08.002

Zhang, 2004, Soil test phosphorus and phosphorus fractions with long-term phosphorus addition and depletion, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 68, 519, 10.2136/sssaj2004.5190